ossrv_pub/boost_apis/boost/math/quaternion.hpp
changeset 0 e4d67989cc36
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/ossrv_pub/boost_apis/boost/math/quaternion.hpp	Tue Feb 02 02:01:42 2010 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,1924 @@
+//  boost quaternion.hpp header file
+
+//  (C) Copyright Hubert Holin 2001.
+//  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See
+//  accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
+//  http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+
+// See http://www.boost.org for updates, documentation, and revision history.
+
+#ifndef BOOST_QUATERNION_HPP
+#define BOOST_QUATERNION_HPP
+
+
+#include <complex>
+#include <iosfwd>                                    // for the "<<" and ">>" operators
+#include <sstream>                                    // for the "<<" operator
+
+#include <boost/config.hpp> // for BOOST_NO_STD_LOCALE
+#include <boost/detail/workaround.hpp>
+#ifndef    BOOST_NO_STD_LOCALE
+    #include <locale>                                    // for the "<<" operator
+#endif /* BOOST_NO_STD_LOCALE */
+
+#include <valarray>
+
+
+
+#include <boost/math/special_functions/sinc.hpp>    // for the Sinus cardinal
+#include <boost/math/special_functions/sinhc.hpp>    // for the Hyperbolic Sinus cardinal
+
+
+namespace boost
+{
+    namespace math
+    {
+#if     BOOST_WORKAROUND(__GNUC__, < 3)
+        // gcc 2.95.x uses expression templates for valarray calculations, but
+        // the result is not conforming. We need BOOST_GET_VALARRAY to get an
+        // actual valarray result when we need to call a member function
+    #define    BOOST_GET_VALARRAY(T,x)    ::std::valarray<T>(x)
+        // gcc 2.95.x has an "std::ios" class that is similar to 
+        // "std::ios_base", so we just use a #define
+    #define    BOOST_IOS_BASE    ::std::ios
+        // gcc 2.x ignores function scope using declarations,
+        // put them in the scope of the enclosing namespace instead:
+        using    ::std::valarray;
+        using    ::std::sqrt;
+        using    ::std::cos;
+        using    ::std::sin;
+        using    ::std::exp;
+        using    ::std::cosh;
+#endif /* BOOST_WORKAROUND(__GNUC__, < 3) */
+
+#define    BOOST_QUATERNION_ACCESSOR_GENERATOR(type)                    \
+            type                    real() const                        \
+            {                                                           \
+                return(a);                                              \
+            }                                                           \
+                                                                        \
+            quaternion<type>        unreal() const                      \
+            {                                                           \
+                return(quaternion<type>(static_cast<type>(0),b,c,d));   \
+            }                                                           \
+                                                                        \
+            type                    R_component_1() const               \
+            {                                                           \
+                return(a);                                              \
+            }                                                           \
+                                                                        \
+            type                    R_component_2() const               \
+            {                                                           \
+                return(b);                                              \
+            }                                                           \
+                                                                        \
+            type                    R_component_3() const               \
+            {                                                           \
+                return(c);                                              \
+            }                                                           \
+                                                                        \
+            type                    R_component_4() const               \
+            {                                                           \
+                return(d);                                              \
+            }                                                           \
+                                                                        \
+            ::std::complex<type>    C_component_1() const               \
+            {                                                           \
+                return(::std::complex<type>(a,b));                      \
+            }                                                           \
+                                                                        \
+            ::std::complex<type>    C_component_2() const               \
+            {                                                           \
+                return(::std::complex<type>(c,d));                      \
+            }
+        
+        
+#define    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_ASSIGNMENT_GENERATOR(type)                               \
+            template<typename X>                                                            \
+            quaternion<type> &        operator = (quaternion<X> const  & a_affecter)        \
+            {                                                                               \
+                a = static_cast<type>(a_affecter.R_component_1());                          \
+                b = static_cast<type>(a_affecter.R_component_2());                          \
+                c = static_cast<type>(a_affecter.R_component_3());                          \
+                d = static_cast<type>(a_affecter.R_component_4());                          \
+                                                                                            \
+                return(*this);                                                              \
+            }                                                                               \
+                                                                                            \
+            quaternion<type> &        operator = (quaternion<type> const & a_affecter)      \
+            {                                                                               \
+                a = a_affecter.a;                                                           \
+                b = a_affecter.b;                                                           \
+                c = a_affecter.c;                                                           \
+                d = a_affecter.d;                                                           \
+                                                                                            \
+                return(*this);                                                              \
+            }                                                                               \
+                                                                                            \
+            quaternion<type> &        operator = (type const & a_affecter)                  \
+            {                                                                               \
+                a = a_affecter;                                                             \
+                                                                                            \
+                b = c = d = static_cast<type>(0);                                           \
+                                                                                            \
+                return(*this);                                                              \
+            }                                                                               \
+                                                                                            \
+            quaternion<type> &        operator = (::std::complex<type> const & a_affecter)  \
+            {                                                                               \
+                a = a_affecter.real();                                                      \
+                b = a_affecter.imag();                                                      \
+                                                                                            \
+                c = d = static_cast<type>(0);                                               \
+                                                                                            \
+                return(*this);                                                              \
+            }
+        
+        
+#define    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_DATA_GENERATOR(type)       \
+            type    a;                                        \
+            type    b;                                        \
+            type    c;                                        \
+            type    d;
+        
+        
+        template<typename T>
+        class quaternion
+        {
+        public:
+            
+            typedef T value_type;
+            
+            
+            // constructor for H seen as R^4
+            // (also default constructor)
+            
+            explicit            quaternion( T const & requested_a = T(),
+                                            T const & requested_b = T(),
+                                            T const & requested_c = T(),
+                                            T const & requested_d = T())
+            :   a(requested_a),
+                b(requested_b),
+                c(requested_c),
+                d(requested_d)
+            {
+                // nothing to do!
+            }
+            
+            
+            // constructor for H seen as C^2
+                
+            explicit            quaternion( ::std::complex<T> const & z0,
+                                            ::std::complex<T> const & z1 = ::std::complex<T>())
+            :   a(z0.real()),
+                b(z0.imag()),
+                c(z1.real()),
+                d(z1.imag())
+            {
+                // nothing to do!
+            }
+            
+            
+            // UNtemplated copy constructor
+            // (this is taken care of by the compiler itself)
+            
+            
+            // templated copy constructor
+            
+            template<typename X>
+            explicit            quaternion(quaternion<X> const & a_recopier)
+            :   a(static_cast<T>(a_recopier.R_component_1())),
+                b(static_cast<T>(a_recopier.R_component_2())),
+                c(static_cast<T>(a_recopier.R_component_3())),
+                d(static_cast<T>(a_recopier.R_component_4()))
+            {
+                // nothing to do!
+            }
+            
+            
+            // destructor
+            // (this is taken care of by the compiler itself)
+            
+            
+            // accessors
+            //
+            // Note:    Like complex number, quaternions do have a meaningful notion of "real part",
+            //            but unlike them there is no meaningful notion of "imaginary part".
+            //            Instead there is an "unreal part" which itself is a quaternion, and usually
+            //            nothing simpler (as opposed to the complex number case).
+            //            However, for practicallity, there are accessors for the other components
+            //            (these are necessary for the templated copy constructor, for instance).
