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.\" ========================================================================

.\"

.IX Title "AS 1"

.TH AS 1 "2008-01-09" "binutils-2.18.50" "GNU Development Tools"

.SH "NAME"

AS \- the portable GNU assembler.

.SH "SYNOPSIS"

.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"

as [\fB\-a\fR[\fBcdhlns\fR][=\fIfile\fR]] [\fB\-\-alternate\fR] [\fB\-D\fR]

 [\fB\-\-debug\-prefix\-map\fR \fIold\fR=\fInew\fR]

 [\fB\-\-defsym\fR \fIsym\fR=\fIval\fR] [\fB\-f\fR] [\fB\-g\fR] [\fB\-\-gstabs\fR]

 [\fB\-\-gstabs+\fR] [\fB\-\-gdwarf\-2\fR] [\fB\-\-help\fR] [\fB\-I\fR \fIdir\fR] [\fB\-J\fR]

 [\fB\-K\fR] [\fB\-L\fR] [\fB\-\-listing\-lhs\-width\fR=\fI\s-1NUM\s0\fR]

 [\fB\-\-listing\-lhs\-width2\fR=\fI\s-1NUM\s0\fR] [\fB\-\-listing\-rhs\-width\fR=\fI\s-1NUM\s0\fR]

 [\fB\-\-listing\-cont\-lines\fR=\fI\s-1NUM\s0\fR] [\fB\-\-keep\-locals\fR] [\fB\-o\fR

 \fIobjfile\fR] [\fB\-R\fR] [\fB\-\-reduce\-memory\-overheads\fR] [\fB\-\-statistics\fR]

 [\fB\-v\fR] [\fB\-version\fR] [\fB\-\-version\fR] [\fB\-W\fR] [\fB\-\-warn\fR]

 [\fB\-\-fatal\-warnings\fR] [\fB\-w\fR] [\fB\-x\fR] [\fB\-Z\fR] [\fB@\fR\fI\s-1FILE\s0\fR]

 [\fB\-\-target\-help\fR] [\fItarget-options\fR]

 [\fB\-\-\fR|\fIfiles\fR ...]

.PP

\&\fITarget Alpha options:\fR

   [\fB\-m\fR\fIcpu\fR]

   [\fB\-mdebug\fR | \fB\-no\-mdebug\fR]

   [\fB\-relax\fR] [\fB\-g\fR] [\fB\-G\fR\fIsize\fR]

   [\fB\-F\fR] [\fB\-32addr\fR]

.PP

\&\fITarget \s-1ARC\s0 options:\fR

   [\fB\-marc[5|6|7|8]\fR]

   [\fB\-EB\fR|\fB\-EL\fR]

.PP

\&\fITarget \s-1ARM\s0 options:\fR

   [\fB\-mcpu\fR=\fIprocessor\fR[+\fIextension\fR...]]

   [\fB\-march\fR=\fIarchitecture\fR[+\fIextension\fR...]]

   [\fB\-mfpu\fR=\fIfloating-point-format\fR]

   [\fB\-mfloat\-abi\fR=\fIabi\fR]

   [\fB\-meabi\fR=\fIver\fR]

   [\fB\-mthumb\fR]

   [\fB\-EB\fR|\fB\-EL\fR]

   [\fB\-mapcs\-32\fR|\fB\-mapcs\-26\fR|\fB\-mapcs\-float\fR|

    \fB\-mapcs\-reentrant\fR]

   [\fB\-mthumb\-interwork\fR] [\fB\-k\fR]

.PP

\&\fITarget \s-1CRIS\s0 options:\fR

   [\fB\-\-underscore\fR | \fB\-\-no\-underscore\fR]

   [\fB\-\-pic\fR] [\fB\-N\fR]

   [\fB\-\-emulation=criself\fR | \fB\-\-emulation=crisaout\fR]

   [\fB\-\-march=v0_v10\fR | \fB\-\-march=v10\fR | \fB\-\-march=v32\fR | \fB\-\-march=common_v10_v32\fR]

.PP

\&\fITarget D10V options:\fR

   [\fB\-O\fR]

