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+/****************************************************************************
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+** Copyright (C) 2010 Nokia Corporation and/or its subsidiary(-ies).
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+** Contact: Nokia Corporation (qt-info@nokia.com)
+**
+** This file is part of the documentation of the Qt Toolkit.
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+** $QT_END_LICENSE$
+**
+****************************************************************************/
+/*!
+\group thread
+\title Threading Classes
+*/
+/*!
+\page threads.html
+\title Thread Support in Qt
+\brief A detailed discussion of thread handling in Qt.
+\ingroup frameworks-technologies
+\nextpage Starting Threads with QThread
+Qt provides thread support in the form of platform-independent
+threading classes, a thread-safe way of posting events, and
+signal-slot connections across threads. This makes it easy to
+develop portable multithreaded Qt applications and take advantage
+of multiprocessor machines. Multithreaded programming is also a
+useful paradigm for performing time-consuming operations without
+freezing the user interface of an application.
+Earlier versions of Qt offered an option to build the library
+without thread support. Since Qt 4.0, threads are always enabled.
+\section1 Topics:
+\list
+\o \l{Recommended Reading}
+\o \l{The Threading Classes}
+\o \l{Starting Threads with QThread}
+\o \l{Synchronizing Threads}
+\o \l{Reentrancy and Thread-Safety}
+\o \l{Threads and QObjects}
+\o \l{Concurrent Programming}
+\o \l{Thread-Support in Qt Modules}
+\endlist
+\section1 Recommended Reading
+This document is intended for an audience that has knowledge of,
+and experience with, multithreaded applications. If you are new
+to threading see our Recommended Reading list:
+\list
+\o \l{Threads Primer: A Guide to Multithreaded Programming}
+\o \l{Thread Time: The Multithreaded Programming Guide}
+\o \l{Pthreads Programming: A POSIX Standard for Better Multiprocessing}
+\o \l{Win32 Multithreaded Programming}
+\endlist
+\section1 The Threading Classes
+These classes are relevant to threaded applications.
+\annotatedlist thread
+\omit
+\list
+\o QThread provides the means to start a new thread.
+\o QThreadStorage provides per-thread data storage.
+\o QThreadPool manages a pool of threads that run QRunnable objects.
+\o QRunnable is an abstract class representing a runnable object.
+\o QMutex provides a mutual exclusion lock, or mutex.
+\o QMutexLocker is a convenience class that automatically locks
+and unlocks a QMutex.
+\o QReadWriteLock provides a lock that allows simultaneous read access.
+\o QReadLocker and QWriteLocker are convenience classes that automatically
+lock and unlock a QReadWriteLock.
+\o QSemaphore provides an integer semaphore (a generalization of a mutex).
+\o QWaitCondition provides a way for threads to go to sleep until
+woken up by another thread.
+\o QAtomicInt provides atomic operations on integers.
+\o QAtomicPointer provides atomic operations on pointers.
+\endlist
+\endomit
+\note Qt's threading classes are implemented with native threading APIs;
+e.g., Win32 and pthreads. Therefore, they can be used with threads of the
+same native API.
+*/
+/*!
+\page threads-starting.html
+\title Starting Threads with QThread
+\contentspage Thread Support in Qt
+\nextpage Synchronizing Threads
+A QThread instance represents a thread and provides the means to
+\l{QThread::start()}{start()} a thread, which will then execute the
+reimplementation of QThread::run(). The \c run() implementation is for a
+thread what the \c main() entry point is for the application. All code
+executed in a call stack that starts in the \c run() function is executed
+by the new thread, and the thread finishes when the function returns.
+QThread emits signals to indicate that the thread started or finished
+executing.
+\section1 Creating a Thread
+To create a thread, subclass QThread and reimplement its
+\l{QThread::run()}{run()} function. For example:
+\snippet doc/src/snippets/threads/threads.h 0
+\codeline
+\snippet doc/src/snippets/threads/threads.cpp 0
+\snippet doc/src/snippets/threads/threads.cpp 1
+\dots
+\snippet doc/src/snippets/threads/threads.cpp 2
+\section1 Starting a Thread
+Then, create an instance of the thread object and call
+QThread::start(). Note that you must create the QApplication (or
+QCoreApplication) object before you can create a QThread.