+            
+            BOOST_QUATERNION_ACCESSOR_GENERATOR(T)
+            
+            // assignment operators
+            
+            BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_ASSIGNMENT_GENERATOR(T)
+            
+            // other assignment-related operators
+            //
+            // NOTE:    Quaternion multiplication is *NOT* commutative;
+            //            symbolically, "q *= rhs;" means "q = q * rhs;"
+            //            and "q /= rhs;" means "q = q * inverse_of(rhs);"
+            
+            quaternion<T> &        operator += (T const & rhs)
+            {
+                T    at = a + rhs;    // exception guard
+                
+                a = at;
+                
+                return(*this);
+            }
+            
+            
+            quaternion<T> &        operator += (::std::complex<T> const & rhs)
+            {
+                T    at = a + rhs.real();    // exception guard
+                T    bt = b + rhs.imag();    // exception guard
+                
+                a = at; 
+                b = bt;
+                
+                return(*this);
+            }
+            
+            
+            template<typename X>
+            quaternion<T> &        operator += (quaternion<X> const & rhs)
+            {
+                T    at = a + static_cast<T>(rhs.R_component_1());    // exception guard
+                T    bt = b + static_cast<T>(rhs.R_component_2());    // exception guard
+                T    ct = c + static_cast<T>(rhs.R_component_3());    // exception guard
+                T    dt = d + static_cast<T>(rhs.R_component_4());    // exception guard
+                
+                a = at;
+                b = bt;
+                c = ct;
+                d = dt;
+                
+                return(*this);
+            }
+            
+            
+            
+            quaternion<T> &        operator -= (T const & rhs)
+            {
+                T    at = a - rhs;    // exception guard
+                
+                a = at;
+                
+                return(*this);
+            }
+            
+            
+            quaternion<T> &        operator -= (::std::complex<T> const & rhs)
+            {
+                T    at = a - rhs.real();    // exception guard
+                T    bt = b - rhs.imag();    // exception guard
+                
+                a = at;
+                b = bt;
+                
+                return(*this);
+            }
+            
+            
+            template<typename X>
+            quaternion<T> &        operator -= (quaternion<X> const & rhs)
+            {
+                T    at = a - static_cast<T>(rhs.R_component_1());    // exception guard
+                T    bt = b - static_cast<T>(rhs.R_component_2());    // exception guard
+                T    ct = c - static_cast<T>(rhs.R_component_3());    // exception guard
+                T    dt = d - static_cast<T>(rhs.R_component_4());    // exception guard
+                
+                a = at;
+                b = bt;
+                c = ct;
+                d = dt;
+                
+                return(*this);
+            }
+            
+            
+            quaternion<T> &        operator *= (T const & rhs)
+            {
+                T    at = a * rhs;    // exception guard
+                T    bt = b * rhs;    // exception guard
+                T    ct = c * rhs;    // exception guard
+                T    dt = d * rhs;    // exception guard
+                
+                a = at;
+                b = bt;
+                c = ct;
+                d = dt;
+                
+                return(*this);
+            }
+            
+            
+            quaternion<T> &        operator *= (::std::complex<T> const & rhs)
+            {
+                T    ar = rhs.real();
+                T    br = rhs.imag();
+                
+                T    at = +a*ar-b*br;
+                T    bt = +a*br+b*ar;
+                T    ct = +c*ar+d*br;
+                T    dt = -c*br+d*ar;
+                
+                a = at;
+                b = bt;
+                c = ct;
+                d = dt;
+                
+                return(*this);
+            }
+            
+            
+            template<typename X>
+            quaternion<T> &        operator *= (quaternion<X> const & rhs)
+            {
+                T    ar = static_cast<T>(rhs.R_component_1());
+                T    br = static_cast<T>(rhs.R_component_2());
+                T    cr = static_cast<T>(rhs.R_component_3());
+                T    dr = static_cast<T>(rhs.R_component_4());
+                
+                T    at = +a*ar-b*br-c*cr-d*dr;
+                T    bt = +a*br+b*ar+c*dr-d*cr;    //(a*br+ar*b)+(c*dr-cr*d);
+                T    ct = +a*cr-b*dr+c*ar+d*br;    //(a*cr+ar*c)+(d*br-dr*b);
+                T    dt = +a*dr+b*cr-c*br+d*ar;    //(a*dr+ar*d)+(b*cr-br*c);
+                
+                a = at;
+                b = bt;
+                c = ct;
+                d = dt;
+                
+                return(*this);
+            }
+            
+            
+            
+            quaternion<T> &        operator /= (T const & rhs)
+            {
+                T    at = a / rhs;    // exception guard
+                T    bt = b / rhs;    // exception guard
+                T    ct = c / rhs;    // exception guard
+                T    dt = d / rhs;    // exception guard
+                
+                a = at;
+                b = bt;
+                c = ct;
+                d = dt;
+                
+                return(*this);
+            }
+            
+            
+            quaternion<T> &        operator /= (::std::complex<T> const & rhs)
+            {
+                T    ar = rhs.real();
+                T    br = rhs.imag();
+                
+                T    denominator = ar*ar+br*br;
+                
+                T    at = (+a*ar+b*br)/denominator;    //(a*ar+b*br)/denominator;
+                T    bt = (-a*br+b*ar)/denominator;    //(ar*b-a*br)/denominator;
+                T    ct = (+c*ar-d*br)/denominator;    //(ar*c-d*br)/denominator;
+                T    dt = (+c*br+d*ar)/denominator;    //(ar*d+br*c)/denominator;
+                
+                a = at;
+                b = bt;
+                c = ct;
+                d = dt;
+                
+                return(*this);
+            }
+            
+            
+            template<typename X>
+            quaternion<T> &        operator /= (quaternion<X> const & rhs)
+            {
+                T    ar = static_cast<T>(rhs.R_component_1());
+                T    br = static_cast<T>(rhs.R_component_2());
+                T    cr = static_cast<T>(rhs.R_component_3());
+                T    dr = static_cast<T>(rhs.R_component_4());
+                
+                T    denominator = ar*ar+br*br+cr*cr+dr*dr;
+                
+                T    at = (+a*ar+b*br+c*cr+d*dr)/denominator;    //(a*ar+b*br+c*cr+d*dr)/denominator;
+                T    bt = (-a*br+b*ar-c*dr+d*cr)/denominator;    //((ar*b-a*br)+(cr*d-c*dr))/denominator;
+                T    ct = (-a*cr+b*dr+c*ar-d*br)/denominator;    //((ar*c-a*cr)+(dr*b-d*br))/denominator;
+                T    dt = (-a*dr-b*cr+c*br+d*ar)/denominator;    //((ar*d-a*dr)+(br*c-b*cr))/denominator;
+                
+                a = at;
+                b = bt;
+                c = ct;
+                d = dt;
+                
+                return(*this);
+            }
+            
+            
+        protected:
+            
+            BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_DATA_GENERATOR(T)
+            
+            
+        private:
+            
+        };
+        
+        
+        // declaration of quaternion specialization
+        
+        template<>    class quaternion<float>;
+        template<>    class quaternion<double>;
+        template<>    class quaternion<long double>;
+        
+        
+        // helper templates for converting copy constructors (declaration)
+        
+        namespace detail
+        {
+            
+            template<   typename T,
+                        typename U
+                    >
+            quaternion<T>    quaternion_type_converter(quaternion<U> const & rhs);
+        }
+        
+        
+        // implementation of quaternion specialization
+        
+        
+#define    BOOST_QUATERNION_CONSTRUCTOR_GENERATOR(type)                                                 \
+            explicit            quaternion( type const & requested_a = static_cast<type>(0),            \
+                                            type const & requested_b = static_cast<type>(0),            \
+                                            type const & requested_c = static_cast<type>(0),            \
+                                            type const & requested_d = static_cast<type>(0))            \
+            :   a(requested_a),                                                                         \
+                b(requested_b),                                                                         \
+                c(requested_c),                                                                         \
+                d(requested_d)                                                                          \
+            {                                                                                           \
+            }                                                                                           \
+                                                                                                        \
+            explicit            quaternion( ::std::complex<type> const & z0,                            \
+                                            ::std::complex<type> const & z1 = ::std::complex<type>())   \
+            :   a(z0.real()),                                                                           \
+                b(z0.imag()),                                                                           \
+                c(z1.real()),                                                                           \
+                d(z1.imag())                                                                            \
+            {                                                                                           \
+            }
+        
+        
+#define    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_ADD_GENERATOR_1(type)             \
+            quaternion<type> &        operator += (type const & rhs) \
+            {                                                        \
+                a += rhs;                                            \
+                                                                     \
+                return(*this);                                       \
+            }
+    
+#define    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_ADD_GENERATOR_2(type)                             \
+            quaternion<type> &        operator += (::std::complex<type> const & rhs) \
+            {                                                                        \
+                a += rhs.real();                                                     \
+                b += rhs.imag();                                                     \
+                                                                                     \
+                return(*this);                                                       \
+            }
+    
+#define    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_ADD_GENERATOR_3(type)                      \
+            template<typename X>                                              \
+            quaternion<type> &        operator += (quaternion<X> const & rhs) \
+            {                                                                 \
+                a += static_cast<type>(rhs.R_component_1());                  \
+                b += static_cast<type>(rhs.R_component_2());                  \
+                c += static_cast<type>(rhs.R_component_3());                  \
+                d += static_cast<type>(rhs.R_component_4());                  \
+                                                                              \
+                return(*this);                                                \
+            }
+    
+#define    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_SUB_GENERATOR_1(type)             \
+            quaternion<type> &        operator -= (type const & rhs) \
+            {                                                        \
+                a -= rhs;                                            \
+                                                                     \
+                return(*this);                                       \
+            }
+    
+#define    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_SUB_GENERATOR_2(type)                             \
+            quaternion<type> &        operator -= (::std::complex<type> const & rhs) \
+            {                                                                        \
+                a -= rhs.real();                                                     \
+                b -= rhs.imag();                                                     \
+                                                                                     \
+                return(*this);                                                       \
+            }
+    
+#define    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_SUB_GENERATOR_3(type)                      \
+            template<typename X>                                              \
+            quaternion<type> &        operator -= (quaternion<X> const & rhs) \
+            {                                                                 \
+                a -= static_cast<type>(rhs.R_component_1());                  \
+                b -= static_cast<type>(rhs.R_component_2());                  \
+                c -= static_cast<type>(rhs.R_component_3());                  \
+                d -= static_cast<type>(rhs.R_component_4());                  \
+                                                                              \
+                return(*this);                                                \
+            }
+    
+#define    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_MUL_GENERATOR_1(type)             \