.PP

\&\fITarget D30V options:\fR

   [\fB\-O\fR|\fB\-n\fR|\fB\-N\fR]

.PP

\&\fITarget i386 options:\fR

   [\fB\-\-32\fR|\fB\-\-64\fR] [\fB\-n\fR]

   [\fB\-march\fR=\fI\s-1CPU\s0\fR] [\fB\-mtune\fR=\fI\s-1CPU\s0\fR] 

.PP

\&\fITarget i960 options:\fR

   [\fB\-ACA\fR|\fB\-ACA_A\fR|\fB\-ACB\fR|\fB\-ACC\fR|\fB\-AKA\fR|\fB\-AKB\fR|

    \fB\-AKC\fR|\fB\-AMC\fR]

   [\fB\-b\fR] [\fB\-no\-relax\fR]

.PP

\&\fITarget \s-1IA\-64\s0 options:\fR

   [\fB\-mconstant\-gp\fR|\fB\-mauto\-pic\fR]

   [\fB\-milp32\fR|\fB\-milp64\fR|\fB\-mlp64\fR|\fB\-mp64\fR]

   [\fB\-mle\fR|\fBmbe\fR]

   [\fB\-mtune=itanium1\fR|\fB\-mtune=itanium2\fR]

   [\fB\-munwind\-check=warning\fR|\fB\-munwind\-check=error\fR]

   [\fB\-mhint.b=ok\fR|\fB\-mhint.b=warning\fR|\fB\-mhint.b=error\fR]

   [\fB\-x\fR|\fB\-xexplicit\fR] [\fB\-xauto\fR] [\fB\-xdebug\fR]

.PP

\&\fITarget \s-1IP2K\s0 options:\fR

   [\fB\-mip2022\fR|\fB\-mip2022ext\fR]

.PP

\&\fITarget M32C options:\fR

   [\fB\-m32c\fR|\fB\-m16c\fR]

.PP

\&\fITarget M32R options:\fR

   [\fB\-\-m32rx\fR|\fB\-\-[no\-]warn\-explicit\-parallel\-conflicts\fR|

   \fB\-\-W[n]p\fR]

.PP

\&\fITarget M680X0 options:\fR

   [\fB\-l\fR] [\fB\-m68000\fR|\fB\-m68010\fR|\fB\-m68020\fR|...]

.PP

\&\fITarget M68HC11 options:\fR

   [\fB\-m68hc11\fR|\fB\-m68hc12\fR|\fB\-m68hcs12\fR]

   [\fB\-mshort\fR|\fB\-mlong\fR]

   [\fB\-mshort\-double\fR|\fB\-mlong\-double\fR]

   [\fB\-\-force\-long\-branches\fR] [\fB\-\-short\-branches\fR]

   [\fB\-\-strict\-direct\-mode\fR] [\fB\-\-print\-insn\-syntax\fR]

   [\fB\-\-print\-opcodes\fR] [\fB\-\-generate\-example\fR]

.PP

\&\fITarget \s-1MCORE\s0 options:\fR

   [\fB\-jsri2bsr\fR] [\fB\-sifilter\fR] [\fB\-relax\fR]

   [\fB\-mcpu=[210|340]\fR]

.PP

\&\fITarget \s-1MIPS\s0 options:\fR

   [\fB\-nocpp\fR] [\fB\-EL\fR] [\fB\-EB\fR] [\fB\-O\fR[\fIoptimization level\fR]]

   [\fB\-g\fR[\fIdebug level\fR]] [\fB\-G\fR \fInum\fR] [\fB\-KPIC\fR] [\fB\-call_shared\fR]

   [\fB\-non_shared\fR] [\fB\-xgot\fR [\fB\-mvxworks\-pic\fR]

   [\fB\-mabi\fR=\fI\s-1ABI\s0\fR] [\fB\-32\fR] [\fB\-n32\fR] [\fB\-64\fR] [\fB\-mfp32\fR] [\fB\-mgp32\fR]

   [\fB\-march\fR=\fI\s-1CPU\s0\fR] [\fB\-mtune\fR=\fI\s-1CPU\s0\fR] [\fB\-mips1\fR] [\fB\-mips2\fR]

