:mod:`smtplib` --- SMTP protocol client

=======================================

.. module:: smtplib

   :synopsis: SMTP protocol client (requires sockets).

.. sectionauthor:: Eric S. Raymond <esr@snark.thyrsus.com>

.. index::

   pair: SMTP; protocol

   single: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

The :mod:`smtplib` module defines an SMTP client session object that can be used

to send mail to any Internet machine with an SMTP or ESMTP listener daemon.  For

details of SMTP and ESMTP operation, consult :rfc:`821` (Simple Mail Transfer

Protocol) and :rfc:`1869` (SMTP Service Extensions).

.. class:: SMTP([host[, port[, local_hostname[, timeout]]]])

   A :class:`SMTP` instance encapsulates an SMTP connection.  It has methods

   that support a full repertoire of SMTP and ESMTP operations. If the optional

   host and port parameters are given, the SMTP :meth:`connect` method is called

   with those parameters during initialization.  An :exc:`SMTPConnectError` is

   raised if the specified host doesn't respond correctly. The optional

   *timeout* parameter specifies a timeout in seconds for blocking operations

   like the connection attempt (if not specified, the global default timeout

   setting will be used).

   For normal use, you should only require the initialization/connect,

   :meth:`sendmail`, and :meth:`quit` methods.  An example is included below.

   .. versionchanged:: 2.6

      *timeout* was added.

.. class:: SMTP_SSL([host[, port[, local_hostname[, keyfile[, certfile[, timeout]]]]]])

   A :class:`SMTP_SSL` instance behaves exactly the same as instances of

   :class:`SMTP`. :class:`SMTP_SSL` should be used for situations where SSL is

   required from the beginning of the connection and using :meth:`starttls` is

   not appropriate. If *host* is not specified, the local host is used. If

   *port* is omitted, the standard SMTP-over-SSL port (465) is used. *keyfile*

   and *certfile* are also optional, and can contain a PEM formatted private key

   and certificate chain file for the SSL connection. The optional *timeout*

   parameter specifies a timeout in seconds for blocking operations like the

   connection attempt (if not specified, the global default timeout setting

   will be used).

   .. versionchanged:: 2.6

      *timeout* was added.

.. class:: LMTP([host[, port[, local_hostname]]])

   The LMTP protocol, which is very similar to ESMTP, is heavily based on the

   standard SMTP client. It's common to use Unix sockets for LMTP, so our :meth:`connect`

   method must support that as well as a regular host:port server. To specify a

   Unix socket, you must use an absolute path for *host*, starting with a '/'.

   Authentication is supported, using the regular SMTP mechanism. When using a Unix

   socket, LMTP generally don't support or require any authentication, but your

   mileage might vary.

   .. versionadded:: 2.6

A nice selection of exceptions is defined as well:

.. exception:: SMTPException

   Base exception class for all exceptions raised by this module.

.. exception:: SMTPServerDisconnected

   This exception is raised when the server unexpectedly disconnects, or when an

   attempt is made to use the :class:`SMTP` instance before connecting it to a

   server.

.. exception:: SMTPResponseException

   Base class for all exceptions that include an SMTP error code. These exceptions

   are generated in some instances when the SMTP server returns an error code.  The

   error code is stored in the :attr:`smtp_code` attribute of the error, and the

   :attr:`smtp_error` attribute is set to the error message.

.. exception:: SMTPSenderRefused

   Sender address refused.  In addition to the attributes set by on all

   :exc:`SMTPResponseException` exceptions, this sets 'sender' to the string that

   the SMTP server refused.

.. exception:: SMTPRecipientsRefused

   All recipient addresses refused.  The errors for each recipient are accessible

   through the attribute :attr:`recipients`, which is a dictionary of exactly the

   same sort as :meth:`SMTP.sendmail` returns.

.. exception:: SMTPDataError

   The SMTP server refused to accept the message data.

.. exception:: SMTPConnectError

   Error occurred during establishment of a connection  with the server.

.. exception:: SMTPHeloError

   The server refused our ``HELO`` message.

.. exception:: SMTPAuthenticationError

   SMTP authentication went wrong.  Most probably the server didn't accept the

   username/password combination provided.

.. seealso::

   :rfc:`821` - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

      Protocol definition for SMTP.  This document covers the model, operating

      procedure, and protocol details for SMTP.