+            quaternion<type> &        operator *= (type const & rhs) \
+            {                                                        \
+                a *= rhs;                                            \
+                b *= rhs;                                            \
+                c *= rhs;                                            \
+                d *= rhs;                                            \
+                                                                     \
+                return(*this);                                       \
+            }
+    
+#define    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_MUL_GENERATOR_2(type)                             \
+            quaternion<type> &        operator *= (::std::complex<type> const & rhs) \
+            {                                                                        \
+                type    ar = rhs.real();                                             \
+                type    br = rhs.imag();                                             \
+                                                                                     \
+                type    at = +a*ar-b*br;                                             \
+                type    bt = +a*br+b*ar;                                             \
+                type    ct = +c*ar+d*br;                                             \
+                type    dt = -c*br+d*ar;                                             \
+                                                                                     \
+                a = at;                                                              \
+                b = bt;                                                              \
+                c = ct;                                                              \
+                d = dt;                                                              \
+                                                                                     \
+                return(*this);                                                       \
+            }
+    
+#define    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_MUL_GENERATOR_3(type)                      \
+            template<typename X>                                              \
+            quaternion<type> &        operator *= (quaternion<X> const & rhs) \
+            {                                                                 \
+                type    ar = static_cast<type>(rhs.R_component_1());          \
+                type    br = static_cast<type>(rhs.R_component_2());          \
+                type    cr = static_cast<type>(rhs.R_component_3());          \
+                type    dr = static_cast<type>(rhs.R_component_4());          \
+                                                                              \
+                type    at = +a*ar-b*br-c*cr-d*dr;                            \
+                type    bt = +a*br+b*ar+c*dr-d*cr;                            \
+                type    ct = +a*cr-b*dr+c*ar+d*br;                            \
+                type    dt = +a*dr+b*cr-c*br+d*ar;                            \
+                                                                              \
+                a = at;                                                       \
+                b = bt;                                                       \
+                c = ct;                                                       \
+                d = dt;                                                       \
+                                                                              \
+                return(*this);                                                \
+            }
+    
+// There is quite a lot of repetition in the code below. This is intentional.
+// The last conditional block is the normal form, and the others merely
+// consist of workarounds for various compiler deficiencies. Hopefuly, when
+// more compilers are conformant and we can retire support for those that are
+// not, we will be able to remove the clutter. This is makes the situation
+// (painfully) explicit.
+    
+#define    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_DIV_GENERATOR_1(type)             \
+            quaternion<type> &        operator /= (type const & rhs) \
+            {                                                        \
+                a /= rhs;                                            \
+                b /= rhs;                                            \
+                c /= rhs;                                            \
+                d /= rhs;                                            \
+                                                                     \
+                return(*this);                                       \
+            }
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && (__GNUC__ < 3)
+    #define    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_DIV_GENERATOR_2(type)                                            \
+            quaternion<type> &        operator /= (::std::complex<type> const & rhs)                    \
+            {                                                                                           \
+                using    ::std::valarray;                                                               \
+                                                                                                        \
+                valarray<type>    tr(2);                                                                \
+                                                                                                        \
+                tr[0] = rhs.real();                                                                     \
+                tr[1] = rhs.imag();                                                                     \
+                                                                                                        \
+                type            mixam = (BOOST_GET_VALARRAY(type,static_cast<type>(1)/abs(tr)).max)();  \
+                                                                                                        \
+                tr *= mixam;                                                                            \
+                                                                                                        \
+                valarray<type>    tt(4);                                                                \
+                                                                                                        \
+                tt[0] = +a*tr[0]+b*tr[1];                                                               \
+                tt[1] = -a*tr[1]+b*tr[0];                                                               \
+                tt[2] = +c*tr[0]-d*tr[1];                                                               \
+                tt[3] = +c*tr[1]+d*tr[0];                                                               \
+                                                                                                        \
+                tr *= tr;                                                                               \
+                                                                                                        \
+                tt *= (mixam/tr.sum());                                                                 \
+                                                                                                        \
+                a = tt[0];                                                                              \
+                b = tt[1];                                                                              \
+                c = tt[2];                                                                              \
+                d = tt[3];                                                                              \
+                                                                                                        \
+                return(*this);                                                                          \
+            }
+#elif    defined(BOOST_NO_ARGUMENT_DEPENDENT_LOOKUP)
+    #define    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_DIV_GENERATOR_2(type)                         \
+            quaternion<type> &        operator /= (::std::complex<type> const & rhs) \
+            {                                                                        \
+                using    ::std::valarray;                                            \
+                using    ::std::abs;                                                 \
+                                                                                     \
+                valarray<type>    tr(2);                                             \
+                                                                                     \
+                tr[0] = rhs.real();                                                  \
+                tr[1] = rhs.imag();                                                  \
+                                                                                     \
+                type            mixam = static_cast<type>(1)/(abs(tr).max)();        \
+                                                                                     \
+                tr *= mixam;                                                         \
+                                                                                     \
+                valarray<type>    tt(4);                                             \
+                                                                                     \
+                tt[0] = +a*tr[0]+b*tr[1];                                            \
+                tt[1] = -a*tr[1]+b*tr[0];                                            \
+                tt[2] = +c*tr[0]-d*tr[1];                                            \
+                tt[3] = +c*tr[1]+d*tr[0];                                            \
+                                                                                     \
+                tr *= tr;                                                            \
+                                                                                     \
+                tt *= (mixam/tr.sum());                                              \
+                                                                                     \
+                a = tt[0];                                                           \
+                b = tt[1];                                                           \
+                c = tt[2];                                                           \
+                d = tt[3];                                                           \
+                                                                                     \
+                return(*this);                                                       \
+            }
+#else
+    #define    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_DIV_GENERATOR_2(type)                         \
+            quaternion<type> &        operator /= (::std::complex<type> const & rhs) \
+            {                                                                        \
+                using    ::std::valarray;                                            \
+                                                                                     \
+                valarray<type>    tr(2);                                             \
+                                                                                     \
+                tr[0] = rhs.real();                                                  \
+                tr[1] = rhs.imag();                                                  \
+                                                                                     \
+                type            mixam = static_cast<type>(1)/(abs(tr).max)();        \
+                                                                                     \
+                tr *= mixam;                                                         \
+                                                                                     \
+                valarray<type>    tt(4);                                             \
+                                                                                     \
+                tt[0] = +a*tr[0]+b*tr[1];                                            \
+                tt[1] = -a*tr[1]+b*tr[0];                                            \
+                tt[2] = +c*tr[0]-d*tr[1];                                            \
+                tt[3] = +c*tr[1]+d*tr[0];                                            \
+                                                                                     \
+                tr *= tr;                                                            \
+                                                                                     \
+                tt *= (mixam/tr.sum());                                              \
+                                                                                     \
+                a = tt[0];                                                           \
+                b = tt[1];                                                           \
+                c = tt[2];                                                           \
+                d = tt[3];                                                           \
+                                                                                     \
+                return(*this);                                                       \
+            }
+#endif /* defined(__GNUC__) && (__GNUC__ < 3) */ /* BOOST_NO_ARGUMENT_DEPENDENT_LOOKUP */
+    
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && (__GNUC__ < 3)
+    #define    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_DIV_GENERATOR_3(type)                                            \
+            template<typename X>                                                                        \
+            quaternion<type> &        operator /= (quaternion<X> const & rhs)                           \
+            {                                                                                           \
