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128 .\" ======================================================================== |
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129 .\" |
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130 .IX Title "NM 1" |
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131 .TH NM 1 "2008-01-09" "binutils-2.18.50" "GNU Development Tools" |
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132 .SH "NAME" |
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133 nm \- list symbols from object files |
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134 .SH "SYNOPSIS" |
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135 .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" |
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136 nm [\fB\-a\fR|\fB\-\-debug\-syms\fR] [\fB\-g\fR|\fB\-\-extern\-only\fR] |
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137 [\fB\-B\fR] [\fB\-C\fR|\fB\-\-demangle\fR[=\fIstyle\fR]] [\fB\-D\fR|\fB\-\-dynamic\fR] |
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138 [\fB\-S\fR|\fB\-\-print\-size\fR] [\fB\-s\fR|\fB\-\-print\-armap\fR] |
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139 [\fB\-A\fR|\fB\-o\fR|\fB\-\-print\-file\-name\fR][\fB\-\-special\-syms\fR] |
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140 [\fB\-n\fR|\fB\-v\fR|\fB\-\-numeric\-sort\fR] [\fB\-p\fR|\fB\-\-no\-sort\fR] |
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141 [\fB\-r\fR|\fB\-\-reverse\-sort\fR] [\fB\-\-size\-sort\fR] [\fB\-u\fR|\fB\-\-undefined\-only\fR] |
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142 [\fB\-t\fR \fIradix\fR|\fB\-\-radix=\fR\fIradix\fR] [\fB\-P\fR|\fB\-\-portability\fR] |
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143 [\fB\-\-target=\fR\fIbfdname\fR] [\fB\-f\fR\fIformat\fR|\fB\-\-format=\fR\fIformat\fR] |
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144 [\fB\-\-defined\-only\fR] [\fB\-l\fR|\fB\-\-line\-numbers\fR] [\fB\-\-no\-demangle\fR] |
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145 [\fB\-V\fR|\fB\-\-version\fR] [\fB\-X 32_64\fR] [\fB\-\-help\fR] [\fIobjfile\fR...] |
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146 .SH "DESCRIPTION" |
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147 .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" |
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148 \&\s-1GNU\s0 \fBnm\fR lists the symbols from object files \fIobjfile\fR.... |
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149 If no object files are listed as arguments, \fBnm\fR assumes the file |
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150 \&\fIa.out\fR. |
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151 .PP |
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152 For each symbol, \fBnm\fR shows: |
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153 .IP "\(bu" 4 |
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154 The symbol value, in the radix selected by options (see below), or |
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155 hexadecimal by default. |
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156 .IP "\(bu" 4 |
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157 The symbol type. At least the following types are used; others are, as |
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158 well, depending on the object file format. If lowercase, the symbol is |
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159 local; if uppercase, the symbol is global (external). |
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160 .RS 4 |
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161 .ie n .IP """A""" 4 |
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162 .el .IP "\f(CWA\fR" 4 |
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163 .IX Item "A" |
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164 The symbol's value is absolute, and will not be changed by further |
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165 linking. |
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166 .ie n .IP """B""" 4 |
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167 .el .IP "\f(CWB\fR" 4 |
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168 .IX Item "B" |
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169 .PD 0 |
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170 .ie n .IP """b""" 4 |
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171 .el .IP "\f(CWb\fR" 4 |
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172 .IX Item "b" |
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173 .PD |
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174 The symbol is in the uninitialized data section (known as \s-1BSS\s0). |
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175 .ie n .IP """C""" 4 |
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176 .el .IP "\f(CWC\fR" 4 |
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177 .IX Item "C" |
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178 The symbol is common. Common symbols are uninitialized data. When |
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179 linking, multiple common symbols may appear with the same name. If the |
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180 symbol is defined anywhere, the common symbols are treated as undefined |
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181 references. |
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182 .ie n .IP """D""" 4 |
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183 .el .IP "\f(CWD\fR" 4 |
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184 .IX Item "D" |
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185 .PD 0 |
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186 .ie n .IP """d""" 4 |
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187 .el .IP "\f(CWd\fR" 4 |
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188 .IX Item "d" |
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189 .PD |
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190 The symbol is in the initialized data section. |
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191 .ie n .IP """G""" 4 |
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192 .el .IP "\f(CWG\fR" 4 |
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193 .IX Item "G" |
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194 .PD 0 |
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195 .ie n .IP """g""" 4 |
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196 .el .IP "\f(CWg\fR" 4 |
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197 .IX Item "g" |
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198 .PD |
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199 The symbol is in an initialized data section for small objects. Some |