   :rfc:`1869` - SMTP Service Extensions

      Definition of the ESMTP extensions for SMTP.  This describes a framework for

      extending SMTP with new commands, supporting dynamic discovery of the commands

      provided by the server, and defines a few additional commands.

.. _smtp-objects:

SMTP Objects

------------

An :class:`SMTP` instance has the following methods:

.. method:: SMTP.set_debuglevel(level)

   Set the debug output level.  A true value for *level* results in debug messages

   for connection and for all messages sent to and received from the server.

.. method:: SMTP.connect([host[, port]])

   Connect to a host on a given port.  The defaults are to connect to the local

   host at the standard SMTP port (25). If the hostname ends with a colon (``':'``)

   followed by a number, that suffix will be stripped off and the number

   interpreted as the port number to use. This method is automatically invoked by

   the constructor if a host is specified during instantiation.

.. method:: SMTP.docmd(cmd, [, argstring])

   Send a command *cmd* to the server.  The optional argument *argstring* is simply

   concatenated to the command, separated by a space.

   This returns a 2-tuple composed of a numeric response code and the actual

   response line (multiline responses are joined into one long line.)

   In normal operation it should not be necessary to call this method explicitly.

   It is used to implement other methods and may be useful for testing private

   extensions.

   If the connection to the server is lost while waiting for the reply,

   :exc:`SMTPServerDisconnected` will be raised.

.. method:: SMTP.helo([hostname])

   Identify yourself to the SMTP server using ``HELO``.  The hostname argument

   defaults to the fully qualified domain name of the local host.

   The message returned by the server is stored as the :attr:`helo_resp` attribute

   of the object.

   In normal operation it should not be necessary to call this method explicitly.

   It will be implicitly called by the :meth:`sendmail` when necessary.

.. method:: SMTP.ehlo([hostname])

   Identify yourself to an ESMTP server using ``EHLO``.  The hostname argument

   defaults to the fully qualified domain name of the local host.  Examine the

   response for ESMTP option and store them for use by :meth:`has_extn`. 

   Also sets several informational attributes: the message returned by 

   the server is stored as the :attr:`ehlo_resp` attribute, :attr:`does_esmtp` 

   is set to true or false depending on whether the server supports ESMTP, and

   :attr:`esmtp_features` will be a dictionary containing the names of the

   SMTP service extensions this server supports, and their

   parameters (if any).

   Unless you wish to use :meth:`has_extn` before sending mail, it should not be

   necessary to call this method explicitly.  It will be implicitly called by

   :meth:`sendmail` when necessary.

.. method:: SMTP.ehlo_or_helo_if_needed()

   This method call :meth:`ehlo` and or :meth:`helo` if there has been no

   previous ``EHLO`` or ``HELO`` command this session.  It tries ESMTP ``EHLO``

   first.

   :exc:SMTPHeloError

     The server didn't reply properly to the ``HELO`` greeting.

   .. versionadded:: 2.6

.. method:: SMTP.has_extn(name)

   Return :const:`True` if *name* is in the set of SMTP service extensions returned

   by the server, :const:`False` otherwise. Case is ignored.

.. method:: SMTP.verify(address)

   Check the validity of an address on this server using SMTP ``VRFY``. Returns a

   tuple consisting of code 250 and a full :rfc:`822` address (including human

   name) if the user address is valid. Otherwise returns an SMTP error code of 400

   or greater and an error string.

   .. note::

      Many sites disable SMTP ``VRFY`` in order to foil spammers.

.. method:: SMTP.login(user, password)

   Log in on an SMTP server that requires authentication. The arguments are the

   username and the password to authenticate with. If there has been no previous

   ``EHLO`` or ``HELO`` command this session, this method tries ESMTP ``EHLO``

   first. This method will return normally if the authentication was successful, or

   may raise the following exceptions:

   :exc:`SMTPHeloError`

      The server didn't reply properly to the ``HELO`` greeting.

   :exc:`SMTPAuthenticationError`

      The server didn't accept the username/password combination.

   :exc:`SMTPException`

      No suitable authentication method was found.

.. method:: SMTP.starttls([keyfile[, certfile]])

   Put the SMTP connection in TLS (Transport Layer Security) mode.  All SMTP

   commands that follow will be encrypted.  You should then call :meth:`ehlo`

   again.

   If *keyfile* and *certfile* are provided, these are passed to the :mod:`socket`

   module's :func:`ssl` function.

