# @(#)antarctica	8.3

# <pre>

# From Paul Eggert (1999-11-15):

# To keep things manageable, we list only locations occupied year-round; see

# <a href="http://www.comnap.aq/comnap/comnap.nsf/P/Stations/">

# COMNAP - Stations and Bases

# </a>

# and

# <a href="http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/bob/periant.htm">

# Summary of the Peri-Antarctic Islands (1998-07-23)

# </a>

# for information.

# Unless otherwise specified, we have no time zone information.

#

# Except for the French entries,

# I made up all time zone abbreviations mentioned here; corrections welcome!

# FORMAT is `zzz' and GMTOFF is 0 for locations while uninhabited.

# These rules are stolen from the `europe' file.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S

Rule	RussAQ	1981	1984	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	1:00	S

Rule	RussAQ	1981	1983	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-

Rule	RussAQ	1984	1991	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-

Rule	RussAQ	1985	1991	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S

Rule	RussAQ	1992	only	-	Mar	lastSat	 23:00	1:00	S

Rule	RussAQ	1992	only	-	Sep	lastSat	 23:00	0	-

Rule	RussAQ	1993	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S

Rule	RussAQ	1993	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-

Rule	RussAQ	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-

# These rules are stolen from the `southamerica' file.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S

Rule	ArgAQ	1964	1966	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-

Rule	ArgAQ	1964	1966	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	S

Rule	ArgAQ	1967	only	-	Apr	 2	0:00	0	-

Rule	ArgAQ	1967	1968	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S

Rule	ArgAQ	1968	1969	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-

Rule	ArgAQ	1974	only	-	Jan	23	0:00	1:00	S

Rule	ArgAQ	1974	only	-	May	 1	0:00	0	-

Rule	ChileAQ	1972	1986	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-

Rule	ChileAQ	1974	1987	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S

Rule	ChileAQ	1987	only	-	Apr	12	3:00u	0	-

Rule	ChileAQ	1988	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-

Rule	ChileAQ	1988	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	4:00u	1:00	S

Rule	ChileAQ	1989	only	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S

Rule	ChileAQ	1990	only	-	Mar	18	3:00u	0	-

Rule	ChileAQ	1990	only	-	Sep	16	4:00u	1:00	S

Rule	ChileAQ	1991	1996	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-

Rule	ChileAQ	1991	1997	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S

Rule	ChileAQ	1997	only	-	Mar	30	3:00u	0	-

Rule	ChileAQ	1998	only	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-

Rule	ChileAQ	1998	only	-	Sep	27	4:00u	1:00	S

Rule	ChileAQ	1999	only	-	Apr	 4	3:00u	0	-

Rule	ChileAQ	1999	max	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S

Rule	ChileAQ	2000	max	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-

# Argentina - year-round bases

# Belgrano II, Confin Coast, -770227-0343737, since 1972-02-05

# Esperanza, San Martin Land, -6323-05659, since 1952-12-17

# Jubany, Potter Peninsula, King George Island, -6414-0602320, since 1982-01

# Marambio, Seymour I, -6414-05637, since 1969-10-29

# Orcadas, Laurie I, -6016-04444, since 1904-02-22

# San Martin, Debenham I, -6807-06708, since 1951-03-21

#	(except 1960-03 / 1976-03-21)

# Australia - territories

# Heard Island, McDonald Islands (uninhabited)

#	previously sealers and scientific personnel wintered

#	<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20021204222245/http://www.dstc.qut.edu.au/DST/marg/daylight.html">