   [\fB\-mips3\fR] [\fB\-mips4\fR] [\fB\-mips5\fR] [\fB\-mips32\fR] [\fB\-mips32r2\fR]

   [\fB\-mips64\fR] [\fB\-mips64r2\fR]

   [\fB\-construct\-floats\fR] [\fB\-no\-construct\-floats\fR]

   [\fB\-trap\fR] [\fB\-no\-break\fR] [\fB\-break\fR] [\fB\-no\-trap\fR]

   [\fB\-mfix7000\fR] [\fB\-mno\-fix7000\fR]

   [\fB\-mips16\fR] [\fB\-no\-mips16\fR]

   [\fB\-msmartmips\fR] [\fB\-mno\-smartmips\fR]

   [\fB\-mips3d\fR] [\fB\-no\-mips3d\fR]

   [\fB\-mdmx\fR] [\fB\-no\-mdmx\fR]

   [\fB\-mdsp\fR] [\fB\-mno\-dsp\fR]

   [\fB\-mdspr2\fR] [\fB\-mno\-dspr2\fR]

   [\fB\-mmt\fR] [\fB\-mno\-mt\fR]

   [\fB\-mdebug\fR] [\fB\-no\-mdebug\fR]

   [\fB\-mpdr\fR] [\fB\-mno\-pdr\fR]

.PP

\&\fITarget \s-1MMIX\s0 options:\fR

   [\fB\-\-fixed\-special\-register\-names\fR] [\fB\-\-globalize\-symbols\fR]

   [\fB\-\-gnu\-syntax\fR] [\fB\-\-relax\fR] [\fB\-\-no\-predefined\-symbols\fR]

   [\fB\-\-no\-expand\fR] [\fB\-\-no\-merge\-gregs\fR] [\fB\-x\fR]

   [\fB\-\-linker\-allocated\-gregs\fR]

.PP

\&\fITarget \s-1PDP11\s0 options:\fR

   [\fB\-mpic\fR|\fB\-mno\-pic\fR] [\fB\-mall\fR] [\fB\-mno\-extensions\fR]

   [\fB\-m\fR\fIextension\fR|\fB\-mno\-\fR\fIextension\fR]

   [\fB\-m\fR\fIcpu\fR] [\fB\-m\fR\fImachine\fR]  

.PP

\&\fITarget picoJava options:\fR

   [\fB\-mb\fR|\fB\-me\fR]

.PP

\&\fITarget PowerPC options:\fR

   [\fB\-mpwrx\fR|\fB\-mpwr2\fR|\fB\-mpwr\fR|\fB\-m601\fR|\fB\-mppc\fR|\fB\-mppc32\fR|\fB\-m603\fR|\fB\-m604\fR|

    \fB\-m403\fR|\fB\-m405\fR|\fB\-mppc64\fR|\fB\-m620\fR|\fB\-mppc64bridge\fR|\fB\-mbooke\fR|

    \fB\-mbooke32\fR|\fB\-mbooke64\fR]

   [\fB\-mcom\fR|\fB\-many\fR|\fB\-maltivec\fR] [\fB\-memb\fR]

   [\fB\-mregnames\fR|\fB\-mno\-regnames\fR]

   [\fB\-mrelocatable\fR|\fB\-mrelocatable\-lib\fR]

   [\fB\-mlittle\fR|\fB\-mlittle\-endian\fR|\fB\-mbig\fR|\fB\-mbig\-endian\fR]

   [\fB\-msolaris\fR|\fB\-mno\-solaris\fR]

.PP

\&\fITarget \s-1SPARC\s0 options:\fR

   [\fB\-Av6\fR|\fB\-Av7\fR|\fB\-Av8\fR|\fB\-Asparclet\fR|\fB\-Asparclite\fR

    \fB\-Av8plus\fR|\fB\-Av8plusa\fR|\fB\-Av9\fR|\fB\-Av9a\fR]

   [\fB\-xarch=v8plus\fR|\fB\-xarch=v8plusa\fR] [\fB\-bump\fR]