+                using    ::std::valarray;                                                               \
+                                                                                                        \
+                valarray<type>    tr(4);                                                                \
+                                                                                                        \
+                tr[0] = static_cast<type>(rhs.R_component_1());                                         \
+                tr[1] = static_cast<type>(rhs.R_component_2());                                         \
+                tr[2] = static_cast<type>(rhs.R_component_3());                                         \
+                tr[3] = static_cast<type>(rhs.R_component_4());                                         \
+                                                                                                        \
+                type            mixam = (BOOST_GET_VALARRAY(type,static_cast<type>(1)/abs(tr)).max)();  \
+                                                                                                        \
+                tr *= mixam;                                                                            \
+                                                                                                        \
+                valarray<type>    tt(4);                                                                \
+                                                                                                        \
+                tt[0] = +a*tr[0]+b*tr[1]+c*tr[2]+d*tr[3];                                               \
+                tt[1] = -a*tr[1]+b*tr[0]-c*tr[3]+d*tr[2];                                               \
+                tt[2] = -a*tr[2]+b*tr[3]+c*tr[0]-d*tr[1];                                               \
+                tt[3] = -a*tr[3]-b*tr[2]+c*tr[1]+d*tr[0];                                               \
+                                                                                                        \
+                tr *= tr;                                                                               \
+                                                                                                        \
+                tt *= (mixam/tr.sum());                                                                 \
+                                                                                                        \
+                a = tt[0];                                                                              \
+                b = tt[1];                                                                              \
+                c = tt[2];                                                                              \
+                d = tt[3];                                                                              \
+                                                                                                        \
+                return(*this);                                                                          \
+            }
+#elif    defined(BOOST_NO_ARGUMENT_DEPENDENT_LOOKUP)
+    #define    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_DIV_GENERATOR_3(type)                  \
+            template<typename X>                                              \
+            quaternion<type> &        operator /= (quaternion<X> const & rhs) \
+            {                                                                 \
+                using    ::std::valarray;                                     \
+                using    ::std::abs;                                          \
+                                                                              \
+                valarray<type>    tr(4);                                      \
+                                                                              \
+                tr[0] = static_cast<type>(rhs.R_component_1());               \
+                tr[1] = static_cast<type>(rhs.R_component_2());               \
+                tr[2] = static_cast<type>(rhs.R_component_3());               \
+                tr[3] = static_cast<type>(rhs.R_component_4());               \
+                                                                              \
+                type            mixam = static_cast<type>(1)/(abs(tr).max)(); \
+                                                                              \
+                tr *= mixam;                                                  \
+                                                                              \
+                valarray<type>    tt(4);                                      \
+                                                                              \
+                tt[0] = +a*tr[0]+b*tr[1]+c*tr[2]+d*tr[3];                     \
+                tt[1] = -a*tr[1]+b*tr[0]-c*tr[3]+d*tr[2];                     \
+                tt[2] = -a*tr[2]+b*tr[3]+c*tr[0]-d*tr[1];                     \
+                tt[3] = -a*tr[3]-b*tr[2]+c*tr[1]+d*tr[0];                     \
+                                                                              \
+                tr *= tr;                                                     \
+                                                                              \
+                tt *= (mixam/tr.sum());                                       \
+                                                                              \
+                a = tt[0];                                                    \
+                b = tt[1];                                                    \
+                c = tt[2];                                                    \
+                d = tt[3];                                                    \
+                                                                              \
+                return(*this);                                                \
+            }
+#else
+    #define    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_DIV_GENERATOR_3(type)                  \
+            template<typename X>                                              \
+            quaternion<type> &        operator /= (quaternion<X> const & rhs) \
+            {                                                                 \
+                using    ::std::valarray;                                     \
+                                                                              \
+                valarray<type>    tr(4);                                      \
+                                                                              \
+                tr[0] = static_cast<type>(rhs.R_component_1());               \
+                tr[1] = static_cast<type>(rhs.R_component_2());               \
+                tr[2] = static_cast<type>(rhs.R_component_3());               \
+                tr[3] = static_cast<type>(rhs.R_component_4());               \
+                                                                              \
+                type            mixam = static_cast<type>(1)/(abs(tr).max)(); \
+                                                                              \
+                tr *= mixam;                                                  \
+                                                                              \
+                valarray<type>    tt(4);                                      \
+                                                                              \
+                tt[0] = +a*tr[0]+b*tr[1]+c*tr[2]+d*tr[3];                     \
+                tt[1] = -a*tr[1]+b*tr[0]-c*tr[3]+d*tr[2];                     \
+                tt[2] = -a*tr[2]+b*tr[3]+c*tr[0]-d*tr[1];                     \
+                tt[3] = -a*tr[3]-b*tr[2]+c*tr[1]+d*tr[0];                     \
+                                                                              \
+                tr *= tr;                                                     \
+                                                                              \
+                tt *= (mixam/tr.sum());                                       \
+                                                                              \
+                a = tt[0];                                                    \
+                b = tt[1];                                                    \
+                c = tt[2];                                                    \
+                d = tt[3];                                                    \
+                                                                              \
+                return(*this);                                                \
+            }
+#endif /* defined(__GNUC__) && (__GNUC__ < 3) */ /* BOOST_NO_ARGUMENT_DEPENDENT_LOOKUP */
+    
+#define    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_ADD_GENERATOR(type)   \
+        BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_ADD_GENERATOR_1(type)    \
+        BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_ADD_GENERATOR_2(type)    \
+        BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_ADD_GENERATOR_3(type)
+        
+#define    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_SUB_GENERATOR(type)   \
+        BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_SUB_GENERATOR_1(type)    \
+        BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_SUB_GENERATOR_2(type)    \
+        BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_SUB_GENERATOR_3(type)
+        
+#define    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_MUL_GENERATOR(type)   \
+        BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_MUL_GENERATOR_1(type)    \
+        BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_MUL_GENERATOR_2(type)    \
+        BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_MUL_GENERATOR_3(type)
+        
+#define    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_DIV_GENERATOR(type)   \
+        BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_DIV_GENERATOR_1(type)    \
+        BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_DIV_GENERATOR_2(type)    \
+        BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_DIV_GENERATOR_3(type)
+        
+#define    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_ALGEBRAIC_GENERATOR(type)   \
+        BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_ADD_GENERATOR(type)            \
+        BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_SUB_GENERATOR(type)            \
+        BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_MUL_GENERATOR(type)            \
+        BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_DIV_GENERATOR(type)
+        
+        
+        template<>
+        class quaternion<float>
+        {
+        public:
+            
+            typedef float value_type;
+            
+            BOOST_QUATERNION_CONSTRUCTOR_GENERATOR(float)
+            
+            // UNtemplated copy constructor
+            // (this is taken care of by the compiler itself)
+            
+            // explicit copy constructors (precision-loosing converters)
+            
+            explicit            quaternion(quaternion<double> const & a_recopier)
+            {
+                *this = detail::quaternion_type_converter<float, double>(a_recopier);
+            }
+            
+            explicit            quaternion(quaternion<long double> const & a_recopier)
+            {
+                *this = detail::quaternion_type_converter<float, long double>(a_recopier);
+            }
+            
+            // destructor
+            // (this is taken care of by the compiler itself)
+            
+            // accessors
+            //
+            // Note:    Like complex number, quaternions do have a meaningful notion of "real part",
+            //            but unlike them there is no meaningful notion of "imaginary part".
+            //            Instead there is an "unreal part" which itself is a quaternion, and usually
+            //            nothing simpler (as opposed to the complex number case).
+            //            However, for practicallity, there are accessors for the other components
+            //            (these are necessary for the templated copy constructor, for instance).
+            
+            BOOST_QUATERNION_ACCESSOR_GENERATOR(float)
+            
+            // assignment operators
+            
+            BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_ASSIGNMENT_GENERATOR(float)
+            
+            // other assignment-related operators
+            //
+            // NOTE:    Quaternion multiplication is *NOT* commutative;
+            //            symbolically, "q *= rhs;" means "q = q * rhs;"
+            //            and "q /= rhs;" means "q = q * inverse_of(rhs);"
+            
+            BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_ALGEBRAIC_GENERATOR(float)
+            
+            
+        protected:
+            
+            BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_DATA_GENERATOR(float)
+            
+            
+        private:
+            
+        };
+        
+        
+        template<>
+        class quaternion<double>
+        {
+        public:
+            
+            typedef double value_type;
+            
+            BOOST_QUATERNION_CONSTRUCTOR_GENERATOR(double)
+            
+            // UNtemplated copy constructor
+            // (this is taken care of by the compiler itself)
+            
+            // converting copy constructor
+            
+            explicit                quaternion(quaternion<float> const & a_recopier)
+            {
+                *this = detail::quaternion_type_converter<double, float>(a_recopier);
+            }
+            
+            // explicit copy constructors (precision-loosing converters)
+            
+            explicit                quaternion(quaternion<long double> const & a_recopier)
+            {
+                *this = detail::quaternion_type_converter<double, long double>(a_recopier);
+            }
+            
+            // destructor
+            // (this is taken care of by the compiler itself)
+            
+            // accessors
+            //
+            // Note:    Like complex number, quaternions do have a meaningful notion of "real part",
+            //            but unlike them there is no meaningful notion of "imaginary part".