#	Margaret Turner reports

#	</a> (1999-09-30) that they're UTC+5, with no DST;

#	presumably this is when they have visitors.

#

# year-round bases

# Casey, Bailey Peninsula, -6617+11032, since 1969

# Davis, Vestfold Hills, -6835+07759, since 1957-01-13

#	(except 1964-11 - 1969-02)

# Mawson, Holme Bay, -6736+06253, since 1954-02-13

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

Zone Antarctica/Casey	0	-	zzz	1969

			8:00	-	WST	# Western (Aus) Standard Time

Zone Antarctica/Davis	0	-	zzz	1957 Jan 13

			7:00	-	DAVT	1964 Nov # Davis Time

			0	-	zzz	1969 Feb

			7:00	-	DAVT

Zone Antarctica/Mawson	0	-	zzz	1954 Feb 13

			6:00	-	MAWT	# Mawson Time

# References:

# <a href="http://www.antdiv.gov.au/aad/exop/sfo/casey/casey_aws.html">

# Casey Weather (1998-02-26)

# </a>

# <a href="http://www.antdiv.gov.au/aad/exop/sfo/davis/video.html">

# Davis Station, Antarctica (1998-02-26)

# </a>

# <a href="http://www.antdiv.gov.au/aad/exop/sfo/mawson/video.html">

# Mawson Station, Antarctica (1998-02-25)

# </a>

# Brazil - year-round base

# Comandante Ferraz, King George Island, -6205+05824, since 1983/4

# Chile - year-round bases and towns

# Escudero, South Shetland Is, -621157-0585735, since 1994

# Presidente Eduadro Frei, King George Island, -6214-05848, since 1969-03-07

# General Bernardo O'Higgins, Antarctic Peninsula, -6319-05704, since 1948-02

# Capitan Arturo Prat, -6230-05941

# Villa Las Estrellas (a town), around the Frei base, since 1984-04-09

# These locations have always used Santiago time; use TZ='America/Santiago'.

# China - year-round bases

# Great Wall, King George Island, -6213-05858, since 1985-02-20

# Zhongshan, Larsemann Hills, Prydz Bay, -6922+07623, since 1989-02-26

# France - year-round bases

#

# From Antoine Leca (1997-01-20):

# Time data are from Nicole Pailleau at the IFRTP

# (French Institute for Polar Research and Technology).

# She confirms that French Southern Territories and Terre Adelie bases

# don't observe daylight saving time, even if Terre Adelie supplies came

# from Tasmania.

#

# French Southern Territories with year-round inhabitants

#

# Martin-de-Vivies Base, Amsterdam Island, -374105+0773155, since 1950

# Alfred-Faure Base, Crozet Islands, -462551+0515152, since 1964

# Port-aux-Francais, Kerguelen Islands, -492110+0701303, since 1951;

#	whaling & sealing station operated 1908/1914, 1920/1929, and 1951/1956

#

# St Paul Island - near Amsterdam, uninhabited

#	fishing stations operated variously 1819/1931

#

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

Zone Indian/Kerguelen	0	-	zzz	1950	# Port-aux-Francais

			5:00	-	TFT	# ISO code TF Time

#

# year-round base in the main continent

# Dumont-d'Urville, Ile des Petrels, -6640+14001, since 1956-11

#

# Another base at Port-Martin, 50km east, began operation in 1947.

# It was destroyed by fire on 1952-01-14.

#

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

Zone Antarctica/DumontDUrville 0 -	zzz	1947

			10:00	-	PMT	1952 Jan 14 # Port-Martin Time

			0	-	zzz	1956 Nov

			10:00	-	DDUT	# Dumont-d'Urville Time

# Reference:

# <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumont_d'Urville_Station">

# Dumont d'Urville Station (2005-12-05)

# </a>

# Germany - year-round base

# Georg von Neumayer, -7039-00815

# India - year-round base

# Dakshin Gangotri, -7005+01200

# Japan - year-round bases

# Dome Fuji, -7719+03942

# Syowa, -690022+0393524

#

# From Hideyuki Suzuki (1999-02-06):

# In all Japanese stations, +0300 is used as the standard time.

#

# Syowa station, which is the first antarctic station of Japan,

# was established on 1957-01-29.  Since Syowa station is still the main

# station of Japan, it's appropriate for the principal location.

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

Zone Antarctica/Syowa	0	-	zzz	1957 Jan 29

			3:00	-	SYOT	# Syowa Time

# See:

# <a href="http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/ara01.html">

# NIPR Antarctic Research Activities (1999-08-17)

# </a>

# S Korea - year-round base

# King Sejong, King George Island, -6213-05847, since 1988

# New Zealand - claims

# Balleny Islands (never inhabited)

# Scott Island (never inhabited)

#

# year-round base

# Scott, Ross Island, since 1957-01, is like Antarctica/McMurdo.

#

# These rules for New Zealand are stolen from the `australasia' file.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S

