ode/src/box.cpp
changeset 0 2f259fa3e83a
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/ode/src/box.cpp	Tue Feb 02 01:00:49 2010 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,813 @@
+/*************************************************************************
+ *                                                                       *
+ * Open Dynamics Engine, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 Russell L. Smith.       *
+ * All rights reserved.  Email: russ@q12.org   Web: www.q12.org          *
+ *                                                                       *
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or         *
+ * modify it under the terms of EITHER:                                  *
+ *   (1) The GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free  *
+ *       Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at  *
+ *       your option) any later version. The text of the GNU Lesser      *
+ *       General Public License is included with this library in the     *
+ *       file LICENSE.TXT.                                               *
+ *   (2) The BSD-style license that is included with this library in     *
+ *       the file LICENSE-BSD.TXT.                                       *
+ *                                                                       *
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,       *
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of        *
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the files    *
+ * LICENSE.TXT and LICENSE-BSD.TXT for more details.                     *
+ *                                                                       *
+ *************************************************************************/
+
+/*
+
+standard ODE geometry primitives: public API and pairwise collision functions.
+
+the rule is that only the low level primitive collision functions should set
+dContactGeom::g1 and dContactGeom::g2.
+
+*/
+
+#include <ode/common.h>
+#include <ode/collision.h>
+#include <ode/matrix.h>
+#include <ode/rotation.h>
+#include <ode/odemath.h>
+#include "collision_kernel.h"
+#include "collision_std.h"
+#include "collision_util.h"
+
+
+//****************************************************************************
+// box public API
+
+dxBox::dxBox (dSpaceID space, dReal lx, dReal ly, dReal lz) : dxGeom (space,1)
+{
+  type = dBoxClass;
+  side[0] = lx;
+  side[1] = ly;
+  side[2] = lz;
+}
+
+
+void dxBox::computeAABB()
+{
+  const dMatrix3& R = final_posr->R;
+  const dVector3& pos = final_posr->pos;
+  
+  dReal xrange = dMUL(REAL(0.5),(dFabs (dMUL(R[0],side[0])) +
+    dFabs (dMUL(R[1],side[1])) + dFabs (dMUL(R[2],side[2]))));
+  dReal yrange = dMUL(REAL(0.5),(dFabs (dMUL(R[4],side[0])) +
+    dFabs (dMUL(R[5],side[1])) + dFabs (dMUL(R[6],side[2]))));
+  dReal zrange = dMUL(REAL(0.5),(dFabs (dMUL(R[8],side[0])) +
+    dFabs (dMUL(R[9],side[1])) + dFabs (dMUL(R[10],side[2]))));
+  aabb[0] = pos[0] - xrange;
+  aabb[1] = pos[0] + xrange;
+  aabb[2] = pos[1] - yrange;
+  aabb[3] = pos[1] + yrange;
+  aabb[4] = pos[2] - zrange;
+  aabb[5] = pos[2] + zrange;
+}
+
+
+EXPORT_C dGeomID dCreateBox (dSpaceID space, dReal lx, dReal ly, dReal lz)
+{
+  return new dxBox (space,lx,ly,lz);
+}
+
+
+EXPORT_C void dGeomBoxSetLengths (dGeomID g, dReal lx, dReal ly, dReal lz)
+{
+  dxBox *b = (dxBox*) g;
+  b->side[0] = lx;
+  b->side[1] = ly;
+  b->side[2] = lz;
+  dGeomMoved (g);
+}
+
+
+EXPORT_C void dGeomBoxGetLengths (dGeomID g, dVector3 result)
+{
+  dxBox *b = (dxBox*) g;
+  result[0] = b->side[0];
+  result[1] = b->side[1];
+  result[2] = b->side[2];
+}
+
+
+EXPORT_C dReal dGeomBoxPointDepth (dGeomID g, dReal x, dReal y, dReal z)
+{
+  g->recomputePosr();
+  dxBox *b = (dxBox*) g;
+
+  // Set p = (x,y,z) relative to box center
+  //
+  // This will be (0,0,0) if the point is at (side[0]/2,side[1]/2,side[2]/2)
+
+  dVector3 p,q;
+
+  p[0] = x - b->final_posr->pos[0];
+  p[1] = y - b->final_posr->pos[1];
+  p[2] = z - b->final_posr->pos[2];
+
+  // Rotate p into box's coordinate frame, so we can
+  // treat the OBB as an AABB
+
+  dMULTIPLY1_331 (q,b->final_posr->R,p);
+
+  // Record distance from point to each successive box side, and see
+  // if the point is inside all six sides
+
+  dReal dist[6];
+  int   i;
+
+  bool inside = true;
+
+  for (i=0; i < 3; i++) {
+    dReal side = dMUL(b->side[i],REAL(0.5));
+
+    dist[i  ] = side - q[i];
+    dist[i+3] = side + q[i];
+
+    if ((dist[i] < 0) || (dist[i+3] < 0)) {
+      inside = false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // If point is inside the box, the depth is the smallest positive distance
+  // to any side
+
+  if (inside) {
+    dReal smallest_dist = (dReal) (unsigned) -1;
+
+    for (i=0; i < 6; i++) {
+      if (dist[i] < smallest_dist) smallest_dist = dist[i];
+    }
+
+    return smallest_dist;
+  }
+
+  // Otherwise, if point is outside the box, the depth is the largest
+  // distance to any side.  This is an approximation to the 'proper'
+  // solution (the proper solution may be larger in some cases).