+            //            Instead there is an "unreal part" which itself is a quaternion, and usually
+            //            nothing simpler (as opposed to the complex number case).
+            //            However, for practicallity, there are accessors for the other components
+            //            (these are necessary for the templated copy constructor, for instance).
+            
+            BOOST_QUATERNION_ACCESSOR_GENERATOR(double)
+            
+            // assignment operators
+            
+            BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_ASSIGNMENT_GENERATOR(double)
+            
+            // other assignment-related operators
+            //
+            // NOTE:    Quaternion multiplication is *NOT* commutative;
+            //            symbolically, "q *= rhs;" means "q = q * rhs;"
+            //            and "q /= rhs;" means "q = q * inverse_of(rhs);"
+            
+            BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_ALGEBRAIC_GENERATOR(double)
+            
+            
+        protected:
+            
+            BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_DATA_GENERATOR(double)
+            
+            
+        private:
+            
+        };
+        
+        
+        template<>
+        class quaternion<long double>
+        {
+        public:
+            
+            typedef long double value_type;
+            
+            BOOST_QUATERNION_CONSTRUCTOR_GENERATOR(long double)
+            
+            // UNtemplated copy constructor
+            // (this is taken care of by the compiler itself)
+            
+            // converting copy constructors
+            
+            explicit                    quaternion(quaternion<float> const & a_recopier)
+            {
+                *this = detail::quaternion_type_converter<long double, float>(a_recopier);
+            }
+            
+            explicit                    quaternion(quaternion<double> const & a_recopier)
+            {
+                *this = detail::quaternion_type_converter<long double, double>(a_recopier);
+            }
+            
+            // destructor
+            // (this is taken care of by the compiler itself)
+            
+            // accessors
+            //
+            // Note:    Like complex number, quaternions do have a meaningful notion of "real part",
+            //            but unlike them there is no meaningful notion of "imaginary part".
+            //            Instead there is an "unreal part" which itself is a quaternion, and usually
+            //            nothing simpler (as opposed to the complex number case).
+            //            However, for practicallity, there are accessors for the other components
+            //            (these are necessary for the templated copy constructor, for instance).
+            
+            BOOST_QUATERNION_ACCESSOR_GENERATOR(long double)
+            
+            // assignment operators
+            
+            BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_ASSIGNMENT_GENERATOR(long double)
+            
+            // other assignment-related operators
+            //
+            // NOTE:    Quaternion multiplication is *NOT* commutative;
+            //            symbolically, "q *= rhs;" means "q = q * rhs;"
+            //            and "q /= rhs;" means "q = q * inverse_of(rhs);"
+            
+            BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_ALGEBRAIC_GENERATOR(long double)
+            
+            
+        protected:
+            
+            BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_DATA_GENERATOR(long double)
+            
+            
+        private:
+            
+        };
+        
+        
+#undef    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_ALGEBRAIC_GENERATOR
+#undef    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_ADD_GENERATOR
+#undef    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_SUB_GENERATOR
+#undef    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_MUL_GENERATOR
+#undef    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_DIV_GENERATOR
+#undef    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_ADD_GENERATOR_1
+#undef    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_ADD_GENERATOR_2
+#undef    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_ADD_GENERATOR_3
+#undef    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_SUB_GENERATOR_1
+#undef    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_SUB_GENERATOR_2
+#undef    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_SUB_GENERATOR_3
+#undef    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_MUL_GENERATOR_1
+#undef    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_MUL_GENERATOR_2
+#undef    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_MUL_GENERATOR_3
+#undef    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_DIV_GENERATOR_1
+#undef    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_DIV_GENERATOR_2
+#undef    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_DIV_GENERATOR_3
+        
+#undef    BOOST_QUATERNION_CONSTRUCTOR_GENERATOR
+        
+        
+#undef    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_ASSIGNMENT_GENERATOR
+        
+#undef    BOOST_QUATERNION_MEMBER_DATA_GENERATOR
+        
+#undef    BOOST_QUATERNION_ACCESSOR_GENERATOR
+        
+        
+        // operators
+        
+#define    BOOST_QUATERNION_OPERATOR_GENERATOR_BODY(op)      \
+        {                                                    \
+            quaternion<T>    res(lhs);                       \
+            res op##= rhs;                                   \
+            return(res);                                     \
+        }
+        
+#define    BOOST_QUATERNION_OPERATOR_GENERATOR_1_L(op)                                                  \
+        template<typename T>                                                                            \
+        inline quaternion<T>    operator op (T const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs)                  \
+        BOOST_QUATERNION_OPERATOR_GENERATOR_BODY(op)
+        
+#define    BOOST_QUATERNION_OPERATOR_GENERATOR_1_R(op)                                                  \
+        template<typename T>                                                                            \
+        inline quaternion<T>    operator op (quaternion<T> const & lhs, T const & rhs)                  \
+        BOOST_QUATERNION_OPERATOR_GENERATOR_BODY(op)
+        
+#define    BOOST_QUATERNION_OPERATOR_GENERATOR_2_L(op)                                                  \
+        template<typename T>                                                                            \
+        inline quaternion<T>    operator op (::std::complex<T> const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs)  \
+        BOOST_QUATERNION_OPERATOR_GENERATOR_BODY(op)
+        
+#define    BOOST_QUATERNION_OPERATOR_GENERATOR_2_R(op)                                                  \
+        template<typename T>                                                                            \
+        inline quaternion<T>    operator op (quaternion<T> const & lhs, ::std::complex<T> const & rhs)  \
+        BOOST_QUATERNION_OPERATOR_GENERATOR_BODY(op)
+        
+#define    BOOST_QUATERNION_OPERATOR_GENERATOR_3(op)                                                    \
+        template<typename T>                                                                            \
+        inline quaternion<T>    operator op (quaternion<T> const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs)      \
+        BOOST_QUATERNION_OPERATOR_GENERATOR_BODY(op)
+        
+#define    BOOST_QUATERNION_OPERATOR_GENERATOR(op)     \
+        BOOST_QUATERNION_OPERATOR_GENERATOR_1_L(op)    \
+        BOOST_QUATERNION_OPERATOR_GENERATOR_1_R(op)    \
+        BOOST_QUATERNION_OPERATOR_GENERATOR_2_L(op)    \
+        BOOST_QUATERNION_OPERATOR_GENERATOR_2_R(op)    \
+        BOOST_QUATERNION_OPERATOR_GENERATOR_3(op)
+        
+        
+        BOOST_QUATERNION_OPERATOR_GENERATOR(+)
+        BOOST_QUATERNION_OPERATOR_GENERATOR(-)
+        BOOST_QUATERNION_OPERATOR_GENERATOR(*)
+        BOOST_QUATERNION_OPERATOR_GENERATOR(/)
+
+
+#undef    BOOST_QUATERNION_OPERATOR_GENERATOR
+        
+#undef    BOOST_QUATERNION_OPERATOR_GENERATOR_1_L
+#undef    BOOST_QUATERNION_OPERATOR_GENERATOR_1_R
+#undef    BOOST_QUATERNION_OPERATOR_GENERATOR_2_L
+#undef    BOOST_QUATERNION_OPERATOR_GENERATOR_2_R
+#undef    BOOST_QUATERNION_OPERATOR_GENERATOR_3
+
+#undef    BOOST_QUATERNION_OPERATOR_GENERATOR_BODY
+        
+        
+        template<typename T>
+        inline quaternion<T>                    operator + (quaternion<T> const & q)
+        {
+            return(q);
+        }
+        
+        
+        template<typename T>
+        inline quaternion<T>                    operator - (quaternion<T> const & q)
+        {
+            return(quaternion<T>(-q.R_component_1(),-q.R_component_2(),-q.R_component_3(),-q.R_component_4()));
+        }
+        
+        
+        template<typename T>
+        inline bool                                operator == (T const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs)
+        {
+            return    (
+                        (rhs.R_component_1() == lhs)&&
+                        (rhs.R_component_2() == static_cast<T>(0))&&
+                        (rhs.R_component_3() == static_cast<T>(0))&&
+                        (rhs.R_component_4() == static_cast<T>(0))
+                    );
+        }
+        
+        
+        template<typename T>
+        inline bool                                operator == (quaternion<T> const & lhs, T const & rhs)
+        {
+            return    (
+                        (lhs.R_component_1() == rhs)&&
+                        (lhs.R_component_2() == static_cast<T>(0))&&
+                        (lhs.R_component_3() == static_cast<T>(0))&&
+                        (lhs.R_component_4() == static_cast<T>(0))
+                    );
+        }
+        
+        
+        template<typename T>
+        inline bool                                operator == (::std::complex<T> const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs)