+The function will return immediately and the
+main thread will continue. The code that appears in the
+\l{QThread::run()}{run()} reimplementation will then be executed
+in a separate thread.
+Creating threads is explained in more detail in the QThread
+documentation.
+Note that QCoreApplication::exec() must always be called from the
+main thread (the thread that executes \c{main()}), not from a
+QThread. In GUI applications, the main thread is also called the
+GUI thread because it's the only thread that is allowed to
+perform GUI-related operations.
+*/
+/*!
+\page threads-synchronizing.html
+\title Synchronizing Threads
+\previouspage Starting Threads with QThread
+\contentspage Thread Support in Qt
+\nextpage Reentrancy and Thread-Safety
+The QMutex, QReadWriteLock, QSemaphore, and QWaitCondition
+classes provide means to synchronize threads. While the main idea
+with threads is that they should be as concurrent as possible,
+there are points where threads must stop and wait for other
+threads. For example, if two threads try to access the same
+global variable simultaneously, the results are usually
+undefined.
+QMutex provides a mutually exclusive lock, or mutex. At most one
+thread can hold the mutex at any time. If a thread tries to
+acquire the mutex while the mutex is already locked, the thread will
+be put to sleep until the thread that currently holds the mutex
+unlocks it. Mutexes are often used to protect accesses to shared
+data (i.e., data that can be accessed from multiple threads
+simultaneously). In the \l{Reentrancy and Thread-Safety} section
+below, we will use it to make a class thread-safe.
+QReadWriteLock is similar to QMutex, except that it distinguishes
+between "read" and "write" access to shared data and allows
+multiple readers to access the data simultaneously. Using
+QReadWriteLock instead of QMutex when it is possible can make
+multithreaded programs more concurrent.
+QSemaphore is a generalization of QMutex that protects a certain
+number of identical resources. In contrast, a mutex protects
+exactly one resource. The \l{threads/semaphores}{Semaphores}
+example shows a typical application of semaphores: synchronizing
+access to a circular buffer between a producer and a consumer.
+QWaitCondition allows a thread to wake up other threads when some
+condition has been met. One or many threads can block waiting for
+a QWaitCondition to set a condition with
+\l{QWaitCondition::wakeOne()}{wakeOne()} or
+\l{QWaitCondition::wakeAll()}{wakeAll()}. Use
+\l{QWaitCondition::wakeOne()}{wakeOne()} to wake one randomly
+selected event or \l{QWaitCondition::wakeAll()}{wakeAll()} to
+wake them all. The \l{threads/waitconditions}{Wait Conditions}
+example shows how to solve the producer-consumer problem using
+QWaitCondition instead of QSemaphore.
+Note that Qt's synchronization classes rely on the use of properly
+aligned pointers. For instance, you cannot use packed classes with
+MSVC.
+*/
+/*!
+\page threads-reentrancy.html
+\title Reentrancy and Thread-Safety
+\keyword reentrant
+\keyword thread-safe
+\previouspage Synchronizing Threads
+\contentspage Thread Support in Qt
+\nextpage Threads and QObjects
+Throughout the documentation, the terms \e{reentrant} and
+\e{thread-safe} are used to mark classes and functions to indicate
+how they can be used in multithread applications:
+\list
+\o A \e thread-safe function can be called simultaneously from
+multiple threads, even when the invocations use shared data,
+because all references to the shared data are serialized.
+\o A \e reentrant function can also be called simultaneously from
+multiple threads, but only if each invocation uses its own data.
+\endlist
+Hence, a \e{thread-safe} function is always \e{reentrant}, but a
+\e{reentrant} function is not always \e{thread-safe}.
+By extension, a class is said to be \e{reentrant} if its member
+functions can be called safely from multiple threads, as long as
+each thread uses a \e{different} instance of the class. The class
+is \e{thread-safe} if its member functions can be called safely
+from multiple threads, even if all the threads use the \e{same}
+instance of the class.