Rule	NZAQ	1974	only	-	Nov	 3	2:00s	1:00	D

Rule	NZAQ	1975	1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D

Rule	NZAQ	1989	only	-	Oct	 8	2:00s	1:00	D

Rule	NZAQ	1990	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D

Rule	NZAQ	1975	only	-	Feb	23	2:00s	0	S

Rule	NZAQ	1976	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S

Rule	NZAQ	1990	max	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S

# Norway - territories

# Bouvet (never inhabited)

#

# claims

# Peter I Island (never inhabited)

# Poland - year-round base

# Arctowski, King George Island, -620945-0582745, since 1977

# Russia - year-round bases

# Bellingshausen, King George Island, -621159-0585337, since 1968-02-22

# Mirny, Davis coast, -6633+09301, since 1956-02

# Molodezhnaya, Alasheyev Bay, -6740+04551,

#	year-round from 1962-02 to 1999-07-01

# Novolazarevskaya, Queen Maud Land, -7046+01150,

#	year-round from 1960/61 to 1992

# Vostok, since 1957-12-16, temporarily closed 1994-02/1994-11

# <a href="http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/antarctica/QA/computers/Directions,Time,ZIP">

# From Craig Mundell (1994-12-15)</a>:

# Vostok, which is one of the Russian stations, is set on the same

# time as Moscow, Russia.

#

# From Lee Hotz (2001-03-08):

# I queried the folks at Columbia who spent the summer at Vostok and this is

# what they had to say about time there:

# ``in the US Camp (East Camp) we have been on New Zealand (McMurdo)

# time, which is 12 hours ahead of GMT. The Russian Station Vostok was

# 6 hours behind that (although only 2 miles away, i.e. 6 hours ahead

# of GMT). This is a time zone I think two hours east of Moscow. The

# natural time zone is in between the two: 8 hours ahead of GMT.''

#

# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-04):

# This seems to be hopelessly confusing, so I asked Lee Hotz about it

# in person.  He said that some Antartic locations set their local

# time so that noon is the warmest part of the day, and that this

# changes during the year and does not necessarily correspond to mean

# solar noon.  So the Vostok time might have been whatever the clocks

# happened to be during their visit.  So we still don't really know what time

# it is at Vostok.  But we'll guess UTC+6.

#

Zone Antarctica/Vostok	0	-	zzz	1957 Dec 16

			6:00	-	VOST	# Vostok time

# S Africa - year-round bases

# Marion Island, -4653+03752

# Sanae, -7141-00250

# UK

#

# British Antarctic Territories (BAT) claims

# South Orkney Islands

#	scientific station from 1903

#	whaling station at Signy I 1920/1926

# South Shetland Islands

#

# year-round bases

# Bird Island, South Georgia, -5400-03803, since 1983

# Deception Island, -6259-06034, whaling station 1912/1931,

#	scientific station 1943/1967,

#	previously sealers and a scientific expedition wintered by accident,

#	and a garrison was deployed briefly

# Halley, Coates Land, -7535-02604, since 1956-01-06

#	Halley is on a moving ice shelf and is periodically relocated

#	so that it is never more than 10km from its nominal location.

# Rothera, Adelaide Island, -6734-6808, since 1976-12-01

#

# From Paul Eggert (2002-10-22)

# <http://webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/g.html> says Rothera is -03 all year.

#

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

Zone Antarctica/Rothera	0	-	zzz	1976 Dec  1

			-3:00	-	ROTT	# Rothera time

# Uruguay - year round base

# Artigas, King George Island, -621104-0585107

# USA - year-round bases

#

# Palmer, Anvers Island, since 1965 (moved 2 miles in 1968)

#

# From Ethan Dicks (1996-10-06):

# It keeps the same time as Punta Arenas, Chile, because, just like us

# and the South Pole, that's the other end of their supply line....

# I verified with someone who was there that since 1980,

# Palmer has followed Chile.  Prior to that, before the Falklands War,

# Palmer used to be supplied from Argentina.

#

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

Zone Antarctica/Palmer	0	-	zzz	1965

			-4:00	ArgAQ	AR%sT	1969 Oct 5

			-3:00	ArgAQ	AR%sT	1982 May

			-4:00	ChileAQ	CL%sT

#

#

# McMurdo, Ross Island, since 1955-12

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

Zone Antarctica/McMurdo	0	-	zzz	1956

			12:00	NZAQ	NZ%sT

#

# Amundsen-Scott, South Pole, continuously occupied since 1956-11-20

#

# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):

# Normally it wouldn't have a separate entry, since it's like the

# larger Antarctica/McMurdo since 1970, but it's too famous to omit.

#

# From Chris Carrier (1996-06-27):

# Siple, the first commander of the South Pole station,

# stated that he would have liked to have kept GMT at the station,

# but that he found it more convenient to keep GMT+12

# as supplies for the station were coming from McMurdo Sound,

# which was on GMT+12 because New Zealand was on GMT+12 all year

# at that time (1957).  (Source: Siple's book 90 degrees SOUTH.)

#

# From Susan Smith

# http://www.cybertours.com/whs/pole10.html

# (1995-11-13 16:24:56 +1300, no longer available):

# We use the same time as McMurdo does.

# And they use the same time as Christchurch, NZ does....

# One last quirk about South Pole time.

# All the electric clocks are usually wrong.

# Something about the generators running at 60.1hertz or something

# makes all of the clocks run fast.  So every couple of days,

# we have to go around and set them back 5 minutes or so.

# Maybe if we let them run fast all of the time, we'd get to leave here sooner!!

#

Link	Antarctica/McMurdo	Antarctica/South_Pole