+
+  dReal largest_dist = 0;
+
+  for (i=0; i < 6; i++) {
+    if (dist[i] > largest_dist) largest_dist = dist[i];
+  }
+
+  return -largest_dist;
+}
+
+//****************************************************************************
+// box-box collision utility
+
+
+// find all the intersection points between the 2D rectangle with vertices
+// at (+/-h[0],+/-h[1]) and the 2D quadrilateral with vertices (p[0],p[1]),
+// (p[2],p[3]),(p[4],p[5]),(p[6],p[7]).
+//
+// the intersection points are returned as x,y pairs in the 'ret' array.
+// the number of intersection points is returned by the function (this will
+// be in the range 0 to 8).
+
+static int intersectRectQuad (dReal h[2], dReal p[8], dReal ret[16])
+{
+  // q (and r) contain nq (and nr) coordinate points for the current (and
+  // chopped) polygons
+  int nq=4,nr;
+  dReal buffer[16];
+  dReal *q = p;
+  dReal *r = ret;
+  for (int dir=0; dir <= 1; dir++) {
+    // direction notation: xy[0] = x axis, xy[1] = y axis
+    for (int sign=-1; sign <= 1; sign += 2) {
+      // chop q along the line xy[dir] = sign*h[dir]
+      dReal *pq = q;
+      dReal *pr = r;
+      nr = 0;
+      for (int i=nq; i > 0; i--) {
+	// go through all points in q and all lines between adjacent points
+	if (sign*pq[dir] < h[dir]) {
+	  // this point is inside the chopping line
+	  pr[0] = pq[0];
+	  pr[1] = pq[1];
+	  pr += 2;
+	  nr++;
+	  if (nr & 8) {
+	    q = r;
+	    goto done;
+	  }
+	}
+	dReal *nextq = (i > 1) ? pq+2 : q;
+	if ((sign*pq[dir] < h[dir]) ^ (sign*nextq[dir] < h[dir])) {
+	  // this line crosses the chopping line
+	  pr[1-dir] = pq[1-dir] + dMUL(dDIV((nextq[1-dir]-pq[1-dir]),(nextq[dir]-pq[dir])),(sign*h[dir]-pq[dir]));
+	  pr[dir] = sign*h[dir];
+	  pr += 2;
+	  nr++;
+	  if (nr & 8) {
+	    q = r;
+	    goto done;
+	  }
+	}
+	pq += 2;
+      }
+      q = r;
+      r = (q==ret) ? buffer : ret;
+      nq = nr;
+    }
+  }
+ done:
+  if (q != ret) memcpy (ret,q,nr*2*sizeof(dReal));
+  return nr;
+}
+
+
+// given n points in the plane (array p, of size 2*n), generate m points that
+// best represent the whole set. the definition of 'best' here is not
+// predetermined - the idea is to select points that give good box-box
+// collision detection behavior. the chosen point indexes are returned in the
+// array iret (of size m). 'i0' is always the first entry in the array.
+// n must be in the range [1..8]. m must be in the range [1..n]. i0 must be
+// in the range [0..n-1].