+C++ classes are often reentrant, simply because they only access
+their own member data. Any thread can call a member function on an
+instance of a reentrant class, as long as no other thread can call
+a member function on the \e{same} instance of the class at the
+same time. For example, the \c Counter class below is reentrant:
+\snippet doc/src/snippets/threads/threads.cpp 3
+\snippet doc/src/snippets/threads/threads.cpp 4
+The class isn't thread-safe, because if multiple threads try to
+modify the data member \c n, the result is undefined. This is
+because the \c ++ and \c -- operators aren't always atomic.
+Indeed, they usually expand to three machine instructions:
+\list 1
+\o Load the variable's value in a register.
+\o Increment or decrement the register's value.
+\o Store the register's value back into main memory.
+\endlist
+If thread A and thread B load the variable's old value
+simultaneously, increment their register, and store it back, they
+end up overwriting each other, and the variable is incremented
+only once!
+Clearly, the access must be serialized: Thread A must perform
+steps 1, 2, 3 without interruption (atomically) before thread B
+can perform the same steps; or vice versa. An easy way to make
+the class thread-safe is to protect all access to the data
+members with a QMutex:
+\snippet doc/src/snippets/threads/threads.cpp 5
+\snippet doc/src/snippets/threads/threads.cpp 6
+The QMutexLocker class automatically locks the mutex in its
+constructor and unlocks it when the destructor is invoked, at the
+end of the function. Locking the mutex ensures that access from
+different threads will be serialized. The \c mutex data member is
+declared with the \c mutable qualifier because we need to lock
+and unlock the mutex in \c value(), which is a const function.
+Many Qt classes are \e{reentrant}, but they are not made
+\e{thread-safe}, because making them thread-safe would incur the
+extra overhead of repeatedly locking and unlocking a QMutex. For
+example, QString is reentrant but not thread-safe. You can safely
+access \e{different} instances of QString from multiple threads
+simultaneously, but you can't safely access the \e{same} instance
+of QString from multiple threads simultaneously (unless you
+protect the accesses yourself with a QMutex).
+Some Qt classes and functions are thread-safe. These are mainly
+the thread-related classes (e.g. QMutex) and fundamental functions
+(e.g. QCoreApplication::postEvent()).
+\note Qt Classes are only documented as \e{thread-safe} if they
+are intended to be used by multiple threads.
+\note Terminology in the multithreading domain isn't entirely
+standardized. POSIX uses definitions of reentrant and thread-safe
+that are somewhat different for its C APIs. When using other
+object-oriented C++ class libraries with Qt, be sure the
+definitions are understood.
+*/
+/*!
+\page threads-qobject.html
+\title Threads and QObjects
+\previouspage Reentrancy and Thread Safety
+\contentspage Thread Support in Qt
+\nextpage Concurrent Programming
+QThread inherits QObject. It emits signals to indicate that the
+thread started or finished executing, and provides a few slots as
+well.
+More interesting is that \l{QObject}s can be used in multiple
+threads, emit signals that invoke slots in other threads, and
+post events to objects that "live" in other threads. This is
+possible because each thread is allowed to have its own event
+loop.
+Topics:
+\tableofcontents
+\section1 QObject Reentrancy
+QObject is reentrant. Most of its non-GUI subclasses, such as
+QTimer, QTcpSocket, QUdpSocket, QFtp, and QProcess, are also
+reentrant, making it possible to use these classes from multiple
+threads simultaneously. Note that these classes are designed to be
+created and used from within a single thread; creating an object
+in one thread and calling its functions from another thread is not
+guaranteed to work. There are three constraints to be aware of:
+\list
+\o \e{The child of a QObject must always be created in the thread
+where the parent was created.} This implies, among other
+things, that you should never pass the QThread object (\c
+this) as the parent of an object created in the thread (since
+the QThread object itself was created in another thread).
+\o \e{Event driven objects may only be used in a single thread.}
+Specifically, this applies to the \l{timers.html}{timer
+mechanism} and the \l{QtNetwork}{network module}. For example,
+you cannot start a timer or connect a socket in a thread that
+is not the \l{QObject::thread()}{object's thread}.
+\o \e{You must ensure that all objects created in a thread are
+deleted before you delete the QThread.} This can be done
+easily by creating the objects on the stack in your
+\l{QThread::run()}{run()} implementation.
