Author: Clive Whitear
Date: December 21st 1998
Version: ER5 release
Calc
0x100056B3
Calc: Quick start

calculator adding machine
Calc is the EPOC machine’s calculator program. It has two views: a desktop calculator, Desk, and a scientific calculator, Sci.
The first time Calc is used the xxx view opens. To switch between the views:
•	Tap Desk or Sci on the Toolbar, or use Desk or Scientific from the Switch view cascade on the View menu.
•	The calculators are separate, so calculations carried out in one view do not appear in the other.
To perform a calculation:
•	Press the number and operator buttons to enter the calculation. Tap the = button or press Enter to get the result.
In the Desk view, use the up and down keys to browse the "till roll" to view previous calculations.
In the Scientific view, there are two types of function:
Prefix functions: these include all functions using sin, cos or tan, roots, ex, 10x, ln and log. For these, press the function button BEFORE entering the value to which the function refers.
Postfix functions: these include reciprocals, squares, cubes and xy. For these, press the function button AFTER entering the value to which the function refers.
Calculations in Desk view (Calc)
CALCULATOR clear operators till roll flip screen layout esc
The Desk view is a desktop-style calculator with a single memory. Use it for ordinary calculations, and those involving percentages.
To perform a calculation in Desk:
•	Enter the calculation, then tap =.
Use the +, -, × and ÷ operators.
•	There is no "operator precedence" in Desk view. Calculations are solved as you enter them. So, 10 + 5 × 3 = 45 (not 25).
To clear the display and end the current calculation, tap AC or press Esc.
To remove a number from the display without losing the rest of the current calculation: press C.
To delete the furthest right digit on the calculation line, press Del.
To change the sign of a number: tap the +/- button.
•	Tap Shortcuts on the Toolbar to display the keyboard equivalents of on-screen buttons.
The "till roll":
Desk prints results on a "till roll", displayed to one side of the keypad.
•	Use the scroll bar, the up and down arrow keys or the arrow keys combined with the Fn key to browse the till roll.
•	To clear the till roll use Clear till roll on the Tools menu.
•	Tap Flip layout on the Toolbar, or use Flip screen layout on the View menu, to swap the till roll to the other side of the screen.
•	'E' appears in the calculator display when there has been an error entering the calculation.
Memory in desk view (Calc)
CALCULATOR memories memory save in mr recall add to subtract from Min MR+ M-
The Desk view has a single memory. If you need more, use the Scientific view; which has 26.
•	To store a number, tap Min or select Save in from the Memory cascade on the Tools menu while the value is on the calculation line. An 'M' will be displayed.
•	To retrieve a number, tap MR or select Recall from the Memory cascade on the Tools menu.
•	To add the current number to the stored number, tap M+ or choose Add to from the Memory cascade on the Tools menu.
•	To subtract the current number from the stored number, tap M- or choose Subtract from from the Memory cascade on the Tools menu.
•	To clear the memory, select Clear from the Memory cascade on the Tools menu, or tap Min while 0 is on the calculation line.
Memories in Sci view (Calc)
CALCULATOR storing recall remember assign to show all clear all memory Mem
The 26 memories in Scientific view are named A through to Z. You can assign a number to each of these names, and then incorporate the names into calculations.
To assign a number to a memory:
1.	Enter the number. If the number you want to store is currently displayed as a result, go on to the next step.
2.	Tap the -> button, or select Assign to from the Memories cascade from the Tools menu and type the memory letter (upper case).
Alternatively, tap Mem, choose the memory you want to use and press Assign to.
Press -> again to assign the same number to more than one memory. When you have finished specifying the memories you want the number to be stored in, tap =.
•	If you try to assign a calculation to a memory before pressing Enter to get the result, the scientific calculator will store the RESULT of that expression.
•	To display a list of memories, tap Mem, or use Show all from the Memories cascade on the Tools menu.
•	To use a stored number in a calculation, type the capital letter corresponding to the memory (this will normally require you to hold down Shift whilst pressing the appropriate key). Alternatively, tap Mem to display the list of memories, highlight the memory you want, and tap Select.
•	To clear a memory, assign it a value of zero, e.g. 0–>A.
•	To clear all memories, select Clear all from the Memories cascade on the Tools menu.