   If there has been no previous ``EHLO`` or ``HELO`` command this session,

   this method tries ESMTP ``EHLO`` first.

   .. versionchanged:: 2.6

   :exc:`SMTPHeloError`

      The server didn't reply properly to the ``HELO`` greeting.

   :exc:`SMTPException`

     The server does not support the STARTTLS extension.

   .. versionchanged:: 2.6

   :exc:`RuntimeError`

     SSL/TLS support is not available to your python interpreter.

.. method:: SMTP.sendmail(from_addr, to_addrs, msg[, mail_options, rcpt_options])

   Send mail.  The required arguments are an :rfc:`822` from-address string, a list

   of :rfc:`822` to-address strings (a bare string will be treated as a list with 1

   address), and a message string.  The caller may pass a list of ESMTP options

   (such as ``8bitmime``) to be used in ``MAIL FROM`` commands as *mail_options*.

   ESMTP options (such as ``DSN`` commands) that should be used with all ``RCPT``

   commands can be passed as *rcpt_options*.  (If you need to use different ESMTP

   options to different recipients you have to use the low-level methods such as

   :meth:`mail`, :meth:`rcpt` and :meth:`data` to send the message.)

   .. note::

      The *from_addr* and *to_addrs* parameters are used to construct the message

      envelope used by the transport agents. The :class:`SMTP` does not modify the

      message headers in any way.

   If there has been no previous ``EHLO`` or ``HELO`` command this session, this

   method tries ESMTP ``EHLO`` first. If the server does ESMTP, message size and

   each of the specified options will be passed to it (if the option is in the

   feature set the server advertises).  If ``EHLO`` fails, ``HELO`` will be tried

   and ESMTP options suppressed.

   This method will return normally if the mail is accepted for at least one

   recipient. Otherwise it will throw an exception.  That is, if this method does

   not throw an exception, then someone should get your mail. If this method does

   not throw an exception, it returns a dictionary, with one entry for each

   recipient that was refused.  Each entry contains a tuple of the SMTP error code

   and the accompanying error message sent by the server.

   This method may raise the following exceptions:

   :exc:`SMTPRecipientsRefused`

      All recipients were refused.  Nobody got the mail.  The :attr:`recipients`

      attribute of the exception object is a dictionary with information about the

      refused recipients (like the one returned when at least one recipient was

      accepted).

   :exc:`SMTPHeloError`

      The server didn't reply properly to the ``HELO`` greeting.

   :exc:`SMTPSenderRefused`

      The server didn't accept the *from_addr*.

   :exc:`SMTPDataError`

      The server replied with an unexpected error code (other than a refusal of a

      recipient).

   Unless otherwise noted, the connection will be open even after an exception is

   raised.

.. method:: SMTP.quit()

   Terminate the SMTP session and close the connection.  Return the result of

   the SMTP ``QUIT`` command.

   .. versionchanged:: 2.6

      Return a value.

Low-level methods corresponding to the standard SMTP/ESMTP commands ``HELP``,

``RSET``, ``NOOP``, ``MAIL``, ``RCPT``, and ``DATA`` are also supported.

Normally these do not need to be called directly, so they are not documented

here.  For details, consult the module code.

.. _smtp-example:

SMTP Example

------------

This example prompts the user for addresses needed in the message envelope ('To'

and 'From' addresses), and the message to be delivered.  Note that the headers

to be included with the message must be included in the message as entered; this

example doesn't do any processing of the :rfc:`822` headers.  In particular, the

'To' and 'From' addresses must be included in the message headers explicitly. ::

   import smtplib

   def prompt(prompt):

       return raw_input(prompt).strip()

   fromaddr = prompt("From: ")

   toaddrs  = prompt("To: ").split()

   print "Enter message, end with ^D (Unix) or ^Z (Windows):"

   # Add the From: and To: headers at the start!

   msg = ("From: %s\r\nTo: %s\r\n\r\n"

          % (fromaddr, ", ".join(toaddrs)))

   while 1:

       try:

           line = raw_input()

       except EOFError:

           break

       if not line:

           break

       msg = msg + line

   print "Message length is " + repr(len(msg))

   server = smtplib.SMTP('localhost')

   server.set_debuglevel(1)

   server.sendmail(fromaddr, toaddrs, msg)

   server.quit()