+\endlist
+Although QObject is reentrant, the GUI classes, notably QWidget
+and all its subclasses, are not reentrant. They can only be used
+from the main thread. As noted earlier, QCoreApplication::exec()
+must also be called from that thread.
+In practice, the impossibility of using GUI classes in other
+threads than the main thread can easily be worked around by
+putting time-consuming operations in a separate worker thread and
+displaying the results on screen in the main thread when the
+worker thread is finished. This is the approach used for
+implementing the \l{threads/mandelbrot}{Mandelbrot} and
+the \l{network/blockingfortuneclient}{Blocking Fortune Client}
+example.
+\section1 Per-Thread Event Loop
+Each thread can have its own event loop. The initial thread
+starts its event loops using QCoreApplication::exec(); other
+threads can start an event loop using QThread::exec(). Like
+QCoreApplication, QThread provides an
+\l{QThread::exit()}{exit(int)} function and a
+\l{QThread::quit()}{quit()} slot.
+An event loop in a thread makes it possible for the thread to use
+certain non-GUI Qt classes that require the presence of an event
+loop (such as QTimer, QTcpSocket, and QProcess). It also makes it
+possible to connect signals from any threads to slots of a
+specific thread. This is explained in more detail in the
+\l{Signals and Slots Across Threads} section below.
+\image threadsandobjects.png Threads, objects, and event loops
+A QObject instance is said to \e live in the thread in which it
+is created. Events to that object are dispatched by that thread's
+event loop. The thread in which a QObject lives is available using
+QObject::thread().
+Note that for QObjects that are created before QApplication,
+QObject::thread() returns zero. This means that the main thread
+will only handle posted events for these objects; other event
+processing is not done at all for objects with no thread. Use the
+QObject::moveToThread() function to change the thread affinity for
+an object and its children (the object cannot be moved if it has a
+parent).
+Calling \c delete on a QObject from a thread other than the one
+that \e owns the object (or accessing the object in other ways) is
+unsafe, unless you guarantee that the object isn't processing
+events at that moment. Use QObject::deleteLater() instead, and a
+\l{QEvent::DeferredDelete}{DeferredDelete} event will be posted,
+which the event loop of the object's thread will eventually pick
+up. By default, the thread that \e owns a QObject is the thread
+that \e creates the QObject, but not after QObject::moveToThread()
+has been called.
+If no event loop is running, events won't be delivered to the
+object. For example, if you create a QTimer object in a thread but
+never call \l{QThread::exec()}{exec()}, the QTimer will never emit
+its \l{QTimer::timeout()}{timeout()} signal. Calling
+\l{QObject::deleteLater()}{deleteLater()} won't work
+either. (These restrictions apply to the main thread as well.)
+You can manually post events to any object in any thread at any
+time using the thread-safe function
+QCoreApplication::postEvent(). The events will automatically be
+dispatched by the event loop of the thread where the object was
+created.
+Event filters are supported in all threads, with the restriction
+that the monitoring object must live in the same thread as the
+monitored object. Similarly, QCoreApplication::sendEvent()
+(unlike \l{QCoreApplication::postEvent()}{postEvent()}) can only
+be used to dispatch events to objects living in the thread from
+which the function is called.
+\section1 Accessing QObject Subclasses from Other Threads
+QObject and all of its subclasses are not thread-safe. This
+includes the entire event delivery system. It is important to keep
+in mind that the event loop may be delivering events to your
+QObject subclass while you are accessing the object from another
+thread.
+If you are calling a function on an QObject subclass that doesn't
+live in the current thread and the object might receive events,
+you must protect all access to your QObject subclass's internal
+data with a mutex; otherwise, you may experience crashes or other
+undesired behavior.
+Like other objects, QThread objects live in the thread where the
+object was created -- \e not in the thread that is created when
+QThread::run() is called. It is generally unsafe to provide slots
+in your QThread subclass, unless you protect the member variables
+with a mutex.
+On the other hand, you can safely emit signals from your
+QThread::run() implementation, because signal emission is
+thread-safe.