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200 object file formats permit more efficient access to small data objects, |
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201 such as a global int variable as opposed to a large global array. |
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202 .ie n .IP """I""" 4 |
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203 .el .IP "\f(CWI\fR" 4 |
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204 .IX Item "I" |
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205 The symbol is an indirect reference to another symbol. This is a \s-1GNU\s0 |
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206 extension to the a.out object file format which is rarely used. |
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207 .ie n .IP """i""" 4 |
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208 .el .IP "\f(CWi\fR" 4 |
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209 .IX Item "i" |
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210 The symbol is in a section specific to the implementation of DLLs. |
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211 .ie n .IP """N""" 4 |
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212 .el .IP "\f(CWN\fR" 4 |
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213 .IX Item "N" |
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214 The symbol is a debugging symbol. |
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215 .ie n .IP """p""" 4 |
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216 .el .IP "\f(CWp\fR" 4 |
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217 .IX Item "p" |
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218 The symbols is in a stack unwind section. |
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219 .ie n .IP """R""" 4 |
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220 .el .IP "\f(CWR\fR" 4 |
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221 .IX Item "R" |
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222 .PD 0 |
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223 .ie n .IP """r""" 4 |
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224 .el .IP "\f(CWr\fR" 4 |
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225 .IX Item "r" |
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226 .PD |
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227 The symbol is in a read only data section. |
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228 .ie n .IP """S""" 4 |
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229 .el .IP "\f(CWS\fR" 4 |
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230 .IX Item "S" |
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231 .PD 0 |
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232 .ie n .IP """s""" 4 |
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233 .el .IP "\f(CWs\fR" 4 |
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234 .IX Item "s" |
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235 .PD |
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236 The symbol is in an uninitialized data section for small objects. |
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237 .ie n .IP """T""" 4 |
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238 .el .IP "\f(CWT\fR" 4 |
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239 .IX Item "T" |
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240 .PD 0 |
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241 .ie n .IP """t""" 4 |
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242 .el .IP "\f(CWt\fR" 4 |
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243 .IX Item "t" |
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244 .PD |
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245 The symbol is in the text (code) section. |
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246 .ie n .IP """U""" 4 |
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247 .el .IP "\f(CWU\fR" 4 |
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248 .IX Item "U" |
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249 The symbol is undefined. |
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250 .ie n .IP """V""" 4 |
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251 .el .IP "\f(CWV\fR" 4 |
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252 .IX Item "V" |
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253 .PD 0 |
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254 .ie n .IP """v""" 4 |
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255 .el .IP "\f(CWv\fR" 4 |
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256 .IX Item "v" |
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257 .PD |
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258 The symbol is a weak object. When a weak defined symbol is linked with |
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259 a normal defined symbol, the normal defined symbol is used with no error. |
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260 When a weak undefined symbol is linked and the symbol is not defined, |
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261 the value of the weak symbol becomes zero with no error. On some |
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262 systems, uppercase indicates that a default value has been specified. |
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263 .ie n .IP """W""" 4 |
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264 .el .IP "\f(CWW\fR" 4 |
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265 .IX Item "W" |
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266 .PD 0 |
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267 .ie n .IP """w""" 4 |
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268 .el .IP "\f(CWw\fR" 4 |
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269 .IX Item "w" |
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270 .PD |
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271 The symbol is a weak symbol that has not been specifically tagged as a |
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272 weak object symbol. When a weak defined symbol is linked with a normal |
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273 defined symbol, the normal defined symbol is used with no error. |
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274 When a weak undefined symbol is linked and the symbol is not defined, |
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275 the value of the symbol is determined in a system-specific manner without |
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276 error. On some systems, uppercase indicates that a default value has been |
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277 specified. |