+        {
+            return    (
+                        (rhs.R_component_1() == lhs.real())&&
+                        (rhs.R_component_2() == lhs.imag())&&
+                        (rhs.R_component_3() == static_cast<T>(0))&&
+                        (rhs.R_component_4() == static_cast<T>(0))
+                    );
+        }
+        
+        
+        template<typename T>
+        inline bool                                operator == (quaternion<T> const & lhs, ::std::complex<T> const & rhs)
+        {
+            return    (
+                        (lhs.R_component_1() == rhs.real())&&
+                        (lhs.R_component_2() == rhs.imag())&&
+                        (lhs.R_component_3() == static_cast<T>(0))&&
+                        (lhs.R_component_4() == static_cast<T>(0))
+                    );
+        }
+        
+        
+        template<typename T>
+        inline bool                                operator == (quaternion<T> const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs)
+        {
+            return    (
+                        (rhs.R_component_1() == lhs.R_component_1())&&
+                        (rhs.R_component_2() == lhs.R_component_2())&&
+                        (rhs.R_component_3() == lhs.R_component_3())&&
+                        (rhs.R_component_4() == lhs.R_component_4())
+                    );
+        }
+        
+        
+#define    BOOST_QUATERNION_NOT_EQUAL_GENERATOR  \
+        {                                        \
+            return(!(lhs == rhs));               \
+        }
+        
+        template<typename T>
+        inline bool                                operator != (T const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs)
+        BOOST_QUATERNION_NOT_EQUAL_GENERATOR
+        
+        template<typename T>
+        inline bool                                operator != (quaternion<T> const & lhs, T const & rhs)
+        BOOST_QUATERNION_NOT_EQUAL_GENERATOR
+        
+        template<typename T>
+        inline bool                                operator != (::std::complex<T> const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs)
+        BOOST_QUATERNION_NOT_EQUAL_GENERATOR
+        
+        template<typename T>
+        inline bool                                operator != (quaternion<T> const & lhs, ::std::complex<T> const & rhs)
+        BOOST_QUATERNION_NOT_EQUAL_GENERATOR
+        
+        template<typename T>
+        inline bool                                operator != (quaternion<T> const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs)
+        BOOST_QUATERNION_NOT_EQUAL_GENERATOR
+        
+#undef    BOOST_QUATERNION_NOT_EQUAL_GENERATOR
+        
+        
+        // Note:    we allow the following formats, whith a, b, c, and d reals
+        //            a
+        //            (a), (a,b), (a,b,c), (a,b,c,d)
+        //            (a,(c)), (a,(c,d)), ((a)), ((a),c), ((a),(c)), ((a),(c,d)), ((a,b)), ((a,b),c), ((a,b),(c)), ((a,b),(c,d))
+#if    BOOST_WORKAROUND(__GNUC__, < 3)
+        template<typename T>
+        std::istream &                            operator >> (    ::std::istream & is,
+                                                                quaternion<T> & q)
+#else
+        template<typename T, typename charT, class traits>
+        ::std::basic_istream<charT,traits> &    operator >> (    ::std::basic_istream<charT,traits> & is,
+                                                                quaternion<T> & q)
+#endif /* BOOST_WORKAROUND(__GNUC__, < 3) */
+        {
+#if    BOOST_WORKAROUND(__GNUC__, < 3)
+            typedef char    charT;
+#endif /* BOOST_WORKAROUND(__GNUC__, < 3) */
+            
+#ifdef    BOOST_NO_STD_LOCALE
+#else
+            const ::std::ctype<charT> & ct = ::std::use_facet< ::std::ctype<charT> >(is.getloc());
+#endif /* BOOST_NO_STD_LOCALE */
+            
+            T    a = T();
+            T    b = T();
+            T    c = T();
+            T    d = T();
+            
+            ::std::complex<T>    u = ::std::complex<T>();
+            ::std::complex<T>    v = ::std::complex<T>();
+            
+            charT    ch = charT();
+            char    cc;
+            
+            is >> ch;                                        // get the first lexeme
+            
+            if    (!is.good())    goto finish;
+            
+#ifdef    BOOST_NO_STD_LOCALE
+            cc = ch;
+#else
+            cc = ct.narrow(ch, char());
+#endif /* BOOST_NO_STD_LOCALE */
+            
+            if    (cc == '(')                            // read "(", possible: (a), (a,b), (a,b,c), (a,b,c,d), (a,(c)), (a,(c,d)), ((a)), ((a),c), ((a),(c)), ((a),(c,d)), ((a,b)), ((a,b),c), ((a,b),(c)), ((a,b,),(c,d,))
+            {
+                is >> ch;                                    // get the second lexeme
+                
+                if    (!is.good())    goto finish;
+                
+#ifdef    BOOST_NO_STD_LOCALE
+                cc = ch;
+#else
+                cc = ct.narrow(ch, char());
+#endif /* BOOST_NO_STD_LOCALE */
+                
+                if    (cc == '(')                        // read "((", possible: ((a)), ((a),c), ((a),(c)), ((a),(c,d)), ((a,b)), ((a,b),c), ((a,b),(c)), ((a,b,),(c,d,))
+                {
+                    is.putback(ch);
+                    
+                    is >> u;                                // we extract the first and second components
+                    a = u.real();
+                    b = u.imag();
+                    
+                    if    (!is.good())    goto finish;
+                    
+                    is >> ch;                                // get the next lexeme
+                    
+                    if    (!is.good())    goto finish;
+                    
+#ifdef    BOOST_NO_STD_LOCALE
+                    cc = ch;
+#else
+                    cc = ct.narrow(ch, char());
+#endif /* BOOST_NO_STD_LOCALE */
+                    
+                    if        (cc == ')')                    // format: ((a)) or ((a,b))
+                    {
+                        q = quaternion<T>(a,b);
+                    }
+                    else if    (cc == ',')                // read "((a)," or "((a,b),", possible: ((a),c), ((a),(c)), ((a),(c,d)), ((a,b),c), ((a,b),(c)), ((a,b,),(c,d,))
+                    {
+                        is >> v;                            // we extract the third and fourth components
+                        c = v.real();
+                        d = v.imag();
+                        
+                        if    (!is.good())    goto finish;
+                        
+                        is >> ch;                                // get the last lexeme
+                        
+                        if    (!is.good())    goto finish;
+                        
+#ifdef    BOOST_NO_STD_LOCALE
+                        cc = ch;
+#else
+                        cc = ct.narrow(ch, char());
+#endif /* BOOST_NO_STD_LOCALE */
+                        
+                        if    (cc == ')')                    // format: ((a),c), ((a),(c)), ((a),(c,d)), ((a,b),c), ((a,b),(c)) or ((a,b,),(c,d,))
+                        {
+                            q = quaternion<T>(a,b,c,d);
+                        }
+                        else                            // error
+                        {
+#if    BOOST_WORKAROUND(__GNUC__, < 3)
+                            is.setstate(::std::ios::failbit);
+#else
+                            is.setstate(::std::ios_base::failbit);
+#endif /* BOOST_WORKAROUND(__GNUC__, < 3) */
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else                                // error
+                    {
+#if    BOOST_WORKAROUND(__GNUC__, < 3)
+                        is.setstate(::std::ios::failbit);
+#else
+                        is.setstate(::std::ios_base::failbit);
+#endif /* BOOST_WORKAROUND(__GNUC__, < 3) */
+                    }
+                }
+                else                                // read "(a", possible: (a), (a,b), (a,b,c), (a,b,c,d), (a,(c)), (a,(c,d))
+                {
+                    is.putback(ch);
+                    
+                    is >> a;                                // we extract the first component
+                    
+                    if    (!is.good())    goto finish;
+                    
+                    is >> ch;                                // get the third lexeme
+                    
+                    if    (!is.good())    goto finish;
+                    
+#ifdef    BOOST_NO_STD_LOCALE
+                    cc = ch;
+#else
+                    cc = ct.narrow(ch, char());
+#endif /* BOOST_NO_STD_LOCALE */
+                    
+                    if        (cc == ')')                    // format: (a)
+                    {
+                        q = quaternion<T>(a);
+                    }
+                    else if    (cc == ',')                // read "(a,", possible: (a,b), (a,b,c), (a,b,c,d), (a,(c)), (a,(c,d))
+                    {
+                        is >> ch;                            // get the fourth lexeme
+                        
+                        if    (!is.good())    goto finish;
+                        
+#ifdef    BOOST_NO_STD_LOCALE
+                        cc = ch;
+#else
+                        cc = ct.narrow(ch, char());
+#endif /* BOOST_NO_STD_LOCALE */
+                        
+                        if    (cc == '(')                // read "(a,(", possible: (a,(c)), (a,(c,d))
+                        {
+                            is.putback(ch);
+                            
+                            is >> v;                        // we extract the third and fourth component
+                            
+                            c = v.real();
+                            d = v.imag();
+                            
+                            if    (!is.good())    goto finish;
+                            
+                            is >> ch;                        // get the ninth lexeme
+                            
+                            if    (!is.good())    goto finish;
+                            
+#ifdef    BOOST_NO_STD_LOCALE