+\section1 Signals and Slots Across Threads
+Qt supports these signal-slot connection types:
+\list
+\o \l{Qt::AutoConnection}{Auto Connection} (default) The behavior
+is the same as the Direct Connection, if the emitter and
+receiver are in the same thread. The behavior is the same as
+the Queued Connection, if the emitter and receiver are in
+different threads.
+\o \l{Qt::DirectConnection}{Direct Connection} The slot is invoked
+immediately, when the signal is emitted. The slot is executed
+in the emitter's thread, which is not necessarily the
+receiver's thread.
+\o \l{Qt::QueuedConnection}{Queued Connection} The slot is invoked
+when control returns to the event loop of the receiver's
+thread. The slot is executed in the receiver's thread.
+\o \l{Qt::BlockingQueuedConnection}{Blocking Queued Connection}
+The slot is invoked as for the Queued Connection, except the
+current thread blocks until the slot returns. \note Using this
+type to connect objects in the same thread will cause deadlock.
+\o \l{Qt::UniqueConnection}{Unique Connection} The behavior is the
+same as the Auto Connection, but the connection is made only if
+it does not duplicate an existing connection. i.e., if the same
+signal is already connected to the same slot for the same pair
+of objects, then the connection is not made and connect()
+returns false.
+\endlist
+The connection type can be specified by passing an additional
+argument to \l{QObject::connect()}{connect()}. Be aware that
+using direct connections when the sender and receiver live in
+different threads is unsafe if an event loop is running in the
+receiver's thread, for the same reason that calling any function
+on an object living in another thread is unsafe.
+QObject::connect() itself is thread-safe.
+The \l{threads/mandelbrot}{Mandelbrot} example uses a queued
+connection to communicate between a worker thread and the main
+thread. To avoid freezing the main thread's event loop (and, as a
+consequence, the application's user interface), all the
+Mandelbrot fractal computation is done in a separate worker
+thread. The thread emits a signal when it is done rendering the
+fractal.
+Similarly, the \l{network/blockingfortuneclient}{Blocking Fortune
+Client} example uses a separate thread for communicating with
+a TCP server asynchronously.
+*/
+/*!
+\page threads-qtconcurrent.html
+\title Concurrent Programming
+\previouspage Threads and QObjects
+\contentspage Thread Support in Qt
+\nextpage Thread-Support in Qt Modules
+\target qtconcurrent intro
+The QtConcurrent namespace provides high-level APIs that make it
+possible to write multi-threaded programs without using low-level
+threading primitives such as mutexes, read-write locks, wait
+conditions, or semaphores. Programs written with QtConcurrent
+automatically adjust the number of threads used according to the
+number of processor cores available. This means that applications
+written today will continue to scale when deployed on multi-core
+systems in the future.
+QtConcurrent includes functional programming style APIs for
+parallel list processing, including a MapReduce and FilterReduce
+implementation for shared-memory (non-distributed) systems, and
+classes for managing asynchronous computations in GUI
+applications:
+\list
+\o QtConcurrent::map() applies a function to every item in a container,
+modifying the items in-place.
+\o QtConcurrent::mapped() is like map(), except that it returns a new
+container with the modifications.
+\o QtConcurrent::mappedReduced() is like mapped(), except that the
+modified results are reduced or folded into a single result.
+\o QtConcurrent::filter() removes all items from a container based on the
+result of a filter function.
+\o QtConcurrent::filtered() is like filter(), except that it returns a new
+container with the filtered results.
+\o QtConcurrent::filteredReduced() is like filtered(), except that the
+filtered results are reduced or folded into a single result.
+\o QtConcurrent::run() runs a function in another thread.
+\o QFuture represents the result of an asynchronous computation.
+\o QFutureIterator allows iterating through results available via QFuture.
+\o QFutureWatcher allows monitoring a QFuture using signals-and-slots.
+\o QFutureSynchronizer is a convenience class that automatically
+synchronizes several QFutures.
+\endlist
+Qt Concurrent supports several STL-compatible container and iterator types,
+but works best with Qt containers that have random-access iterators, such as
+QList or QVector. The map and filter functions accept both containers and begin/end iterators.