   [\fB\-32\fR|\fB\-64\fR]

.PP

\&\fITarget \s-1TIC54X\s0 options:\fR

 [\fB\-mcpu=54[123589]\fR|\fB\-mcpu=54[56]lp\fR] [\fB\-mfar\-mode\fR|\fB\-mf\fR] 

 [\fB\-merrors\-to\-file\fR \fI<filename>\fR|\fB\-me\fR \fI<filename>\fR]

.PP

\&\fITarget Z80 options:\fR

  [\fB\-z80\fR] [\fB\-r800\fR]

  [ \fB\-ignore\-undocumented\-instructions\fR] [\fB\-Wnud\fR]

  [ \fB\-ignore\-unportable\-instructions\fR] [\fB\-Wnup\fR]

  [ \fB\-warn\-undocumented\-instructions\fR] [\fB\-Wud\fR]

  [ \fB\-warn\-unportable\-instructions\fR] [\fB\-Wup\fR]

  [ \fB\-forbid\-undocumented\-instructions\fR] [\fB\-Fud\fR]

  [ \fB\-forbid\-unportable\-instructions\fR] [\fB\-Fup\fR]

.PP

\&\fITarget Xtensa options:\fR

 [\fB\-\-[no\-]text\-section\-literals\fR] [\fB\-\-[no\-]absolute\-literals\fR]

 [\fB\-\-[no\-]target\-align\fR] [\fB\-\-[no\-]longcalls\fR]

 [\fB\-\-[no\-]transform\fR]

 [\fB\-\-rename\-section\fR \fIoldname\fR=\fInewname\fR]

.SH "DESCRIPTION"

.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"

\&\s-1GNU\s0 \fBas\fR is really a family of assemblers.

If you use (or have used) the \s-1GNU\s0 assembler on one architecture, you

should find a fairly similar environment when you use it on another

architecture.  Each version has much in common with the others,

including object file formats, most assembler directives (often called

\&\fIpseudo-ops\fR) and assembler syntax.

.PP

\&\fBas\fR is primarily intended to assemble the output of the

\&\s-1GNU\s0 C compiler \f(CW\*(C`gcc\*(C'\fR for use by the linker

\&\f(CW\*(C`ld\*(C'\fR.  Nevertheless, we've tried to make \fBas\fR

assemble correctly everything that other assemblers for the same

machine would assemble.

Any exceptions are documented explicitly.

This doesn't mean \fBas\fR always uses the same syntax as another

assembler for the same architecture; for example, we know of several

incompatible versions of 680x0 assembly language syntax.

.PP

Each time you run \fBas\fR it assembles exactly one source

program.  The source program is made up of one or more files.

(The standard input is also a file.)

.PP

You give \fBas\fR a command line that has zero or more input file

names.  The input files are read (from left file name to right).  A

command line argument (in any position) that has no special meaning

is taken to be an input file name.

.PP

If you give \fBas\fR no file names it attempts to read one input file

from the \fBas\fR standard input, which is normally your terminal.  You

may have to type \fBctl-D\fR to tell \fBas\fR there is no more program

to assemble.

.PP

Use \fB\-\-\fR if you need to explicitly name the standard input file

in your command line.

.PP

If the source is empty, \fBas\fR produces a small, empty object

file.

.PP

\&\fBas\fR may write warnings and error messages to the standard error

file (usually your terminal).  This should not happen when  a compiler

runs \fBas\fR automatically.  Warnings report an assumption made so

that \fBas\fR could keep assembling a flawed program; errors report a

grave problem that stops the assembly.

.PP

If you are invoking \fBas\fR via the \s-1GNU\s0 C compiler,

you can use the \fB\-Wa\fR option to pass arguments through to the assembler.

The assembler arguments must be separated from each other (and the \fB\-Wa\fR)

by commas.  For example:

.PP

.Vb 1

\&        gcc -c -g -O -Wa,-alh,-L file.c

.Ve

.PP

This passes two options to the assembler: \fB\-alh\fR (emit a listing to

standard output with high-level and assembly source) and \fB\-L\fR (retain

local symbols in the symbol table).