+
+void cullPoints (int n, dReal p[], int m, int i0, int iret[])
+{
+  // compute the centroid of the polygon in cx,cy
+  int i,j;
+  dReal a,cx,cy,q;
+  if (n==1) {
+    cx = p[0];
+    cy = p[1];
+  }
+  else if (n==2) {
+    cx = dMUL(REAL(0.5),(p[0] + p[2]));
+    cy = dMUL(REAL(0.5),(p[1] + p[3]));
+  }
+  else {
+    a = 0;
+    cx = 0;
+    cy = 0;
+    for (i=0; i<(n-1); i++) {
+      q = dMUL(p[i*2],p[i*2+3]) - dMUL(p[i*2+2],p[i*2+1]);
+      a += q;
+      cx += dMUL(q,(p[i*2]+p[i*2+2]));
+      cy += dMUL(q,(p[i*2+1]+p[i*2+3]));
+    }
+    q = dMUL(p[n*2-2],p[1]) - dMUL(p[0],p[n*2-1]);
+    a = dRecip(dMUL(REAL(3.0),(a+q)));
+    cx = dMUL(a,(cx + dMUL(q,(p[n*2-2]+p[0]))));
+    cy = dMUL(a,(cy + dMUL(q,(p[n*2-1]+p[1]))));
+  }
+
+  // compute the angle of each point w.r.t. the centroid
+  dReal A[8];
+  for (i=0; i<n; i++) A[i] = dArcTan2(p[i*2+1]-cy,p[i*2]-cx);
+
+  // search for points that have angles closest to A[i0] + i*(2*pi/m).
+  int avail[8];
+  for (i=0; i<n; i++) avail[i] = 1;
+  avail[i0] = 0;
+  iret[0] = i0;
+  iret++;
+  for (j=1; j<m; j++) {
+    a = dMUL(REAL(j),(2*dPI/m)) + A[i0];
+    if (a > dPI) a -= 2*dPI;
+    dReal maxdiff = REAL(1e9);
+    dReal diff;
+#ifndef dNODEBUG
+    *iret = i0;			// iret is not allowed to keep this value
+#endif
+    for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
+      if (avail[i]) {
+	diff = dFabs (A[i]-a);
+	if (diff > dPI) diff = 2*dPI - diff;
+	if (diff < maxdiff) {
+	  maxdiff = diff;
+	  *iret = i;
+	}
+      }
+    }
+    avail[*iret] = 0;
+    iret++;
+  }
+}
+
+
+// given two boxes (p1,R1,side1) and (p2,R2,side2), collide them together and
+// generate contact points. this returns 0 if there is no contact otherwise
+// it returns the number of contacts generated.
+// `normal' returns the contact normal.
+// `depth' returns the maximum penetration depth along that normal.
+// `return_code' returns a number indicating the type of contact that was
+// detected:
+//        1,2,3 = box 2 intersects with a face of box 1
+//        4,5,6 = box 1 intersects with a face of box 2
+//        7..15 = edge-edge contact
+// `maxc' is the maximum number of contacts allowed to be generated, i.e.
+// the size of the `contact' array.
+// `contact' and `skip' are the contact array information provided to the
+// collision functions. this function only fills in the position and depth
+// fields.
+
+EXPORT_C int dBoxBox (const dVector3 p1, const dMatrix3 R1,
+	     const dVector3 side1, const dVector3 p2,
+	     const dMatrix3 R2, const dVector3 side2,
+	     dVector3 normal, dReal *depth, int *return_code,
+	     int maxc, dContactGeom *contact, int skip)
+{
+  const dReal fudge_factor = REAL(1.05);
+  dVector3 p,pp,normalC;
+  const dReal *normalR = 0;
+  dReal A[3],B[3],R11,R12,R13,R21,R22,R23,R31,R32,R33,
+    Q11,Q12,Q13,Q21,Q22,Q23,Q31,Q32,Q33,s,s2,l;
+  int i,j,invert_normal,code;
+
+  // get vector from centers of box 1 to box 2, relative to box 1
+  p[0] = p2[0] - p1[0];
+  p[1] = p2[1] - p1[1];
+  p[2] = p2[2] - p1[2];
+  dMULTIPLY1_331 (pp,R1,p);		// get pp = p relative to body 1
+
+  // get side lengths / 2
+  A[0] = dMUL(side1[0],REAL(0.5));
+  A[1] = dMUL(side1[1],REAL(0.5));
+  A[2] = dMUL(side1[2],REAL(0.5));
+  B[0] = dMUL(side2[0],REAL(0.5));
+  B[1] = dMUL(side2[1],REAL(0.5));
+  B[2] = dMUL(side2[2],REAL(0.5));
+
+  // Rij is R1'*R2, i.e. the relative rotation between R1 and R2
+  R11 = dDOT44(R1+0,R2+0); R12 = dDOT44(R1+0,R2+1); R13 = dDOT44(R1+0,R2+2);
+  R21 = dDOT44(R1+1,R2+0); R22 = dDOT44(R1+1,R2+1); R23 = dDOT44(R1+1,R2+2);
+  R31 = dDOT44(R1+2,R2+0); R32 = dDOT44(R1+2,R2+1); R33 = dDOT44(R1+2,R2+2);
+
+  Q11 = dFabs(R11); Q12 = dFabs(R12); Q13 = dFabs(R13);
+  Q21 = dFabs(R21); Q22 = dFabs(R22); Q23 = dFabs(R23);
+  Q31 = dFabs(R31); Q32 = dFabs(R32); Q33 = dFabs(R33);
+
+  // for all 15 possible separating axes:
+  //   * see if the axis separates the boxes. if so, return 0.