Operator precedence (Calc)
CALCULATOR priority parenthesis parentheses
Operator precedence is the order in which calculators solve expressions. This order affects the result of calculations. The two views have different rules for precedence:
•	There is no operator precedence in the Desk view; calculations are solved as they are entered. So, 10 + 5 × 3 = 45 (not 25).
The Scientific view solves expressions in the following order:
1.	Information in brackets.
2.	Functions which come after the value they refer to, e.g. 'x!'. These are called "postfix" functions.
3.	Powers (e.g. squares and cubes).
4.	Implicit multiplication before a memory value, e.g. 30A.
5.	Functions which come before the value they refer to, e.g. 'sin'. These are called "prefix" functions.
6.	Implicit multiplication before prefix functions, such as 5sin, or before brackets, as in 3(10+5).
7.	Multiplication and division equal, solved left to right.
8.	Addition and subtraction equal, solved left to right.
Percentage calculations (Calc)
CALCULATOR percentages %age
Use the % button in the Desk view to calculate percentages.
E.g., to calculate 30% of 80:
•	Enter 80 × 30, then tap %.
The % button can be used in a number of other ways:
•	To increase 80 by 30%, enter 80 + 30, then tap %.
•	To decrease 80 by 30%, enter 80 - 30, tap %.
•	To calculate what % 80 is of 400, enter 80 ÷ 400, then tap %.
•	To find the number that 80 is 25% of, enter 80 ÷ 25, then tap %.
Keypresses (Calc)
CALCULATOR keyboard
The default keypresses are:
•	Tap Shortcuts on the Toolbar to see a list of shortcut keypresses.
•	Use the up and down arrow keys to scroll the till roll in the Desk view or to move through the last 10 calculations in the Scientific view.
•	Use the M key to change the sign of a number.
Scientific view (Calc)
CALCULATOR esc
The Scientific view is a powerful scientific calculator with 26 memories for storing values. Use this view for calculations involving trigonometry, logarithms etc.
•	To perform a calculation, enter the expression and tap = or press Enter to display the result.
In the Scientific view, there are two types of function:
Prefix functions: these include all functions using sin, cos or tan, roots, ex, 10x, ln and log. For these, press the function button BEFORE entering the value to which the function refers.
Postfix functions: these include reciprocals, squares, cubes and xy. For these, press the function button AFTER entering the value to which the function refers.
•	To clear the calculator display, tap AC or press Esc.
•	To remove the item to the left of the cursor, press Del.
•	Tap Shortcuts on the Toolbar to display the keyboard equivalents of on-screen buttons.
Scientific buttons (Calc)
CALCULATOR keys
The scientific keypad buttons perform the following actions:
•	inv inverts the next scientific operation, so a square becomes a square root etc.
•	( ) brackets for separating and assigning precedence to parts of expressions.
•	Ans inserts the last answer at the cursor.
•	hyp sets the hyperbolic function for sin, cosine and tangent.
•	sin, cos, tan calculate the sine, cosine or tangent of a number.
•	x! calculates the factorial of a number.
•	archive=Calc name=squareroot calculates the square root of a number.
•	archive=Calc name=squareroot3 calculates the cube root of a number.
•	archive=Calc name=squarerootX calculates the xth root of a number.
•	ex calculates e raised to the power of a given number.
•	10x calculates 10 raised to the power of a given number.
•	-> assigns a value to memory.
•	Mem displays all memories.
•	ln calculates the natural log (base e) of a number.
•	log calculates the log (base 10) or a number.
•	archive=Calc name=pisymbol inserts the pi symbol at the cursor.
•	exp inserts an exponent.
Previous calculations (Calc)
CALCULATOR answers results incorporate edit previous edit next
In the Desk view previous calculations are shown on the till roll. Look over these using the scroll bar or arrow keys.
•	To clear the till roll, select Clear till roll on the Tools menu.
In the Scientific view:
•	Use the up and down arrow keys, or Edit previous and Edit next on the Edit menu, to move backwards and forwards through the last 10 calculations. To repeat any of these calculations press = while it is on the calculation line.
•	When re-using expressions containing 'Ans', the value inserted for 'Ans' will be the most recent answer calculated. This means using an old expression again may not give the original result.