+                            cc = ch;
+#else
+                            cc = ct.narrow(ch, char());
+#endif /* BOOST_NO_STD_LOCALE */
+                            
+                            if    (cc == ')')                // format: (a,(c)) or (a,(c,d))
+                            {
+                                q = quaternion<T>(a,b,c,d);
+                            }
+                            else                        // error
+                            {
+#if    BOOST_WORKAROUND(__GNUC__, < 3)
+                                is.setstate(::std::ios::failbit);
+#else
+                                is.setstate(::std::ios_base::failbit);
+#endif /* BOOST_WORKAROUND(__GNUC__, < 3) */
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else                        // read "(a,b", possible: (a,b), (a,b,c), (a,b,c,d)
+                        {
+                            is.putback(ch);
+                            
+                            is >> b;                        // we extract the second component
+                            
+                            if    (!is.good())    goto finish;
+                            
+                            is >> ch;                        // get the fifth lexeme
+                            
+                            if    (!is.good())    goto finish;
+                            
+#ifdef    BOOST_NO_STD_LOCALE
+                            cc = ch;
+#else
+                            cc = ct.narrow(ch, char());
+#endif /* BOOST_NO_STD_LOCALE */
+                            
+                            if    (cc == ')')                // format: (a,b)
+                            {
+                                q = quaternion<T>(a,b);
+                            }
+                            else if    (cc == ',')        // read "(a,b,", possible: (a,b,c), (a,b,c,d)
+                            {
+                                is >> c;                    // we extract the third component
+                                
+                                if    (!is.good())    goto finish;
+                                
+                                is >> ch;                    // get the seventh lexeme
+                                
+                                if    (!is.good())    goto finish;
+                                
+#ifdef    BOOST_NO_STD_LOCALE
+                                cc = ch;
+#else
+                                cc = ct.narrow(ch, char());
+#endif /* BOOST_NO_STD_LOCALE */
+                                
+                                if        (cc == ')')        // format: (a,b,c)
+                                {
+                                    q = quaternion<T>(a,b,c);
+                                }
+                                else if    (cc == ',')    // read "(a,b,c,", possible: (a,b,c,d)
+                                {
+                                    is >> d;                // we extract the fourth component
+                                    
+                                    if    (!is.good())    goto finish;
+                                    
+                                    is >> ch;                // get the ninth lexeme
+                                    
+                                    if    (!is.good())    goto finish;
+                                    
+#ifdef    BOOST_NO_STD_LOCALE
+                                    cc = ch;
+#else
+                                    cc = ct.narrow(ch, char());
+#endif /* BOOST_NO_STD_LOCALE */
+                                    
+                                    if    (cc == ')')        // format: (a,b,c,d)
+                                    {
+                                        q = quaternion<T>(a,b,c,d);
+                                    }
+                                    else                // error
+                                    {
+#if    BOOST_WORKAROUND(__GNUC__, < 3)
+                                        is.setstate(::std::ios::failbit);
+#else
+                                        is.setstate(::std::ios_base::failbit);
+#endif /* BOOST_WORKAROUND(__GNUC__, < 3) */
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                else                    // error
+                                {
+#if    BOOST_WORKAROUND(__GNUC__, < 3)
+                                    is.setstate(::std::ios::failbit);
+#else
+                                    is.setstate(::std::ios_base::failbit);
+#endif /* BOOST_WORKAROUND(__GNUC__, < 3) */
+                                }
+                            }
+                            else                        // error
+                            {
+#if    BOOST_WORKAROUND(__GNUC__, < 3)
+                                is.setstate(::std::ios::failbit);
+#else
+                                is.setstate(::std::ios_base::failbit);
+#endif /* BOOST_WORKAROUND(__GNUC__, < 3) */
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else                                // error
+                    {
+#if    BOOST_WORKAROUND(__GNUC__, < 3)
+                        is.setstate(::std::ios::failbit);
+#else
+                        is.setstate(::std::ios_base::failbit);
+#endif /* BOOST_WORKAROUND(__GNUC__, < 3) */
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else                                        // format:    a
+            {
+                is.putback(ch);
+                
+                is >> a;                                    // we extract the first component
+                
+                if    (!is.good())    goto finish;
+                
+                q = quaternion<T>(a);
+            }
+            
+            finish:
+            return(is);
+        }
+        
+        
+#if    BOOST_WORKAROUND(__GNUC__, < 3)
+        template<typename T>
+        ::std::ostream &                         operator << (    ::std::ostream & os,
+                                                                quaternion<T> const & q)
+#else
+        template<typename T, typename charT, class traits>
+        ::std::basic_ostream<charT,traits> &    operator << (    ::std::basic_ostream<charT,traits> & os,
+                                                                quaternion<T> const & q)
+#endif /* BOOST_WORKAROUND(__GNUC__, < 3) */
+        {
+#if    BOOST_WORKAROUND(__GNUC__, < 3)
+            ::std::ostringstream                        s;
+#else
+            ::std::basic_ostringstream<charT,traits>    s;
+#endif /* BOOST_WORKAROUND(__GNUC__, < 3) */
+            
+            s.flags(os.flags());
+#ifdef    BOOST_NO_STD_LOCALE
+#else
+            s.imbue(os.getloc());
+#endif /* BOOST_NO_STD_LOCALE */
+            s.precision(os.precision());
+            
+            s << '('    << q.R_component_1() << ','
+                        << q.R_component_2() << ','
+                        << q.R_component_3() << ','
+                        << q.R_component_4() << ')';
+            
+            return os << s.str();
+        }
+        
+        
+        // values
+        
+        template<typename T>
+        inline T                                real(quaternion<T> const & q)
+        {
+            return(q.real());
+        }
+        
+        
+        template<typename T>
+        inline quaternion<T>                    unreal(quaternion<T> const & q)
+        {
+            return(q.unreal());
+        }
+        
+        
+#define    BOOST_QUATERNION_VALARRAY_LOADER  \
+            using    ::std::valarray;        \
+                                             \
+            valarray<T>    temp(4);          \
+                                             \
+            temp[0] = q.R_component_1();     \
+            temp[1] = q.R_component_2();     \
+            temp[2] = q.R_component_3();     \
+            temp[3] = q.R_component_4();
+        
+        
+        template<typename T>
+        inline T                                sup(quaternion<T> const & q)
+        {
+#ifdef    BOOST_NO_ARGUMENT_DEPENDENT_LOOKUP
+            using    ::std::abs;
+#endif    /* BOOST_NO_ARGUMENT_DEPENDENT_LOOKUP */
+            
+            BOOST_QUATERNION_VALARRAY_LOADER
+            
+#if    BOOST_WORKAROUND(__GNUC__, < 3)
+            return((BOOST_GET_VALARRAY(T, abs(temp)).max)());
+#else
+            return((abs(temp).max)());
+#endif /* BOOST_WORKAROUND(__GNUC__, < 3) */
+        }
+        
+        
+        template<typename T>
+        inline T                                l1(quaternion<T> const & q)
+        {
+#ifdef    BOOST_NO_ARGUMENT_DEPENDENT_LOOKUP
+            using    ::std::abs;
+#endif    /* BOOST_NO_ARGUMENT_DEPENDENT_LOOKUP */
+            
+            BOOST_QUATERNION_VALARRAY_LOADER
+            
+#if    BOOST_WORKAROUND(__GNUC__, < 3)
+            return(BOOST_GET_VALARRAY(T, abs(temp)).sum());
+#else
+            return(abs(temp).sum());
+#endif /* BOOST_WORKAROUND(__GNUC__, < 3) */
+        }
+        
+        
+        template<typename T>
+        inline T                                abs(quaternion<T> const & q)
+        {
+#ifdef    BOOST_NO_ARGUMENT_DEPENDENT_LOOKUP
+            using    ::std::abs;
+#endif    /* BOOST_NO_ARGUMENT_DEPENDENT_LOOKUP */
+            
+            using    ::std::sqrt;
+            
+            BOOST_QUATERNION_VALARRAY_LOADER
+            
+#if    BOOST_WORKAROUND(__GNUC__, < 3)
+            T            maxim = (BOOST_GET_VALARRAY(T, abs(temp)).max)();    // overflow protection
+#else
+            T            maxim = (abs(temp).max)();    // overflow protection
+#endif /* BOOST_WORKAROUND(__GNUC__, < 3) */
+            
+            if    (maxim == static_cast<T>(0))
+            {
+                return(maxim);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                T    mixam = static_cast<T>(1)/maxim;    // prefer multiplications over divisions
+                
+                temp *= mixam;
+                
+                temp *= temp;
+                
+                return(maxim*sqrt(temp.sum()));
+            }
+            
+            //return(sqrt(norm(q)));
+        }
+        
+        
+#undef    BOOST_QUATERNION_VALARRAY_LOADER
+        
+        
+        // Note:    This is the Cayley norm, not the Euclidian norm...