+  //   * find the depth of the penetration along the separating axis (s2)
+  //   * if this is the largest depth so far, record it.
+  // the normal vector will be set to the separating axis with the smallest
+  // depth. note: normalR is set to point to a column of R1 or R2 if that is
+  // the smallest depth normal so far. otherwise normalR is 0 and normalC is
+  // set to a vector relative to body 1. invert_normal is 1 if the sign of
+  // the normal should be flipped.
+
+#define TST(expr1,expr2,norm,cc) \
+  s2 = dFabs(expr1) - (expr2); \
+  if (s2 > 0) return 0; \
+  if (s2 > s) { \
+    s = s2; \
+    normalR = norm; \
+    invert_normal = ((expr1) < 0); \
+    code = (cc); \
+  }
+
+  s = -dInfinity;
+  invert_normal = 0;
+  code = 0;
+
+  // separating axis = u1,u2,u3
+  TST (pp[0],(A[0] + dMUL(B[0],Q11) + dMUL(B[1],Q12) + dMUL(B[2],Q13)),R1+0,1);
+  TST (pp[1],(A[1] + dMUL(B[0],Q21) + dMUL(B[1],Q22) + dMUL(B[2],Q23)),R1+1,2);
+  TST (pp[2],(A[2] + dMUL(B[0],Q31) + dMUL(B[1],Q32) + dMUL(B[2],Q33)),R1+2,3);
+
+  // separating axis = v1,v2,v3
+  TST (dDOT41(R2+0,p),(dMUL(A[0],Q11) + dMUL(A[1],Q21) + dMUL(A[2],Q31) + B[0]),R2+0,4);
+  TST (dDOT41(R2+1,p),(dMUL(A[0],Q12) + dMUL(A[1],Q22) + dMUL(A[2],Q32) + B[1]),R2+1,5);
+  TST (dDOT41(R2+2,p),(dMUL(A[0],Q13) + dMUL(A[1],Q23) + dMUL(A[2],Q33) + B[2]),R2+2,6);
+
+  // note: cross product axes need to be scaled when s is computed.
+  // normal (n1,n2,n3) is relative to box 1.
+#undef TST
+#define TST(expr1,expr2,n1,n2,n3,cc) \
+  s2 = dFabs(expr1) - (expr2); \
+  if (s2 > 0) return 0; \
+  l = dSqrt (dMUL((n1),(n1)) + dMUL((n2),(n2)) + dMUL((n3),(n3))); \
+  if (l > 0) { \
+    s2 = dDIV(s2,l); \
+    if (dMUL(s2,fudge_factor) > s) { \
+      s = s2; \
+      normalR = 0; \
+      normalC[0] = dDIV((n1),l); normalC[1] = dDIV((n2),l); normalC[2] = dDIV((n3),l); \
+      invert_normal = ((expr1) < 0); \
+      code = (cc); \
+    } \
+  }
+
+  // separating axis = u1 x (v1,v2,v3)
+  TST((dMUL(pp[2],R21)-dMUL(pp[1],R31)),(dMUL(A[1],Q31)+dMUL(A[2],Q21)+dMUL(B[1],Q13)+dMUL(B[2],Q12)),0,-R31,R21,7);
+  TST((dMUL(pp[2],R22)-dMUL(pp[1],R32)),(dMUL(A[1],Q32)+dMUL(A[2],Q22)+dMUL(B[0],Q13)+dMUL(B[2],Q11)),0,-R32,R22,8);
+  TST((dMUL(pp[2],R23)-dMUL(pp[1],R33)),(dMUL(A[1],Q33)+dMUL(A[2],Q23)+dMUL(B[0],Q12)+dMUL(B[1],Q11)),0,-R33,R23,9);
+
+  // separating axis = u2 x (v1,v2,v3)
+  TST((dMUL(pp[0],R31)-dMUL(pp[2],R11)),(dMUL(A[0],Q31)+dMUL(A[2],Q11)+dMUL(B[1],Q23)+dMUL(B[2],Q22)),R31,0,-R11,10);