.PP

Usually you do not need to use this \fB\-Wa\fR mechanism, since many compiler

command-line options are automatically passed to the assembler by the compiler.

(You can call the \s-1GNU\s0 compiler driver with the \fB\-v\fR option to see

precisely what options it passes to each compilation pass, including the

assembler.)

.SH "OPTIONS"

.IX Header "OPTIONS"

.IP "\fB@\fR\fIfile\fR" 4

.IX Item "@file"

Read command-line options from \fIfile\fR.  The options read are

inserted in place of the original @\fIfile\fR option.  If \fIfile\fR

does not exist, or cannot be read, then the option will be treated

literally, and not removed.  

.Sp

Options in \fIfile\fR are separated by whitespace.  A whitespace

character may be included in an option by surrounding the entire

option in either single or double quotes.  Any character (including a

backslash) may be included by prefixing the character to be included

with a backslash.  The \fIfile\fR may itself contain additional

@\fIfile\fR options; any such options will be processed recursively.

.IP "\fB\-a[cdhlmns]\fR" 4

.IX Item "-a[cdhlmns]"

Turn on listings, in any of a variety of ways:

.RS 4

.IP "\fB\-ac\fR" 4

.IX Item "-ac"

omit false conditionals

.IP "\fB\-ad\fR" 4

.IX Item "-ad"

omit debugging directives

.IP "\fB\-ah\fR" 4

.IX Item "-ah"

include high-level source

.IP "\fB\-al\fR" 4

.IX Item "-al"

include assembly

.IP "\fB\-am\fR" 4

.IX Item "-am"

include macro expansions

.IP "\fB\-an\fR" 4

.IX Item "-an"

omit forms processing

.IP "\fB\-as\fR" 4

.IX Item "-as"

include symbols

.IP "\fB=file\fR" 4

.IX Item "=file"

set the name of the listing file

.RE

.RS 4

.Sp

You may combine these options; for example, use \fB\-aln\fR for assembly

listing without forms processing.  The \fB=file\fR option, if used, must be

the last one.  By itself, \fB\-a\fR defaults to \fB\-ahls\fR.

.RE

.IP "\fB\-\-alternate\fR" 4

.IX Item "--alternate"

Begin in alternate macro mode.

.IP "\fB\-D\fR" 4

.IX Item "-D"

Ignored.  This option is accepted for script compatibility with calls to

other assemblers.

.IP "\fB\-\-debug\-prefix\-map\fR \fIold\fR\fB=\fR\fInew\fR" 4

.IX Item "--debug-prefix-map old=new"

When assembling files in directory \fI\fIold\fI\fR, record debugging

information describing them as in \fI\fInew\fI\fR instead.

.IP "\fB\-\-defsym\fR \fIsym\fR\fB=\fR\fIvalue\fR" 4

.IX Item "--defsym sym=value"

Define the symbol \fIsym\fR to be \fIvalue\fR before assembling the input file.

\&\fIvalue\fR must be an integer constant.  As in C, a leading \fB0x\fR

indicates a hexadecimal value, and a leading \fB0\fR indicates an octal

value.  The value of the symbol can be overridden inside a source file via the

use of a \f(CW\*(C`.set\*(C'\fR pseudo\-op.

.IP "\fB\-f\fR" 4

.IX Item "-f"

\&\*(L"fast\*(R"\-\-\-skip whitespace and comment preprocessing (assume source is

compiler output).

.IP "\fB\-g\fR" 4

.IX Item "-g"

.PD 0

.IP "\fB\-\-gen\-debug\fR" 4

.IX Item "--gen-debug"

.PD

Generate debugging information for each assembler source line using whichever

debug format is preferred by the target.  This currently means either \s-1STABS\s0,

\&\s-1ECOFF\s0 or \s-1DWARF2\s0.

.IP "\fB\-\-gstabs\fR" 4

.IX Item "--gstabs"

Generate stabs debugging information for each assembler line.  This

may help debugging assembler code, if the debugger can handle it.

