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.\" ========================================================================

.\"

.IX Title "GPROF 1"

.TH GPROF 1 "2008-01-09" "binutils-2.18.50" "GNU"

.SH "NAME"

gprof \- display call graph profile data

.SH "SYNOPSIS"

.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"

gprof [ \-[abcDhilLrsTvwxyz] ] [ \-[ACeEfFJnNOpPqQZ][\fIname\fR] ] 

 [ \-I \fIdirs\fR ] [ \-d[\fInum\fR] ] [ \-k \fIfrom/to\fR ]

 [ \-m \fImin-count\fR ] [ \-R \fImap_file\fR ] [ \-t \fItable-length\fR ]

 [ \-\-[no\-]annotated\-source[=\fIname\fR] ] 

 [ \-\-[no\-]exec\-counts[=\fIname\fR] ]

 [ \-\-[no\-]flat\-profile[=\fIname\fR] ] [ \-\-[no\-]graph[=\fIname\fR] ]

 [ \-\-[no\-]time=\fIname\fR] [ \-\-all\-lines ] [ \-\-brief ] 

 [ \-\-debug[=\fIlevel\fR] ] [ \-\-function\-ordering ] 

 [ \-\-file\-ordering \fImap_file\fR ] [ \-\-directory\-path=\fIdirs\fR ]

 [ \-\-display\-unused\-functions ] [ \-\-file\-format=\fIname\fR ]

 [ \-\-file\-info ] [ \-\-help ] [ \-\-line ] [ \-\-min\-count=\fIn\fR ]

 [ \-\-no\-static ] [ \-\-print\-path ] [ \-\-separate\-files ]

 [ \-\-static\-call\-graph ] [ \-\-sum ] [ \-\-table\-length=\fIlen\fR ]

 [ \-\-traditional ] [ \-\-version ] [ \-\-width=\fIn\fR ]

 [ \-\-ignore\-non\-functions ] [ \-\-demangle[=\fI\s-1STYLE\s0\fR] ]

 [ \-\-no\-demangle ] [ \fIimage-file\fR ] [ \fIprofile-file\fR ... ]

.SH "DESCRIPTION"

.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"

\&\f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR produces an execution profile of C, Pascal, or Fortran77 

programs.  The effect of called routines is incorporated in the profile 

of each caller.  The profile data is taken from the call graph profile file

(\fIgmon.out\fR default) which is created by programs

that are compiled with the \fB\-pg\fR option of

\&\f(CW\*(C`cc\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`pc\*(C'\fR, and \f(CW\*(C`f77\*(C'\fR.

The \fB\-pg\fR option also links in versions of the library routines

that are compiled for profiling.  \f(CW\*(C`Gprof\*(C'\fR reads the given object 

file (the default is \f(CW\*(C`a.out\*(C'\fR) and establishes the relation between

its symbol table and the call graph profile from \fIgmon.out\fR.

If more than one profile file is specified, the \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR

output shows the sum of the profile information in the given profile files.

.PP

\&\f(CW\*(C`Gprof\*(C'\fR calculates the amount of time spent in each routine.

Next, these times are propagated along the edges of the call graph.

Cycles are discovered, and calls into a cycle are made to share the time

of the cycle.

.PP

Several forms of output are available from the analysis.

.PP

The \fIflat profile\fR shows how much time your program spent in each function,

and how many times that function was called.  If you simply want to know

which functions burn most of the cycles, it is stated concisely here.

.PP

The \fIcall graph\fR shows, for each function, which functions called it, which

other functions it called, and how many times.  There is also an estimate

of how much time was spent in the subroutines of each function.  This can

suggest places where you might try to eliminate function calls that use a

lot of time.  

.PP

The \fIannotated source\fR listing is a copy of the program's

source code, labeled with the number of times each line of the

program was executed.  

.SH "OPTIONS"

.IX Header "OPTIONS"

These options specify which of several output formats

\&\f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR should produce.

.PP

Many of these options take an optional \fIsymspec\fR to specify

functions to be included or excluded.  These options can be

specified multiple times, with different symspecs, to include

or exclude sets of symbols.  

.PP

Specifying any of these options overrides the default (\fB\-p \-q\fR),

which prints a flat profile and call graph analysis

for all functions.

.ie n .IP """\-A[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-A[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "-A[symspec]"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-annotated\-source[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-annotated\-source[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "--annotated-source[=symspec]"

.PD

The \fB\-A\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print annotated source code.

If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, print output only for matching symbols.

.ie n .IP """\-b""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-b\fR" 4

.IX Item "-b"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-brief""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-brief\fR" 4

.IX Item "--brief"

.PD

If the \fB\-b\fR option is given, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR doesn't print the

verbose blurbs that try to explain the meaning of all of the fields in

the tables.  This is useful if you intend to print out the output, or

are tired of seeing the blurbs.

.ie n .IP """\-C[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-C[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "-C[symspec]"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-exec\-counts[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-exec\-counts[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "--exec-counts[=symspec]"

.PD

The \fB\-C\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to

print a tally of functions and the number of times each was called.