+  TST((dMUL(pp[0],R32)-dMUL(pp[2],R12)),(dMUL(A[0],Q32)+dMUL(A[2],Q12)+dMUL(B[0],Q23)+dMUL(B[2],Q21)),R32,0,-R12,11);
+  TST((dMUL(pp[0],R33)-dMUL(pp[2],R13)),(dMUL(A[0],Q33)+dMUL(A[2],Q13)+dMUL(B[0],Q22)+dMUL(B[1],Q21)),R33,0,-R13,12);
+
+  // separating axis = u3 x (v1,v2,v3)
+  TST((dMUL(pp[1],R11)-dMUL(pp[0],R21)),(dMUL(A[0],Q21)+dMUL(A[1],Q11)+dMUL(B[1],Q33)+dMUL(B[2],Q32)),-R21,R11,0,13);
+  TST((dMUL(pp[1],R12)-dMUL(pp[0],R22)),(dMUL(A[0],Q22)+dMUL(A[1],Q12)+dMUL(B[0],Q33)+dMUL(B[2],Q31)),-R22,R12,0,14);
+  TST((dMUL(pp[1],R13)-dMUL(pp[0],R23)),(dMUL(A[0],Q23)+dMUL(A[1],Q13)+dMUL(B[0],Q32)+dMUL(B[1],Q31)),-R23,R13,0,15);
+
+#undef TST
+
+  if (!code) return 0;
+
+  // if we get to this point, the boxes interpenetrate. compute the normal
+  // in global coordinates.
+  if (normalR) {
+    normal[0] = normalR[0];
+    normal[1] = normalR[4];
+    normal[2] = normalR[8];
+  }
+  else {
+    dMULTIPLY0_331 (normal,R1,normalC);
+  }
+  if (invert_normal) {
+    normal[0] = -normal[0];
+    normal[1] = -normal[1];
+    normal[2] = -normal[2];
+  }
+  *depth = -s;
+
+  // compute contact point(s)
+
+  if (code > 6) {
+    // an edge from box 1 touches an edge from box 2.
+    // find a point pa on the intersecting edge of box 1
+    dVector3 pa;
+    dReal sign;
+    for (i=0; i<3; i++) pa[i] = p1[i];
+    for (j=0; j<3; j++) {
+      sign = (dDOT14(normal,R1+j) > 0) ? REAL(1.0) : REAL(-1.0);
+      for (i=0; i<3; i++) pa[i] += dMUL(sign,dMUL(A[j],R1[i*4+j]));
+    }
+
+    // find a point pb on the intersecting edge of box 2
+    dVector3 pb;
+    for (i=0; i<3; i++) pb[i] = p2[i];
+    for (j=0; j<3; j++) {
+      sign = (dDOT14(normal,R2+j) > 0) ? REAL(-1.0) : REAL(1.0);
+      for (i=0; i<3; i++) pb[i] += dMUL(sign,dMUL(B[j],R2[i*4+j]));
+    }
+
+    dReal alpha,beta;
+    dVector3 ua,ub;
+    for (i=0; i<3; i++) ua[i] = R1[((code)-7)/3 + i*4];
+    for (i=0; i<3; i++) ub[i] = R2[((code)-7)%3 + i*4];
+
+    dLineClosestApproach (pa,ua,pb,ub,&alpha,&beta);
+    for (i=0; i<3; i++) pa[i] += dMUL(ua[i],alpha);
+    for (i=0; i<3; i++) pb[i] += dMUL(ub[i],beta);
+
+    for (i=0; i<3; i++) contact[0].pos[i] = dMUL(REAL(0.5),(pa[i]+pb[i]));
+    contact[0].depth = *depth;
+    *return_code = code;
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  // okay, we have a face-something intersection (because the separating
+  // axis is perpendicular to a face). define face 'a' to be the reference
+  // face (i.e. the normal vector is perpendicular to this) and face 'b' to be
+  // the incident face (the closest face of the other box).
