:mod:`bsddb` --- Interface to Berkeley DB library

=================================================

.. module:: bsddb

   :synopsis: Interface to Berkeley DB database library

.. sectionauthor:: Skip Montanaro <skip@pobox.com>

.. deprecated:: 2.6

    The :mod:`bsddb` module has been deprecated for removal in Python 3.0.

The :mod:`bsddb` module provides an interface to the Berkeley DB library.  Users

can create hash, btree or record based library files using the appropriate open

call. Bsddb objects behave generally like dictionaries.  Keys and values must be

strings, however, so to use other objects as keys or to store other kinds of

objects the user must serialize them somehow, typically using

:func:`marshal.dumps` or  :func:`pickle.dumps`.

The :mod:`bsddb` module requires a Berkeley DB library version from 3.3 thru

4.7.

.. seealso::

   http://www.jcea.es/programacion/pybsddb.htm

      The website with documentation for the :mod:`bsddb.db` Python Berkeley DB

      interface that closely mirrors the object oriented interface provided in

      Berkeley DB 4.x itself.

   http://www.oracle.com/database/berkeley-db/

      The Berkeley DB library.

A more modern DB, DBEnv and DBSequence object interface is available in the

:mod:`bsddb.db` module which closely matches the Berkeley DB C API documented at

the above URLs.  Additional features provided by the :mod:`bsddb.db` API include

fine tuning, transactions, logging, and multiprocess concurrent database access.

The following is a description of the legacy :mod:`bsddb` interface compatible

with the old Python bsddb module.  Starting in Python 2.5 this interface should

be safe for multithreaded access.  The :mod:`bsddb.db` API is recommended for

threading users as it provides better control.

The :mod:`bsddb` module defines the following functions that create objects that

access the appropriate type of Berkeley DB file.  The first two arguments of

each function are the same.  For ease of portability, only the first two

arguments should be used in most instances.

.. function:: hashopen(filename[, flag[, mode[, pgsize[, ffactor[, nelem[, cachesize[, lorder[, hflags]]]]]]]])

   Open the hash format file named *filename*.  Files never intended to be

   preserved on disk may be created by passing ``None`` as the  *filename*.  The

   optional *flag* identifies the mode used to open the file.  It may be ``'r'``

   (read only), ``'w'`` (read-write) , ``'c'`` (read-write - create if necessary;

   the default) or ``'n'`` (read-write - truncate to zero length).  The other

   arguments are rarely used and are just passed to the low-level :cfunc:`dbopen`

   function.  Consult the Berkeley DB documentation for their use and

   interpretation.

.. function:: btopen(filename[, flag[, mode[, btflags[, cachesize[, maxkeypage[, minkeypage[, pgsize[, lorder]]]]]]]])

   Open the btree format file named *filename*.  Files never intended  to be

   preserved on disk may be created by passing ``None`` as the  *filename*.  The

   optional *flag* identifies the mode used to open the file.  It may be ``'r'``

   (read only), ``'w'`` (read-write), ``'c'`` (read-write - create if necessary;

   the default) or ``'n'`` (read-write - truncate to zero length).  The other

   arguments are rarely used and are just passed to the low-level dbopen function.

   Consult the Berkeley DB documentation for their use and interpretation.

.. function:: rnopen(filename[, flag[, mode[, rnflags[, cachesize[, pgsize[, lorder[, rlen[, delim[, source[, pad]]]]]]]]]])

   Open a DB record format file named *filename*.  Files never intended  to be

   preserved on disk may be created by passing ``None`` as the  *filename*.  The

   optional *flag* identifies the mode used to open the file.  It may be ``'r'``

   (read only), ``'w'`` (read-write), ``'c'`` (read-write - create if necessary;

   the default) or ``'n'`` (read-write - truncate to zero length).  The other

   arguments are rarely used and are just passed to the low-level dbopen function.

   Consult the Berkeley DB documentation for their use and interpretation.

.. note::

   Beginning in 2.3 some Unix versions of Python may have a :mod:`bsddb185` module.

   This is present *only* to allow backwards compatibility with systems which ship

   with the old Berkeley DB 1.85 database library.  The :mod:`bsddb185` module

   should never be used directly in new code. The module has been removed in

   Python 3.0.  If you find you still need it look in PyPI.

.. seealso::

   Module :mod:`dbhash`

      DBM-style interface to the :mod:`bsddb`

.. _bsddb-objects:

Hash, BTree and Record Objects

------------------------------

Once instantiated, hash, btree and record objects support the same methods as

dictionaries.  In addition, they support the methods listed below.

.. versionchanged:: 2.3.1

   Added dictionary methods.

.. method:: bsddbobject.close()

   Close the underlying file.  The object can no longer be accessed.  Since there

   is no open :meth:`open` method for these objects, to open the file again a new

   :mod:`bsddb` module open function must be called.

.. method:: bsddbobject.keys()

   Return the list of keys contained in the DB file.  The order of the list is

   unspecified and should not be relied on.  In particular, the order of the list

   returned is different for different file formats.

.. method:: bsddbobject.has_key(key)

   Return ``1`` if the DB file contains the argument as a key.

.. method:: bsddbobject.set_location(key)

   Set the cursor to the item indicated by *key* and return a tuple containing the

   key and its value.  For binary tree databases (opened using :func:`btopen`), if

   *key* does not actually exist in the database, the cursor will point to the next

   item in sorted order and return that key and value.  For other databases,

   :exc:`KeyError` will be raised if *key* is not found in the database.

.. method:: bsddbobject.first()

   Set the cursor to the first item in the DB file and return it.  The order of

   keys in the file is unspecified, except in the case of B-Tree databases. This

   method raises :exc:`bsddb.error` if the database is empty.

.. method:: bsddbobject.next()

   Set the cursor to the next item in the DB file and return it.  The order of

   keys in the file is unspecified, except in the case of B-Tree databases.

.. method:: bsddbobject.previous()

   Set the cursor to the previous item in the DB file and return it.  The order of

   keys in the file is unspecified, except in the case of B-Tree databases.  This

   is not supported on hashtable databases (those opened with :func:`hashopen`).

.. method:: bsddbobject.last()

   Set the cursor to the last item in the DB file and return it.  The order of keys

   in the file is unspecified.  This is not supported on hashtable databases (those

   opened with :func:`hashopen`). This method raises :exc:`bsddb.error` if the

   database is empty.

.. method:: bsddbobject.sync()

   Synchronize the database on disk.

Example::

   >>> import bsddb

   >>> db = bsddb.btopen('/tmp/spam.db', 'c')

   >>> for i in range(10): db['%d'%i] = '%d'% (i*i)

   ... 

   >>> db['3']

   '9'

   >>> db.keys()

   ['0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9']

   >>> db.first()

   ('0', '0')

   >>> db.next()

   ('1', '1')

   >>> db.last()

   ('9', '81')

   >>> db.set_location('2')

   ('2', '4')

   >>> db.previous() 

   ('1', '1')

   >>> for k, v in db.iteritems():

   ...     print k, v

   0 0

   1 1

   2 4

   3 9

   4 16

   5 25

   6 36

   7 49

   8 64

   9 81

   >>> '8' in db

   True

   >>> db.sync()

   0