.IP "\fB\-\-gstabs+\fR" 4

.IX Item "--gstabs+"

Generate stabs debugging information for each assembler line, with \s-1GNU\s0

extensions that probably only gdb can handle, and that could make other

debuggers crash or refuse to read your program.  This

may help debugging assembler code.  Currently the only \s-1GNU\s0 extension is

the location of the current working directory at assembling time.

.IP "\fB\-\-gdwarf\-2\fR" 4

.IX Item "--gdwarf-2"

Generate \s-1DWARF2\s0 debugging information for each assembler line.  This

may help debugging assembler code, if the debugger can handle it.  Note\-\-\-this

option is only supported by some targets, not all of them.

.IP "\fB\-\-help\fR" 4

.IX Item "--help"

Print a summary of the command line options and exit.

.IP "\fB\-\-target\-help\fR" 4

.IX Item "--target-help"

Print a summary of all target specific options and exit.

.IP "\fB\-I\fR \fIdir\fR" 4

.IX Item "-I dir"

Add directory \fIdir\fR to the search list for \f(CW\*(C`.include\*(C'\fR directives.

.IP "\fB\-J\fR" 4

.IX Item "-J"

Don't warn about signed overflow.

.IP "\fB\-K\fR" 4

.IX Item "-K"

Issue warnings when difference tables altered for long displacements.

.IP "\fB\-L\fR" 4

.IX Item "-L"

.PD 0

.IP "\fB\-\-keep\-locals\fR" 4

.IX Item "--keep-locals"

.PD

Keep (in the symbol table) local symbols.  These symbols start with

system-specific local label prefixes, typically \fB.L\fR for \s-1ELF\s0 systems

or \fBL\fR for traditional a.out systems.

.IP "\fB\-\-listing\-lhs\-width=\fR\fInumber\fR" 4

.IX Item "--listing-lhs-width=number"

Set the maximum width, in words, of the output data column for an assembler

listing to \fInumber\fR.

.IP "\fB\-\-listing\-lhs\-width2=\fR\fInumber\fR" 4

.IX Item "--listing-lhs-width2=number"

Set the maximum width, in words, of the output data column for continuation

lines in an assembler listing to \fInumber\fR.

.IP "\fB\-\-listing\-rhs\-width=\fR\fInumber\fR" 4

.IX Item "--listing-rhs-width=number"

Set the maximum width of an input source line, as displayed in a listing, to

\&\fInumber\fR bytes.

.IP "\fB\-\-listing\-cont\-lines=\fR\fInumber\fR" 4

.IX Item "--listing-cont-lines=number"

Set the maximum number of lines printed in a listing for a single line of input

to \fInumber\fR + 1.

.IP "\fB\-o\fR \fIobjfile\fR" 4

.IX Item "-o objfile"

Name the object-file output from \fBas\fR \fIobjfile\fR.

.IP "\fB\-R\fR" 4

.IX Item "-R"

Fold the data section into the text section.

.Sp

Set the default size of \s-1GAS\s0's hash tables to a prime number close to

\&\fInumber\fR.  Increasing this value can reduce the length of time it takes the

assembler to perform its tasks, at the expense of increasing the assembler's

memory requirements.  Similarly reducing this value can reduce the memory

requirements at the expense of speed.

.IP "\fB\-\-reduce\-memory\-overheads\fR" 4

.IX Item "--reduce-memory-overheads"

This option reduces \s-1GAS\s0's memory requirements, at the expense of making the

assembly processes slower.  Currently this switch is a synonym for

\&\fB\-\-hash\-size=4051\fR, but in the future it may have other effects as well.

.IP "\fB\-\-statistics\fR" 4

.IX Item "--statistics"

Print the maximum space (in bytes) and total time (in seconds) used by

assembly.

.IP "\fB\-\-strip\-local\-absolute\fR" 4

.IX Item "--strip-local-absolute"

Remove local absolute symbols from the outgoing symbol table.

.IP "\fB\-v\fR" 4

.IX Item "-v"

.PD 0

.IP "\fB\-version\fR" 4

.IX Item "-version"

.PD

Print the \fBas\fR version.

.IP "\fB\-\-version\fR" 4

.IX Item "--version"

Print the \fBas\fR version and exit.