+
+  const dReal *Ra,*Rb,*pa,*pb,*Sa,*Sb;
+  if (code <= 3) {
+    Ra = R1;
+    Rb = R2;
+    pa = p1;
+    pb = p2;
+    Sa = A;
+    Sb = B;
+  }
+  else {
+    Ra = R2;
+    Rb = R1;
+    pa = p2;
+    pb = p1;
+    Sa = B;
+    Sb = A;
+  }
+
+  // nr = normal vector of reference face dotted with axes of incident box.
+  // anr = absolute values of nr.
+  dVector3 normal2,nr,anr;
+  if (code <= 3) {
+    normal2[0] = normal[0];
+    normal2[1] = normal[1];
+    normal2[2] = normal[2];
+  }
+  else {
+    normal2[0] = -normal[0];
+    normal2[1] = -normal[1];
+    normal2[2] = -normal[2];
+  }
+  dMULTIPLY1_331 (nr,Rb,normal2);
+  anr[0] = dFabs (nr[0]);
+  anr[1] = dFabs (nr[1]);
+  anr[2] = dFabs (nr[2]);
+
+  // find the largest compontent of anr: this corresponds to the normal
+  // for the indident face. the other axis numbers of the indicent face
+  // are stored in a1,a2.
+  int lanr,a1,a2;
+  if (anr[1] > anr[0]) {
+    if (anr[1] > anr[2]) {
+      a1 = 0;
+      lanr = 1;
+      a2 = 2;
+    }
+    else {
+      a1 = 0;
+      a2 = 1;
+      lanr = 2;
+    }
+  }
+  else {
+    if (anr[0] > anr[2]) {
+      lanr = 0;
+      a1 = 1;
+      a2 = 2;
+    }
+    else {
+      a1 = 0;
+      a2 = 1;
+      lanr = 2;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // compute center point of incident face, in reference-face coordinates
+  dVector3 center;
+  if (nr[lanr] < 0) {
+    for (i=0; i<3; i++) center[i] = pb[i] - pa[i] + dMUL(Sb[lanr],Rb[i*4+lanr]);
+  }
+  else {
+    for (i=0; i<3; i++) center[i] = pb[i] - pa[i] - dMUL(Sb[lanr],Rb[i*4+lanr]);
+  }
+
+  // find the normal and non-normal axis numbers of the reference box
+  int codeN,code1,code2;
+  if (code <= 3) codeN = code-1; else codeN = code-4;
+  if (codeN==0) {
+    code1 = 1;
+    code2 = 2;
+  }
+  else if (codeN==1) {
+    code1 = 0;
+    code2 = 2;
+  }
+  else {
+    code1 = 0;
+    code2 = 1;
+  }
+
+  // find the four corners of the incident face, in reference-face coordinates
+  dReal quad[8];	// 2D coordinate of incident face (x,y pairs)
+  dReal c1,c2,m11,m12,m21,m22;
+  c1 = dDOT14 (center,Ra+code1);
+  c2 = dDOT14 (center,Ra+code2);
+  // optimize this? - we have already computed this data above, but it is not
+  // stored in an easy-to-index format. for now it's quicker just to recompute
+  // the four dot products.
+  m11 = dDOT44 (Ra+code1,Rb+a1);
+  m12 = dDOT44 (Ra+code1,Rb+a2);
+  m21 = dDOT44 (Ra+code2,Rb+a1);
+  m22 = dDOT44 (Ra+code2,Rb+a2);
+  {
+    dReal k1 = dMUL(m11,Sb[a1]);
+    dReal k2 = dMUL(m21,Sb[a1]);
+    dReal k3 = dMUL(m12,Sb[a2]);
+    dReal k4 = dMUL(m22,Sb[a2]);
+    quad[0] = c1 - k1 - k3;
+    quad[1] = c2 - k2 - k4;
+    quad[2] = c1 - k1 + k3;
+    quad[3] = c2 - k2 + k4;
+    quad[4] = c1 + k1 + k3;
+    quad[5] = c2 + k2 + k4;
+    quad[6] = c1 + k1 - k3;
+    quad[7] = c2 + k2 - k4;
+  }
+
+  // find the size of the reference face
+  dReal rect[2];
+  rect[0] = Sa[code1];
+  rect[1] = Sa[code2];
+
+  // intersect the incident and reference faces
+  dReal ret[16];
+  int n = intersectRectQuad (rect,quad,ret);
+  if (n < 1) return 0;		// this should never happen
+
+  // convert the intersection points into reference-face coordinates,
+  // and compute the contact position and depth for each point. only keep
+  // those points that have a positive (penetrating) depth. delete points in
+  // the 'ret' array as necessary so that 'point' and 'ret' correspond.