Re-using results & calculations (Calc)
CALCULATOR incorporate edit previous edit next
To edit and re-use previous calculations in the Scientific view, use the up and down keys, or Edit previous and Edit next on the Edit menu, to move backwards and forwards through the list of previous expressions. These are displayed one by one on the calculation line. When the required calculation is displayed, remove or change any part of it and proceed as normal.
To start a new expression with the answer to the last calculation, enter the rest of the calculation as though the answer was already written at the start. The calculator prefixes the expression with 'Ans'.
To insert the last answer anywhere in an expression, with the cursor at the appropriate point, tap Ans.
Trigonometric functions (Calc)
CALCULATOR arctangent arccosine trigs asine acosine atangent arcsine
The trigonometric functions in the Scientific view include:
	Sin 	aSin
	Cos	aCos
	Tan	aTan
To calculate the trigometric sine, cosine or tangent of a number, tap sin, cos or tan, enter the value and tap =.
To calculate the inverse trigonometric sine (arcSine), arcCosine or arcTangent of a value, tap inv once to depress it. Tap sin, cos or tan, enter the value and tap =.
•	Results of trigonometric calculations vary according to the angle format selected. To choose between degrees, radians and gradients, use Formats on the Tools menu.
Hyperbolic functions
CALCULATOR hyps arctanh arccosh arcsinh
The hyperbolic functions in the Scientific view include:
	Sinh	aSinh
	Cosh	aCosh
	Tanh	aTanh
To calculate the hyperbolic sine, cosine or tangent of a value, tap hyp once to depress it. Tap sin, cos or tan, enter the value and tap =.
To calculate the inverse hyperbolic sine (hyperbolic arcSine), arcCosine or arcTangent of a value, tap hyp and inv once each to depress them, then tap sin, cos or tan. Enter the value and tap =.
Logarithms (Calc)
CALCULATOR natural logs etothex e to the x common logs logarithmic ln
To calculate a common logarithm (base 10) in the Scientific view:
•	Tap log, enter the value you want to find the log of and tap =.
To calculate a natural logarithm (base e), tap ln, enter the value you want to find the natural log of and tap =.
To calculate e to the power of a given value, tap the ex button, enter the value you want to find e to the power of and tap =.
Angle formats (Calc)
CALCULATOR degrees radians gradients formats
The Scientific view displays angles in degrees, radians or gradients. An abbreviation: DEG, RAD or GRAD, appears in the calculator display.
•	The angle units chosen affect the outcome of trigonometric calculations.
The relationships between the three types of unit are: 360 degrees = 400 gradients = 2×Pi radians.
To change the current angle units, tap on the abbreviation in the display, or use Formats on the Tools menu.
To convert results displayed in one format to another format tap on the format abbreviation or use Formats on the Tools menu while the result is displayed.
Number formats (Calc)
CALCULATOR normal fixed scientific formats
The Scientific view can display numbers in three formats: Normal, Fixed and Scientific.
•	Normal: suitable for most calculations. Numbers are presented in standard notation, with decimal places and exponents if they are required.
•	Fixed: numbers are always displayed with a specified number of digits after the decimal point.
•	Scientific: useful for very large or small numbers. Numbers are displayed as a single digit to the left of the decimal point, a specified number of significant figures, and then an exponent.
To change the number format, select Formats on the Tools menu and choose the format you want. If you choose Fixed or Scientific, set the number of decimal places or significant figures in the box below.
To convert an answer to a different format, change the number format while the result is in the display.
Squares, cubes & powers (Calc)
CALCULATOR power second third second third fourth fifth biquadratic 10x x2 x3 x^y
Use the Scientific view for calculating squares and cubes.
To calculate a square, enter the number you want to square, then tap the x2 button and tap =.
•	When squaring a negative number, put it in brackets.
To calculate a cube, enter the number you want to cube, then tap the x3 button and tap =.
To raise a number to a given power, enter the number you want to raise and tap the x^y button. Enter the power to which you want your value to be raised, e.g. 12x^y4 raises 12 to the 4th power, and tap =.
You can raise ten to a given power to save you entering long numbers. This is sometimes known as the common antilogarithm.