+STL Iterator support overview:
+\table
+\header
+\o Iterator Type
+\o Example classes
+\o Support status
+\row
+\o Input Iterator
+\o
+\o Not Supported
+\row
+\o Output Iterator
+\o
+\o Not Supported
+\row
+\o Forward Iterator
+\o std::slist
+\o Supported
+\row
+\o Bidirectional Iterator
+\o QLinkedList, std::list
+\o Supported
+\row
+\o Random Access Iterator
+\o QList, QVector, std::vector
+\o Supported and Recommended
+\endtable
+Random access iterators can be faster in cases where Qt Concurrent is iterating
+over a large number of lightweight items, since they allow skipping to any point
+in the container. In addition, using random access iterators allows Qt Concurrent
+to provide progress information trough QFuture::progressValue() and QFutureWatcher::
+progressValueChanged().
+The non in-place modifying functions such as mapped() and filtered() makes a
+copy of the container when called. If you are using STL containers this copy operation
+might take some time, in this case we recommend specifying the begin and end iterators
+for the container instead.
+*/
+/*!
+\page threads-modules.html
+\title Thread-Support in Qt Modules
+\previouspage Concurrent Programming
+\contentspage Thread Support in Qt
+\section1 Threads and the SQL Module
+A connection can only be used from within the thread that created it.
+Moving connections between threads or creating queries from a different
+thread is not supported.
+In addition, the third party libraries used by the QSqlDrivers can impose
+further restrictions on using the SQL Module in a multithreaded program.
+Consult the manual of your database client for more information
+\section1 Painting in Threads
+QPainter can be used in a thread to paint onto QImage, QPrinter, and
+QPicture paint devices. Painting onto QPixmaps and QWidgets is \e not
+supported. On Mac OS X the automatic progress dialog will not be
+displayed if you are printing from outside the GUI thread.
+Any number of threads can paint at any given time, however only
+one thread at a time can paint on a given paint device. In other
+words, two threads can paint at the same time if each paints onto
+separate QImages, but the two threads cannot paint onto the same
+QImage at the same time.
+Note that on X11 systems without FontConfig support, Qt cannot
+render text outside of the GUI thread. You can use the
+QFontDatabase::supportsThreadedFontRendering() function to detect
+whether or not font rendering can be used outside the GUI thread.
+\section1 Threads and Rich Text Processing
+The QTextDocument, QTextCursor, and \link richtext.html all
+related classes\endlink are reentrant.
+Note that a QTextDocument instance created in the GUI thread may
+contain QPixmap image resources. Use QTextDocument::clone() to
+create a copy of the document, and pass the copy to another thread for
+further processing (such as printing).
+\section1 Threads and the SVG module
+The QSvgGenerator and QSvgRenderer classes in the QtSvg module
+are reentrant.
+\section1 Threads and Implicitly Shared Classes
+Qt uses an optimization called \l{implicit sharing} for many of
+its value class, notably QImage and QString. Beginning with Qt 4,
+implicit shared classes can safely be copied across threads, like
+any other value classes. They are fully
+\l{Reentrancy and Thread-Safety}{reentrant}. The implicit sharing
+is really \e implicit.
+In many people's minds, implicit sharing and multithreading are
+incompatible concepts, because of the way the reference counting
+is typically done. Qt, however, uses atomic reference counting to
+ensure the integrity of the shared data, avoiding potential
+corruption of the reference counter.
+Note that atomic reference counting does not guarantee
+\l{Reentrancy and Thread-Safety}{thread-safety}. Proper locking should be used
+when sharing an instance of an implicitly shared class between
+threads. This is the same requirement placed on all
+\l{Reentrancy and Thread-Safety}{reentrant} classes, shared or not. Atomic reference
+counting does, however, guarantee that a thread working on its
+own, local instance of an implicitly shared class is safe. We
+recommend using \l{Signals and Slots Across Threads}{signals and
+slots} to pass data between threads, as this can be done without
+the need for any explicit locking.
+To sum it up, implicitly shared classes in Qt 4 are really \e
+implicitly shared. Even in multithreaded applications, you can
+safely use them as if they were plain, non-shared, reentrant
+value-based classes.
+*/