+  dReal point[3*8];		// penetrating contact points
+  dReal dep[8];			// depths for those points
+  dReal det1 = dRecip(dMUL(m11,m22) - dMUL(m12,m21));
+  m11 = dMUL(m11,det1);
+  m12 = dMUL(m12,det1);
+  m21 = dMUL(m21,det1);
+  m22 = dMUL(m22,det1);
+  int cnum = 0;			// number of penetrating contact points found
+  for (j=0; j < n; j++) {
+    dReal k1 =  dMUL(m22,(ret[j*2]-c1)) - dMUL(m12,(ret[j*2+1]-c2));
+    dReal k2 = -dMUL(m21,(ret[j*2]-c1)) + dMUL(m11,(ret[j*2+1]-c2));
+    for (i=0; i<3; i++) point[cnum*3+i] =
+			  center[i] + dMUL(k1,Rb[i*4+a1]) + dMUL(k2,Rb[i*4+a2]);
+    dep[cnum] = Sa[codeN] - dDOT(normal2,point+cnum*3);
+    if (dep[cnum] >= 0) {
+      ret[cnum*2] = ret[j*2];
+      ret[cnum*2+1] = ret[j*2+1];
+      cnum++;
+    }
+  }
+  if (cnum < 1) return 0;	// this should never happen
+
+  // we can't generate more contacts than we actually have
+  if (maxc > cnum) maxc = cnum;
+  if (maxc < 1) maxc = 1;
+
+  if (cnum <= maxc) {
+    // we have less contacts than we need, so we use them all
+    for (j=0; j < cnum; j++) {
+      dContactGeom *con = CONTACT(contact,skip*j);
+      for (i=0; i<3; i++) con->pos[i] = point[j*3+i] + pa[i];
+      con->depth = dep[j];
+    }
+  }
+  else {
+    // we have more contacts than are wanted, some of them must be culled.
+    // find the deepest point, it is always the first contact.
+    int i1 = 0;
+    dReal maxdepth = dep[0];
+    for (i=1; i<cnum; i++) {
+      if (dep[i] > maxdepth) {
+	maxdepth = dep[i];
+	i1 = i;
+      }
+    }
+
+    int iret[8];
+    cullPoints (cnum,ret,maxc,i1,iret);
+
+    for (j=0; j < maxc; j++) {
+      dContactGeom *con = CONTACT(contact,skip*j);
+      for (i=0; i<3; i++) con->pos[i] = point[iret[j]*3+i] + pa[i];
+      con->depth = dep[iret[j]];
+    }
+    cnum = maxc;
+  }
+
+  *return_code = code;
+  return cnum;
+}
+
+
+
+int dCollideBoxBox (dxGeom *o1, dxGeom *o2, int flags,
+		    dContactGeom *contact, int skip)
+{
+  dVector3 normal;
+  dReal depth;
+  int code;
+  dxBox *b1 = (dxBox*) o1;
+  dxBox *b2 = (dxBox*) o2;
+  int num = dBoxBox (o1->final_posr->pos,o1->final_posr->R,b1->side, o2->final_posr->pos,o2->final_posr->R,b2->side,
+		     normal,&depth,&code,flags & NUMC_MASK,contact,skip);
+  for (int i=0; i<num; i++) {
+    CONTACT(contact,i*skip)->normal[0] = -normal[0];
+    CONTACT(contact,i*skip)->normal[1] = -normal[1];
+    CONTACT(contact,i*skip)->normal[2] = -normal[2];
+    CONTACT(contact,i*skip)->g1 = o1;
+    CONTACT(contact,i*skip)->g2 = o2;
+  }
+  return num;
+}
+
+
+int dCollideBoxPlane (dxGeom *o1, dxGeom *o2,
+		      int flags, dContactGeom *contact, int skip)
+{
+  dxBox *box = (dxBox*) o1;
+  dxPlane *plane = (dxPlane*) o2;
+
+  contact->g1 = o1;
+  contact->g2 = o2;
+  int ret = 0;
+
+  //@@@ problem: using 4-vector (plane->p) as 3-vector (normal).
