# @(#)europe	8.6

# <pre>

# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,

# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to

# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):

# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is

# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),

# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).

#

# Gwillim Law writes that a good source

# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport

# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),

# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries

# of the IATA's data after 1990.

#

# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for

# entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.

#

# Other sources occasionally used include:

#

#	Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,

#	Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),

#	which I found in the UCLA library.

#

#	<a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf">

#	William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition

#	</a> (1914-03)

#

#	Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),

#	<a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">

#	History of Summer Time

#	</a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)

#

# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;

# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.

# Corrections are welcome!

#                   std dst  2dst

#                   LMT           Local Mean Time

#       -4:00       AST ADT       Atlantic

#       -3:00       WGT WGST      Western Greenland*

#       -1:00       EGT EGST      Eastern Greenland*

#        0:00       GMT BST  BDST Greenwich, British Summer

#        0:00       GMT IST       Greenwich, Irish Summer

#        0:00       WET WEST WEMT Western Europe

#        0:19:32.13 AMT NST       Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*

#        0:20       NET NEST      Netherlands (1937-1940)*

#        1:00       CET CEST CEMT Central Europe

#        1:00:14    SET           Swedish (1879-1899)*

#        2:00       EET EEST      Eastern Europe

#        3:00       MSK MSD       Moscow

#

# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,

# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).

# From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),

# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,

# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.

# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.

# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.

# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.

# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for

# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%

# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous

# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.

# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)

# ...

# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.

# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.

# ...

# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].

# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact

# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the

# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed

# in the Directive.

###############################################################################

# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)

# From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):

#

# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about

# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo

# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph

# of the text said:

#

# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands

# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude

# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed

# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They

# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,

# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking

# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'

#

# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's

# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should

# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.

#

# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]

# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):

#

# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.

# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,

# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.

# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)

# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).

# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway

# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most

# (though not all) railways used London time.  On 1847-09-22 the

# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be

# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.

# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,

# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many

# railways as using GMT.  By 1855 the vast majority of public

# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock

# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,

# one for local time and one for GMT).  The last major holdout was the legal

# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading

# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.

# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition

# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.

#

# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single

# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01.  We don't know as much

# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.

# From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):

# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),

# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society

# who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)

# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,

# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.

# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,

# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.

# Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and

# it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.

# See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).

# A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in

# a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular

# subscription and open to the public.  On the south face of the monolith,

# designed by G. W. Miller, is the the William Willett Memorial Sundial,

# which is permanently set to Summer Time.

# From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):

# It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of

# summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country

# between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which

# plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the

# foundations of civilization throughout the world.

#	-- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm">

#	"A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly

#	</a>

# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):

# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''

# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this

# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the

# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.

# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):

#

# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's

# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.

# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)

# From: Jonathan Leffler

# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.

# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in

# politics making a fortune, not computing.

# From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):

# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the

# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time.  Look for the published

# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and

# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."

# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):

# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the

# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)

# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).

# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):

# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir

# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any

# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't

# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British

# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.

# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png

# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png

# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):

# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time

# which is to be introduced in May....

# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"

# which could not be said to run counter to any official description.

# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):

# Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common

# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,

# so we use `BDST'.

# Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length

# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.

# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating

# and extending this list, which can be found in

# <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/">

# History of legal time in Britain

# </a>

# From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):

#

# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;

# see Lord Tanlaw's speech

# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">

# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)

# </a>.

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):

#

# For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.

#

# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger

# are incorrect:

#     * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until

#	1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.

# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.

#     * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.

# It actually just had one transition.

#     * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.

# Actually, it conformed to Britain.

#     * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.

# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.

# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).

#

# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:

#     * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT

#	to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to

#	conform with Great Britain.

# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.

#

# The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;

# we'll ignore it for now.

#     * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.

#

#

# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than

# Shanks & Pottenger.

# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory

# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was

# to London.  For example:

#

#   "Timeball on the ballast office is down.  Dunsink time."

#   -- James Joyce, Ulysses

# From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):

# Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie.  These include 

# various relating to legal time, for example:

# 

# ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html

# 

# ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html

# ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html

# 

# ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html

# ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html

# ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html

# 

# ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html

# ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html

# ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html

#

# [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is

# <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]

# 

# (These are those I found, but there could be more.  In any case these 

# should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover 

# the laws applicable in Ireland.)

# 

# (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined 

# in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it 

# is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time 

# being GMT+1.)

# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):

# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)

# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time

# (CT), equivalent to French civil time.

# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that

# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)

# and Frethun run in CT.

# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,

# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,

# and that the time depends on who you're talking to.

# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,

# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.

# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.

# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):

# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,

# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.

# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate

# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of

# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is

# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S

# Summer Time Act, 1916

Rule	GB-Eire	1916	only	-	May	21	2:00s	1:00	BST

Rule	GB-Eire	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00s	0	GMT

# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358

Rule	GB-Eire	1917	only	-	Apr	 8	2:00s	1:00	BST

Rule	GB-Eire	1917	only	-	Sep	17	2:00s	0	GMT

# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274

Rule	GB-Eire	1918	only	-	Mar	24	2:00s	1:00	BST

Rule	GB-Eire	1918	only	-	Sep	30	2:00s	0	GMT

# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297

Rule	GB-Eire	1919	only	-	Mar	30	2:00s	1:00	BST

Rule	GB-Eire	1919	only	-	Sep	29	2:00s	0	GMT

# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458

Rule	GB-Eire	1920	only	-	Mar	28	2:00s	1:00	BST

# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844

Rule	GB-Eire	1920	only	-	Oct	25	2:00s	0	GMT

# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363

Rule	GB-Eire	1921	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	BST

Rule	GB-Eire	1921	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00s	0	GMT

# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264

Rule	GB-Eire	1922	only	-	Mar	26	2:00s	1:00	BST

Rule	GB-Eire	1922	only	-	Oct	 8	2:00s	0	GMT

# The Summer Time Act, 1922

Rule	GB-Eire	1923	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST

Rule	GB-Eire	1923	1924	-	Sep	Sun>=16	2:00s	0	GMT

Rule	GB-Eire	1924	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST

Rule	GB-Eire	1925	1926	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST

# The Summer Time Act, 1925

Rule	GB-Eire	1925	1938	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT

Rule	GB-Eire	1927	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST

Rule	GB-Eire	1928	1929	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST

Rule	GB-Eire	1930	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST

Rule	GB-Eire	1931	1932	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST

Rule	GB-Eire	1933	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST

Rule	GB-Eire	1934	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST

Rule	GB-Eire	1935	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST

Rule	GB-Eire	1936	1937	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST

Rule	GB-Eire	1938	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST

Rule	GB-Eire	1939	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST

# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379

Rule	GB-Eire	1939	only	-	Nov	Sun>=16	2:00s	0	GMT

# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883

Rule	GB-Eire	1940	only	-	Feb	Sun>=23	2:00s	1:00	BST

# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476

Rule	GB-Eire	1941	only	-	May	Sun>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST

Rule	GB-Eire	1941	1943	-	Aug	Sun>=9	1:00s	1:00	BST

# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506

Rule	GB-Eire	1942	1944	-	Apr	Sun>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST

# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932

Rule	GB-Eire	1944	only	-	Sep	Sun>=16	1:00s	1:00	BST

# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312

Rule	GB-Eire	1945	only	-	Apr	Mon>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST

Rule	GB-Eire	1945	only	-	Jul	Sun>=9	1:00s	1:00	BST

# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208

Rule	GB-Eire	1945	1946	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT

Rule	GB-Eire	1946	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST

# The Summer Time Act, 1947

Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Mar	16	2:00s	1:00	BST

Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Apr	13	1:00s	2:00	BDST

Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Aug	10	1:00s	1:00	BST

Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Nov	 2	2:00s	0	GMT

# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)

Rule	GB-Eire	1948	only	-	Mar	14	2:00s	1:00	BST

Rule	GB-Eire	1948	only	-	Oct	31	2:00s	0	GMT

# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)

Rule	GB-Eire	1949	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	BST

Rule	GB-Eire	1949	only	-	Oct	30	2:00s	0	GMT

# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)

# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)

# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)

Rule	GB-Eire	1950	1952	-	Apr	Sun>=14	2:00s	1:00	BST

Rule	GB-Eire	1950	1952	-	Oct	Sun>=21	2:00s	0	GMT

# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925

Rule	GB-Eire	1953	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST

Rule	GB-Eire	1953	1960	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT

Rule	GB-Eire	1954	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST

Rule	GB-Eire	1955	1956	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST

Rule	GB-Eire	1957	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST

Rule	GB-Eire	1958	1959	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST

Rule	GB-Eire	1960	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST

# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)

# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)

# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)

Rule	GB-Eire	1961	1963	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	BST

Rule	GB-Eire	1961	1968	-	Oct	Sun>=23	2:00s	0	GMT

# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)

# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)

# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)

Rule	GB-Eire	1964	1967	-	Mar	Sun>=19	2:00s	1:00	BST

# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)

Rule	GB-Eire	1968	only	-	Feb	18	2:00s	1:00	BST

# The British Standard Time Act, 1968

#	(no summer time)

# The Summer Time Act, 1972

Rule	GB-Eire	1972	1980	-	Mar	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST

Rule	GB-Eire	1972	1980	-	Oct	Sun>=23	2:00s	0	GMT

# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)

# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)

# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)

# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)

Rule	GB-Eire	1981	1995	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00u	1:00	BST

Rule	GB-Eire 1981	1989	-	Oct	Sun>=23	1:00u	0	GMT

# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)

# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)

# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)

Rule	GB-Eire 1990	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=22	1:00u	0	GMT

# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)

# See EU for rules starting in 1996.

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

Zone	Europe/London	-0:01:15 -	LMT	1847 Dec  1 0:00s

			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27

			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31 2:00u

			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996

			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST

Link	Europe/London	Europe/Jersey

Link	Europe/London	Europe/Guernsey

Link	Europe/London	Europe/Isle_of_Man

Zone	Europe/Dublin	-0:25:00 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2

			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21 2:00

			-0:25:21 1:00	IST	1916 Oct  1 2:00s

			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1921 Dec  6 # independence

			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1940 Feb 25 2:00

			 0:00	1:00	IST	1946 Oct  6 2:00

			 0:00	-	GMT	1947 Mar 16 2:00

			 0:00	1:00	IST	1947 Nov  2 2:00

			 0:00	-	GMT	1948 Apr 18 2:00

			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1968 Oct 27

			 1:00	-	IST	1971 Oct 31 2:00u

			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1996

			 0:00	EU	GMT/IST

###############################################################################

# Continental Europe

# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,

# Common Market, etc.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S

Rule	EU	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00u	1:00	S

Rule	EU	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-

Rule	EU	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00u	0	-

Rule	EU	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-

Rule	EU	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00u	1:00	S

Rule	EU	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-

# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002.  See:

# <a href="http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/2000/en_300L0084.html"

# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council

# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.

# </a>

# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.

Rule	W-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S

Rule	W-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-

Rule	W-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00s	0	-

Rule	W-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-

Rule	W-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00s	1:00	S

Rule	W-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-

# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.

# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.

Rule	C-Eur	1916	only	-	Apr	30	23:00	1:00	S

Rule	C-Eur	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-

Rule	C-Eur	1917	1918	-	Apr	Mon>=15	 2:00s	1:00	S

Rule	C-Eur	1917	1918	-	Sep	Mon>=15	 2:00s	0	-

Rule	C-Eur	1940	only	-	Apr	 1	 2:00s	1:00	S

Rule	C-Eur	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 2:00s	0	-

Rule	C-Eur	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00s	1:00	S

Rule	C-Eur	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 2:00s	0	-

Rule	C-Eur	1944	only	-	Apr	 3	 2:00s	1:00	S

# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.

Rule	C-Eur	1944	only	-	Oct	 2	 2:00s	0	-

Rule	C-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S

Rule	C-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-

Rule	C-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 2:00s	0	-

Rule	C-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-

Rule	C-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S

Rule	C-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-

# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.

Rule	E-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	S

Rule	E-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-

Rule	E-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-

Rule	E-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-

Rule	E-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00	1:00	S

Rule	E-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0	-

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S

Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Jul	 1	23:00	1:00	MST	# Moscow Summer Time

Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Dec	28	 0:00	0	MMT	# Moscow Mean Time

Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	May	31	22:00	2:00	MDST	# Moscow Double Summer Time

Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	Sep	16	 1:00	1:00	MST

Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	May	31	23:00	2:00	MDST

Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Jul	 1	 2:00	1:00	S

Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Aug	16	 0:00	0	-

Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	S

Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Mar	20	23:00	2:00	M # Midsummer

Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	1:00	S

Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-

# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):

Rule	Russia	1981	1984	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	1:00	S

Rule	Russia	1981	1983	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-

# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in

# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):

Rule	Russia	1984	1991	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-

Rule	Russia	1985	1991	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S

#

Rule	Russia	1992	only	-	Mar	lastSat	 23:00	1:00	S

Rule	Russia	1992	only	-	Sep	lastSat	 23:00	0	-

Rule	Russia	1993	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S

Rule	Russia	1993	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-

Rule	Russia	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-

# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.