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278 .ie n .IP """\-""" 4 |
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279 .el .IP "\f(CW\-\fR" 4 |
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280 .IX Item "-" |
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281 The symbol is a stabs symbol in an a.out object file. In this case, the |
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282 next values printed are the stabs other field, the stabs desc field, and |
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283 the stab type. Stabs symbols are used to hold debugging information. |
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284 .ie n .IP """?""" 4 |
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285 .el .IP "\f(CW?\fR" 4 |
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286 .IX Item "?" |
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287 The symbol type is unknown, or object file format specific. |
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288 .RE |
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289 .RS 4 |
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290 .RE |
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291 .IP "\(bu" 4 |
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292 The symbol name. |
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293 .SH "OPTIONS" |
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294 .IX Header "OPTIONS" |
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295 The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are |
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296 equivalent. |
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297 .IP "\fB\-A\fR" 4 |
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298 .IX Item "-A" |
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299 .PD 0 |
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300 .IP "\fB\-o\fR" 4 |
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301 .IX Item "-o" |
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302 .IP "\fB\-\-print\-file\-name\fR" 4 |
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303 .IX Item "--print-file-name" |
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304 .PD |
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305 Precede each symbol by the name of the input file (or archive member) |
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306 in which it was found, rather than identifying the input file once only, |
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307 before all of its symbols. |
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308 .IP "\fB\-a\fR" 4 |
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309 .IX Item "-a" |
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310 .PD 0 |
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311 .IP "\fB\-\-debug\-syms\fR" 4 |
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312 .IX Item "--debug-syms" |
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313 .PD |
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314 Display all symbols, even debugger-only symbols; normally these are not |
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315 listed. |
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316 .IP "\fB\-B\fR" 4 |
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317 .IX Item "-B" |
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318 The same as \fB\-\-format=bsd\fR (for compatibility with the \s-1MIPS\s0 \fBnm\fR). |
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319 .IP "\fB\-C\fR" 4 |
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320 .IX Item "-C" |
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321 .PD 0 |
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322 .IP "\fB\-\-demangle[=\fR\fIstyle\fR\fB]\fR" 4 |
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323 .IX Item "--demangle[=style]" |
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324 .PD |
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325 Decode (\fIdemangle\fR) low-level symbol names into user-level names. |
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326 Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system, this |
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327 makes \*(C+ function names readable. Different compilers have different |
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328 mangling styles. The optional demangling style argument can be used to |
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329 choose an appropriate demangling style for your compiler. |
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330 .IP "\fB\-\-no\-demangle\fR" 4 |
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331 .IX Item "--no-demangle" |
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332 Do not demangle low-level symbol names. This is the default. |
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333 .IP "\fB\-D\fR" 4 |
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334 .IX Item "-D" |
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335 .PD 0 |
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336 .IP "\fB\-\-dynamic\fR" 4 |
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337 .IX Item "--dynamic" |
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338 .PD |
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339 Display the dynamic symbols rather than the normal symbols. This is |
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340 only meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared |
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341 libraries. |
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342 .IP "\fB\-f\fR \fIformat\fR" 4 |
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343 .IX Item "-f format" |
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344 .PD 0 |
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345 .IP "\fB\-\-format=\fR\fIformat\fR" 4 |
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346 .IX Item "--format=format" |
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347 .PD |
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348 Use the output format \fIformat\fR, which can be \f(CW\*(C`bsd\*(C'\fR, |
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349 \&\f(CW\*(C`sysv\*(C'\fR, or \f(CW\*(C`posix\*(C'\fR. The default is \f(CW\*(C`bsd\*(C'\fR. |
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350 Only the first character of \fIformat\fR is significant; it can be |
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351 either upper or lower case. |
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352 .IP "\fB\-g\fR" 4 |
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353 .IX Item "-g" |