If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, print tally only for matching symbols.

.Sp

If the profile data file contains basic-block count records, specifying

the \fB\-l\fR option, along with \fB\-C\fR, will cause basic-block

execution counts to be tallied and displayed.

.ie n .IP """\-i""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-i\fR" 4

.IX Item "-i"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-file\-info""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-file\-info\fR" 4

.IX Item "--file-info"

.PD

The \fB\-i\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to display summary information

about the profile data file(s) and then exit.  The number of histogram,

call graph, and basic-block count records is displayed.

.ie n .IP """\-I \f(CIdirs\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-I \f(CIdirs\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "-I dirs"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-directory\-path=\f(CIdirs\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-directory\-path=\f(CIdirs\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "--directory-path=dirs"

.PD

The \fB\-I\fR option specifies a list of search directories in

which to find source files.  Environment variable \fI\s-1GPROF_PATH\s0\fR

can also be used to convey this information.

Used mostly for annotated source output.

.ie n .IP """\-J[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-J[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "-J[symspec]"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-no\-annotated\-source[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-no\-annotated\-source[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "--no-annotated-source[=symspec]"

.PD

The \fB\-J\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR not to

print annotated source code.

If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR prints annotated source,

but excludes matching symbols.

.ie n .IP """\-L""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-L\fR" 4

.IX Item "-L"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-print\-path""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-print\-path\fR" 4

.IX Item "--print-path"

.PD

Normally, source filenames are printed with the path

component suppressed.  The \fB\-L\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR

to print the full pathname of

source filenames, which is determined

from symbolic debugging information in the image file

and is relative to the directory in which the compiler

was invoked.

.ie n .IP """\-p[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-p[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "-p[symspec]"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-flat\-profile[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-flat\-profile[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "--flat-profile[=symspec]"

.PD

The \fB\-p\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print a flat profile.

If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, print flat profile only for matching symbols.

.ie n .IP """\-P[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-P[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "-P[symspec]"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-no\-flat\-profile[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-no\-flat\-profile[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "--no-flat-profile[=symspec]"

.PD

The \fB\-P\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to suppress printing a flat profile.

If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR prints a flat profile,

but excludes matching symbols.

.ie n .IP """\-q[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-q[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "-q[symspec]"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-graph[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-graph[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "--graph[=symspec]"

.PD

The \fB\-q\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print the call graph analysis.

If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, print call graph only for matching symbols

and their children.

.ie n .IP """\-Q[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-Q[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "-Q[symspec]"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-no\-graph[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-no\-graph[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "--no-graph[=symspec]"

.PD

The \fB\-Q\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to suppress printing the

call graph.

If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR prints a call graph,

but excludes matching symbols.

.ie n .IP """\-t""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-t\fR" 4

.IX Item "-t"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-table\-length=\f(CInum\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-table\-length=\f(CInum\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "--table-length=num"

.PD

The \fB\-t\fR option causes the \fInum\fR most active source lines in

each source file to be listed when source annotation is enabled.  The

default is 10.

.ie n .IP """\-y""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-y\fR" 4

.IX Item "-y"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-separate\-files""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-separate\-files\fR" 4

.IX Item "--separate-files"

.PD

This option affects annotated source output only.

Normally, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR prints annotated source files

to standard\-output.  If this option is specified,

annotated source for a file named \fIpath/\fIfilename\fI\fR

is generated in the file \fI\fIfilename\fI\-ann\fR.  If the underlying

file system would truncate \fI\fIfilename\fI\-ann\fR so that it

overwrites the original \fI\fIfilename\fI\fR, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR generates

annotated source in the file \fI\fIfilename\fI.ann\fR instead (if the

original file name has an extension, that extension is \fIreplaced\fR

with \fI.ann\fR).

.ie n .IP """\-Z[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-Z[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "-Z[symspec]"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-no\-exec\-counts[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-no\-exec\-counts[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "--no-exec-counts[=symspec]"

.PD

The \fB\-Z\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR not to

print a tally of functions and the number of times each was called.

If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, print tally, but exclude matching symbols.

.ie n .IP """\-r""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-r\fR" 4

.IX Item "-r"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-function\-ordering""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-function\-ordering\fR" 4

.IX Item "--function-ordering"

.PD

The \fB\-\-function\-ordering\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print a

suggested function ordering for the program based on profiling data.

This option suggests an ordering which may improve paging, tlb and

cache behavior for the program on systems which support arbitrary

ordering of functions in an executable.

.Sp

The exact details of how to force the linker to place functions

in a particular order is system dependent and out of the scope of this

manual.

.ie n .IP """\-R \f(CImap_file\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-R \f(CImap_file\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "-R map_file"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-file\-ordering \f(CImap_file\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-file\-ordering \f(CImap_file\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "--file-ordering map_file"

.PD

The \fB\-\-file\-ordering\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print a

suggested .o link line ordering for the program based on profiling data.