+  const dReal *R = o1->final_posr->R;		// rotation of box
+  const dReal *n = plane->p;		// normal vector
+
+  // project sides lengths along normal vector, get absolute values
+  dReal Q1 = dDOT14(n,R+0);
+  dReal Q2 = dDOT14(n,R+1);
+  dReal Q3 = dDOT14(n,R+2);
+  dReal A1 = dMUL(box->side[0],Q1);
+  dReal A2 = dMUL(box->side[1],Q2);
+  dReal A3 = dMUL(box->side[2],Q3);
+  dReal B1 = dFabs(A1);
+  dReal B2 = dFabs(A2);
+  dReal B3 = dFabs(A3);
+
+  // early exit test
+  dReal depth = plane->p[3] + dMUL(REAL(0.5),(B1+B2+B3)) - dDOT(n,o1->final_posr->pos);
+  if (depth < 0) return 0;
+
+  // find number of contacts requested
+  int maxc = flags & NUMC_MASK;
+  if (maxc < 1) maxc = 1;
+  if (maxc > 3) maxc = 3;	// no more than 3 contacts per box allowed
+
+  // find deepest point
+  dVector3 p;
+  p[0] = o1->final_posr->pos[0];
+  p[1] = o1->final_posr->pos[1];
+  p[2] = o1->final_posr->pos[2];
+#define FOO(i,op) \
+  p[0] op dMUL(REAL(0.5),dMUL(box->side[i],R[0+i])); \
+  p[1] op dMUL(REAL(0.5),dMUL(box->side[i],R[4+i])); \
+  p[2] op dMUL(REAL(0.5),dMUL(box->side[i],R[8+i]));
+#define BAR(i,iinc) if (A ## iinc > 0) { FOO(i,-=) } else { FOO(i,+=) }
+  BAR(0,1);
+  BAR(1,2);
+  BAR(2,3);
+#undef FOO
+#undef BAR
+
+  // the deepest point is the first contact point
+  contact->pos[0] = p[0];
+  contact->pos[1] = p[1];
+  contact->pos[2] = p[2];
+  contact->normal[0] = n[0];
+  contact->normal[1] = n[1];
+  contact->normal[2] = n[2];
+  contact->depth = depth;
+  ret = 1;		// ret is number of contact points found so far
+  if (maxc == 1) goto done;
+
+  // get the second and third contact points by starting from `p' and going
+  // along the two sides with the smallest projected length.
+
+#define FOO(i,j,op) \
+  CONTACT(contact,i*skip)->pos[0] = p[0] op dMUL(box->side[j],R[0+j]); \
+  CONTACT(contact,i*skip)->pos[1] = p[1] op dMUL(box->side[j],R[4+j]); \
+  CONTACT(contact,i*skip)->pos[2] = p[2] op dMUL(box->side[j],R[8+j]);
+#define BAR(ctact,side,sideinc) \
+  depth -= B ## sideinc; \
+  if (depth < 0) goto done; \
+  if (A ## sideinc > 0) { FOO(ctact,side,+) } else { FOO(ctact,side,-) } \
+  CONTACT(contact,ctact*skip)->depth = depth; \
+  ret++;
+
+  CONTACT(contact,skip)->normal[0] = n[0];
+  CONTACT(contact,skip)->normal[1] = n[1];
+  CONTACT(contact,skip)->normal[2] = n[2];
+  if (maxc == 3) {
+    CONTACT(contact,2*skip)->normal[0] = n[0];
+    CONTACT(contact,2*skip)->normal[1] = n[1];
+    CONTACT(contact,2*skip)->normal[2] = n[2];
+  }
+
+  if (B1 < B2) {
+    if (B3 < B1) goto use_side_3; else {
+      BAR(1,0,1);	// use side 1
+      if (maxc == 2) goto done;
+      if (B2 < B3) goto contact2_2; else goto contact2_3;
+    }
+  }
+  else {
+    if (B3 < B2) {
+      use_side_3:	// use side 3
+      BAR(1,2,3);
+      if (maxc == 2) goto done;
+      if (B1 < B2) goto contact2_1; else goto contact2_2;
+    }
+    else {
+      BAR(1,1,2);	// use side 2
+      if (maxc == 2) goto done;
+      if (B1 < B3) goto contact2_1; else goto contact2_3;
+    }
+  }
+
+  contact2_1: BAR(2,0,1); goto done;
+  contact2_2: BAR(2,1,2); goto done;
+  contact2_3: BAR(2,2,3); goto done;
+#undef FOO
+#undef BAR
+
+ done:
+  for (int i=0; i<ret; i++) {
+    CONTACT(contact,i*skip)->g1 = o1;
+    CONTACT(contact,i*skip)->g2 = o2;
+  }
+  return ret;
+}