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354 .PD 0 |
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355 .IP "\fB\-\-extern\-only\fR" 4 |
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356 .IX Item "--extern-only" |
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357 .PD |
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358 Display only external symbols. |
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359 .IP "\fB\-l\fR" 4 |
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360 .IX Item "-l" |
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361 .PD 0 |
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362 .IP "\fB\-\-line\-numbers\fR" 4 |
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363 .IX Item "--line-numbers" |
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364 .PD |
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365 For each symbol, use debugging information to try to find a filename and |
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366 line number. For a defined symbol, look for the line number of the |
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367 address of the symbol. For an undefined symbol, look for the line |
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368 number of a relocation entry which refers to the symbol. If line number |
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369 information can be found, print it after the other symbol information. |
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370 .IP "\fB\-n\fR" 4 |
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371 .IX Item "-n" |
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372 .PD 0 |
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373 .IP "\fB\-v\fR" 4 |
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374 .IX Item "-v" |
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375 .IP "\fB\-\-numeric\-sort\fR" 4 |
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376 .IX Item "--numeric-sort" |
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377 .PD |
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378 Sort symbols numerically by their addresses, rather than alphabetically |
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379 by their names. |
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380 .IP "\fB\-p\fR" 4 |
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381 .IX Item "-p" |
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382 .PD 0 |
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383 .IP "\fB\-\-no\-sort\fR" 4 |
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384 .IX Item "--no-sort" |
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385 .PD |
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386 Do not bother to sort the symbols in any order; print them in the order |
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387 encountered. |
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388 .IP "\fB\-P\fR" 4 |
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389 .IX Item "-P" |
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390 .PD 0 |
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391 .IP "\fB\-\-portability\fR" 4 |
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392 .IX Item "--portability" |
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393 .PD |
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394 Use the \s-1POSIX\s0.2 standard output format instead of the default format. |
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395 Equivalent to \fB\-f posix\fR. |
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396 .IP "\fB\-S\fR" 4 |
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397 .IX Item "-S" |
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398 .PD 0 |
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399 .IP "\fB\-\-print\-size\fR" 4 |
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400 .IX Item "--print-size" |
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401 .PD |
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402 Print size, not the value, of defined symbols for the \f(CW\*(C`bsd\*(C'\fR output format. |
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403 .IP "\fB\-s\fR" 4 |
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404 .IX Item "-s" |
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405 .PD 0 |
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406 .IP "\fB\-\-print\-armap\fR" 4 |
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407 .IX Item "--print-armap" |
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408 .PD |
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409 When listing symbols from archive members, include the index: a mapping |
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410 (stored in the archive by \fBar\fR or \fBranlib\fR) of which modules |
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411 contain definitions for which names. |
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412 .IP "\fB\-r\fR" 4 |
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413 .IX Item "-r" |
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414 .PD 0 |
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415 .IP "\fB\-\-reverse\-sort\fR" 4 |
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416 .IX Item "--reverse-sort" |
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417 .PD |
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418 Reverse the order of the sort (whether numeric or alphabetic); let the |
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419 last come first. |
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420 .IP "\fB\-\-size\-sort\fR" 4 |
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421 .IX Item "--size-sort" |
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422 Sort symbols by size. The size is computed as the difference between |
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423 the value of the symbol and the value of the symbol with the next higher |
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424 value. If the \f(CW\*(C`bsd\*(C'\fR output format is used the size of the symbol |
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425 is printed, rather than the value, and \fB\-S\fR must be used in order |
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426 both size and value to be printed. |
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427 .IP "\fB\-\-special\-syms\fR" 4 |
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428 .IX Item "--special-syms" |
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429 Display symbols which have a target-specific special meaning. These |