This option suggests an ordering which may improve paging, tlb and

cache behavior for the program on systems which do not support arbitrary

ordering of functions in an executable.

.Sp

Use of the \fB\-a\fR argument is highly recommended with this option.

.Sp

The \fImap_file\fR argument is a pathname to a file which provides

function name to object file mappings.  The format of the file is similar to

the output of the program \f(CW\*(C`nm\*(C'\fR.

.Sp

.Vb 8

\&        c-parse.o:00000000 T yyparse

\&        c-parse.o:00000004 C yyerrflag

\&        c-lang.o:00000000 T maybe_objc_method_name

\&        c-lang.o:00000000 T print_lang_statistics

\&        c-lang.o:00000000 T recognize_objc_keyword

\&        c-decl.o:00000000 T print_lang_identifier

\&        c-decl.o:00000000 T print_lang_type

\&        ...

.Ve

.Sp

To create a \fImap_file\fR with \s-1GNU\s0 \f(CW\*(C`nm\*(C'\fR, type a command like

\&\f(CW\*(C`nm \-\-extern\-only \-\-defined\-only \-v \-\-print\-file\-name program\-name\*(C'\fR.

.ie n .IP """\-T""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-T\fR" 4

.IX Item "-T"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-traditional""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-traditional\fR" 4

.IX Item "--traditional"

.PD

The \fB\-T\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print its output in

\&\*(L"traditional\*(R" \s-1BSD\s0 style.

.ie n .IP """\-w \f(CIwidth\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-w \f(CIwidth\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "-w width"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-width=\f(CIwidth\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-width=\f(CIwidth\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "--width=width"

.PD

Sets width of output lines to \fIwidth\fR.

Currently only used when printing the function index at the bottom

of the call graph.

.ie n .IP """\-x""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-x\fR" 4

.IX Item "-x"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-all\-lines""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-all\-lines\fR" 4

.IX Item "--all-lines"

.PD

This option affects annotated source output only.

By default, only the lines at the beginning of a basic-block

are annotated.  If this option is specified, every line in

a basic-block is annotated by repeating the annotation for the

first line.  This behavior is similar to \f(CW\*(C`tcov\*(C'\fR's \fB\-a\fR.

.ie n .IP """\-\-demangle[=\f(CIstyle\f(CW]""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-demangle[=\f(CIstyle\f(CW]\fR" 4

.IX Item "--demangle[=style]"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-no\-demangle""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-no\-demangle\fR" 4

.IX Item "--no-demangle"

.PD

These options control whether \*(C+ symbol names should be demangled when

printing output.  The default is to demangle symbols.  The

\&\f(CW\*(C`\-\-no\-demangle\*(C'\fR option may be used to turn off demangling. Different 

compilers have different mangling styles.  The optional demangling style 

argument can be used to choose an appropriate demangling style for your 

compiler.

.Sh "Analysis Options"

.IX Subsection "Analysis Options"

.ie n .IP """\-a""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-a\fR" 4

.IX Item "-a"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-no\-static""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-no\-static\fR" 4

.IX Item "--no-static"

.PD

The \fB\-a\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to suppress the printing of

statically declared (private) functions.  (These are functions whose

names are not listed as global, and which are not visible outside the

file/function/block where they were defined.)  Time spent in these

functions, calls to/from them, etc., will all be attributed to the

function that was loaded directly before it in the executable file.

This option affects both the flat profile and the call graph.

.ie n .IP """\-c""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-c\fR" 4

.IX Item "-c"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-static\-call\-graph""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-static\-call\-graph\fR" 4

.IX Item "--static-call-graph"

.PD

The \fB\-c\fR option causes the call graph of the program to be

augmented by a heuristic which examines the text space of the object

file and identifies function calls in the binary machine code.

Since normal call graph records are only generated when functions are

entered, this option identifies children that could have been called,

but never were.  Calls to functions that were not compiled with

profiling enabled are also identified, but only if symbol table

entries are present for them.

Calls to dynamic library routines are typically \fInot\fR found

by this option.

Parents or children identified via this heuristic

are indicated in the call graph with call counts of \fB0\fR.

.ie n .IP """\-D""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-D\fR" 4

.IX Item "-D"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-ignore\-non\-functions""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-ignore\-non\-functions\fR" 4

.IX Item "--ignore-non-functions"

.PD

The \fB\-D\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to ignore symbols which

are not known to be functions.  This option will give more accurate

profile data on systems where it is supported (Solaris and \s-1HPUX\s0 for

example).

.ie n .IP """\-k \f(CIfrom\f(CW/\f(CIto\f(CW""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-k \f(CIfrom\f(CW/\f(CIto\f(CW\fR" 4

.IX Item "-k from/to"

The \fB\-k\fR option allows you to delete from the call graph any arcs from

symbols matching symspec \fIfrom\fR to those matching symspec \fIto\fR.

.ie n .IP """\-l""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-l\fR" 4

.IX Item "-l"

.PD 0

.ie n .IP """\-\-line""" 4

.el .IP "\f(CW\-\-line\fR" 4