To raise ten to a given power, tap the 10x button, enter the power you want to raise 10 to, and tap =.
Reciprocals (Calc)
CALCULATOR one over x x-1
To calculate the reciprocal of a number in the Scientific view:
•	Enter the value you want to find the reciprocal of, tap the x-1 button, and tap =.
Square & other roots (Calc)
CALCULATOR square root cube root
To calculate the square root of a number in the Scientific view, tap the square root button archive=Calc name=squareroot, enter the number of which you want to find the square root and tap =.
To calculate a cube root, tap the cube root button archive=Calc name=squareroot3, enter the number of which you want to find the cube root and tap =.
To calculate the xth root of a number, enter the number corresponding to x, the root you want to find. E.g. 4 for the 4th root, 5 for the 5th root and so on. Tap the xth root button archive=Calc name=squarerootX and enter the number you want to find the x root of. Tap =.
Factorials (Calc)
CALCULATOR x!
To calculate the factorial of a number in the Scientific view, enter the number of which you want to find the factorial, tap the x! button, then tap =.
•	A factorial is the result of multiplying all the whole numbers from a given starting number down to one. So, the factorial of 4 (written as 4!) is
4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24
Factorials are useful for calculating how many different ways things can be arranged. For example, if you know the four digits of a security code, but cannot remember their order, you now know that there are 24 different combinations to try.
•	Factorials are the product of all POSITIVE integers from a number down to one, so you cannot calculate the factorial of a negative number or of a fraction. The factorial of zero is 1.
Exponents (Calc)
CALCULATOR
Use the exponents function in the Scientific view to express long numbers more concisely.
Exponents are of the form:
•	A value between 1 and ten (the "mantissa"), followed by an E, followed by another value.
If the second value is positive, it indicates the number of places the decimal point of the first value should be moved to the right to get the number as it would be written in standard notation. Use positive exponents for large numbers.
•	To enter a positive exponent, enter the first part of the number, normally as a decimal fraction. Tap the exp button. An 'E' will be displayed. Enter the number of places the decimal point should be moved to the right.
If the second value is negative, it indicates the number of places the decimal point should be moved left. Use negative exponents for small numbers.
•	To enter a negative exponent, enter the first part of the number, tap exp and then tap the +/- button. Enter the number of places the decimal point should be moved to the left.
Maths error message (Calc)
CALCULATOR problems errors mistakes
A 'Maths error' message indicates a problem with the mathematical logic of an expression.
Check, e.g., that you have not:
•	Tried to calculate the square root, factorial or log of a negative number.
•	Tried to calculate the factorial of a fraction.
•	Entered an expression involving division by zero.
Tap AC to clear the message, or press the up arrow key to return to the expression.
Overflow error message (Calc)
CALCULATOR problems errors mistakes large numbers
An 'Overflow error' message appears when a result:
•	Is out of the calculator's range.
•	Cannot be displayed in the present number format. If you are using Fixed format, try decreasing the number of decimal places or changing the number format to Normal or Scientific using Formats on the Tools menu.
Tap AC to clear the message, or press the up arrow key to return to the expression.
Syntax error message (Calc)
CALCULATOR errors problems parenthesis parentheses mistakes
A 'Syntax error' indicates that the calculator cannot understand the expression entered. Check that you have not:
•	Missed an opening or closing bracket.
•	Used two operators in a row.
•	Included two decimal points in a number.
•	Used the subtract operator as a negative sign, or vice versa.
•	Put the number before the function in a trigonometric or logarithmic expression.
Tap AC to clear the message, or press the up key to return to the expression.
Copying & pasting numbers (Calc)
CALCULATOR cut paste
•	In the Desk view you can copy whatever is currently on the calculation line using Copy on the Edit menu.
•	In the Scientific view copy the last result calculated using Copy on the Edit menu.
•	Paste numbers from other programs into either view, using Paste on the Edit menu. You can also copy and paste between the two calculator views.
Display preferences (Calc)
CALCULATOR show toolbar flip layout lefthanded left handed
To swap the right side of the calculator screen over to the left, and vice versa, tap Flip layout on the Toolbar.
To hide the Toolbar, deselect Show toolbar on the View menu. Choose this command again to return the Toolbar to the display.