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430 symbols are usually used by the target for some special processing and |
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431 are not normally helpful when included included in the normal symbol |
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432 lists. For example for \s-1ARM\s0 targets this option would skip the mapping |
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433 symbols used to mark transitions between \s-1ARM\s0 code, \s-1THUMB\s0 code and |
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434 data. |
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435 .IP "\fB\-t\fR \fIradix\fR" 4 |
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436 .IX Item "-t radix" |
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437 .PD 0 |
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438 .IP "\fB\-\-radix=\fR\fIradix\fR" 4 |
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439 .IX Item "--radix=radix" |
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440 .PD |
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441 Use \fIradix\fR as the radix for printing the symbol values. It must be |
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442 \&\fBd\fR for decimal, \fBo\fR for octal, or \fBx\fR for hexadecimal. |
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443 .IP "\fB\-\-target=\fR\fIbfdname\fR" 4 |
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444 .IX Item "--target=bfdname" |
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445 Specify an object code format other than your system's default format. |
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446 .IP "\fB\-u\fR" 4 |
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447 .IX Item "-u" |
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448 .PD 0 |
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449 .IP "\fB\-\-undefined\-only\fR" 4 |
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450 .IX Item "--undefined-only" |
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451 .PD |
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452 Display only undefined symbols (those external to each object file). |
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453 .IP "\fB\-\-defined\-only\fR" 4 |
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454 .IX Item "--defined-only" |
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455 Display only defined symbols for each object file. |
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456 .IP "\fB\-V\fR" 4 |
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457 .IX Item "-V" |
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458 .PD 0 |
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459 .IP "\fB\-\-version\fR" 4 |
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460 .IX Item "--version" |
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461 .PD |
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462 Show the version number of \fBnm\fR and exit. |
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463 .IP "\fB\-X\fR" 4 |
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464 .IX Item "-X" |
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465 This option is ignored for compatibility with the \s-1AIX\s0 version of |
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466 \&\fBnm\fR. It takes one parameter which must be the string |
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467 \&\fB32_64\fR. The default mode of \s-1AIX\s0 \fBnm\fR corresponds |
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468 to \fB\-X 32\fR, which is not supported by \s-1GNU\s0 \fBnm\fR. |
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469 .IP "\fB\-\-help\fR" 4 |
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470 .IX Item "--help" |
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471 Show a summary of the options to \fBnm\fR and exit. |
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472 .IP "\fB@\fR\fIfile\fR" 4 |
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473 .IX Item "@file" |
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474 Read command-line options from \fIfile\fR. The options read are |
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475 inserted in place of the original @\fIfile\fR option. If \fIfile\fR |
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476 does not exist, or cannot be read, then the option will be treated |
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477 literally, and not removed. |
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478 .Sp |
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479 Options in \fIfile\fR are separated by whitespace. A whitespace |
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480 character may be included in an option by surrounding the entire |
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481 option in either single or double quotes. Any character (including a |
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482 backslash) may be included by prefixing the character to be included |
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483 with a backslash. The \fIfile\fR may itself contain additional |
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484 @\fIfile\fR options; any such options will be processed recursively. |
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485 .SH "SEE ALSO" |
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486 .IX Header "SEE ALSO" |
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487 \&\fIar\fR\|(1), \fIobjdump\fR\|(1), \fIranlib\fR\|(1), and the Info entries for \fIbinutils\fR. |
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488 .SH "COPYRIGHT" |
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489 .IX Header "COPYRIGHT" |
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490 Copyright (c) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, |
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491 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
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492 .PP |
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493 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
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494 under the terms of the \s-1GNU\s0 Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 |
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495 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; |
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496 with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no |
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497 Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the |
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498 section entitled \*(L"\s-1GNU\s0 Free Documentation License\*(R". |