+        
+        template<typename T>
+        inline T                                norm(quaternion<T>const  & q)
+        {
+            return(real(q*conj(q)));
+        }
+        
+        
+        template<typename T>
+        inline quaternion<T>                    conj(quaternion<T> const & q)
+        {
+            return(quaternion<T>(   +q.R_component_1(),
+                                    -q.R_component_2(),
+                                    -q.R_component_3(),
+                                    -q.R_component_4()));
+        }
+        
+        
+        template<typename T>
+        inline quaternion<T>                    spherical(  T const & rho,
+                                                            T const & theta,
+                                                            T const & phi1,
+                                                            T const & phi2)
+        {
+            using ::std::cos;
+            using ::std::sin;
+            
+            //T    a = cos(theta)*cos(phi1)*cos(phi2);
+            //T    b = sin(theta)*cos(phi1)*cos(phi2);
+            //T    c = sin(phi1)*cos(phi2);
+            //T    d = sin(phi2);
+            
+            T    courrant = static_cast<T>(1);
+            
+            T    d = sin(phi2);
+            
+            courrant *= cos(phi2);
+            
+            T    c = sin(phi1)*courrant;
+            
+            courrant *= cos(phi1);
+            
+            T    b = sin(theta)*courrant;
+            T    a = cos(theta)*courrant;
+            
+            return(rho*quaternion<T>(a,b,c,d));
+        }
+        
+        
+        template<typename T>
+        inline quaternion<T>                    semipolar(  T const & rho,
+                                                            T const & alpha,
+                                                            T const & theta1,
+                                                            T const & theta2)
+        {
+            using ::std::cos;
+            using ::std::sin;
+            
+            T    a = cos(alpha)*cos(theta1);
+            T    b = cos(alpha)*sin(theta1);
+            T    c = sin(alpha)*cos(theta2);
+            T    d = sin(alpha)*sin(theta2);
+            
+            return(rho*quaternion<T>(a,b,c,d));
+        }
+        
+        
+        template<typename T>
+        inline quaternion<T>                    multipolar( T const & rho1,
+                                                            T const & theta1,
+                                                            T const & rho2,
+                                                            T const & theta2)
+        {
+            using ::std::cos;
+            using ::std::sin;
+            
+            T    a = rho1*cos(theta1);
+            T    b = rho1*sin(theta1);
+            T    c = rho2*cos(theta2);
+            T    d = rho2*sin(theta2);
+            
+            return(quaternion<T>(a,b,c,d));
+        }
+        
+        
+        template<typename T>
+        inline quaternion<T>                    cylindrospherical(  T const & t,
+                                                                    T const & radius,
+                                                                    T const & longitude,
+                                                                    T const & latitude)
+        {
+            using ::std::cos;
+            using ::std::sin;
+            
+            
+            
+            T    b = radius*cos(longitude)*cos(latitude);
+            T    c = radius*sin(longitude)*cos(latitude);
+            T    d = radius*sin(latitude);
+            
+            return(quaternion<T>(t,b,c,d));
+        }
+        
+        
+        template<typename T>
+        inline quaternion<T>                    cylindrical(T const & r,
+                                                            T const & angle,
+                                                            T const & h1,
+                                                            T const & h2)
+        {
+            using ::std::cos;
+            using ::std::sin;
+            
+            T    a = r*cos(angle);
+            T    b = r*sin(angle);
+            
+            return(quaternion<T>(a,b,h1,h2));
+        }
+        
+        
+        // transcendentals
+        // (please see the documentation)
+        
+        
+        template<typename T>
+        inline quaternion<T>                    exp(quaternion<T> const & q)
+        {
+            using    ::std::exp;
+            using    ::std::cos;
+            
+            using    ::boost::math::sinc_pi;
+            
+            T    u = exp(real(q));
+            
+            T    z = abs(unreal(q));
+            
+            T    w = sinc_pi(z);
+            
+            return(u*quaternion<T>(cos(z),
+                w*q.R_component_2(), w*q.R_component_3(),
+                w*q.R_component_4()));
+        }
+        
+        
+        template<typename T>
+        inline quaternion<T>                    cos(quaternion<T> const & q)
+        {
+            using    ::std::sin;
+            using    ::std::cos;
+            using    ::std::cosh;
+            
+            using    ::boost::math::sinhc_pi;
+            
+            T    z = abs(unreal(q));
+            
+            T    w = -sin(q.real())*sinhc_pi(z);
+            
+            return(quaternion<T>(cos(q.real())*cosh(z),
+                w*q.R_component_2(), w*q.R_component_3(),
+                w*q.R_component_4()));
+        }
+        
+        
+        template<typename T>
+        inline quaternion<T>                    sin(quaternion<T> const & q)
+        {
+            using    ::std::sin;
+            using    ::std::cos;
+            using    ::std::cosh;
+            
+            using    ::boost::math::sinhc_pi;
+            
+            T    z = abs(unreal(q));
+            
+            T    w = +cos(q.real())*sinhc_pi(z);
+            
+            return(quaternion<T>(sin(q.real())*cosh(z),
+                w*q.R_component_2(), w*q.R_component_3(),
+                w*q.R_component_4()));
+        }
+        
+        
+        template<typename T>
+        inline quaternion<T>                    tan(quaternion<T> const & q)
+        {
+            return(sin(q)/cos(q));
+        }
+        
+        
+        template<typename T>
+        inline quaternion<T>                    cosh(quaternion<T> const & q)
+        {
+            return((exp(+q)+exp(-q))/static_cast<T>(2));
+        }
+        
+        
+        template<typename T>
+        inline quaternion<T>                    sinh(quaternion<T> const & q)
+        {
+            return((exp(+q)-exp(-q))/static_cast<T>(2));
+        }
+        
+        
+        template<typename T>
+        inline quaternion<T>                    tanh(quaternion<T> const & q)
+        {
+            return(sinh(q)/cosh(q));
+        }
+        
+        
+        template<typename T>
+        quaternion<T>                            pow(quaternion<T> const & q,
+                                                    int n)
+        {
+            if        (n > 1)
+            {
+                int    m = n>>1;
+                
+                quaternion<T>    result = pow(q, m);
+                
+                result *= result;
+                
+                if    (n != (m<<1))
+                {
+                    result *= q; // n odd
+                }
+                
+                return(result);
+            }
+            else if    (n == 1)
+            {
+                return(q);
+            }
+            else if    (n == 0)
+            {
+                return(quaternion<T>(1));
+            }
+            else    /* n < 0 */
+            {
+                return(pow(quaternion<T>(1)/q,-n));
+            }
+        }
+        
+        
+        // helper templates for converting copy constructors (definition)
+        
+        namespace detail
+        {
+            
+            template<   typename T,
+                        typename U
+                    >
+            quaternion<T>    quaternion_type_converter(quaternion<U> const & rhs)
+            {
+                return(quaternion<T>(   static_cast<T>(rhs.R_component_1()),
+                                        static_cast<T>(rhs.R_component_2()),
+                                        static_cast<T>(rhs.R_component_3()),
+                                        static_cast<T>(rhs.R_component_4())));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+#if    BOOST_WORKAROUND(__GNUC__, < 3)
+    #undef    BOOST_GET_VALARRAY
+#endif /* BOOST_WORKAROUND(__GNUC__, < 3) */
+
+
+#endif /* BOOST_QUATERNION_HPP */