author | johnathan.white@2718R8BGH51.accenture.com |
Mon, 08 Mar 2010 18:45:03 +0000 | |
changeset 46 | b6935a90ca64 |
parent 1 | 2fb8b9db1c86 |
permissions | -rw-r--r-- |
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:mod:`imp` --- Access the :keyword:`import` internals |
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===================================================== |
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.. module:: imp |
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:synopsis: Access the implementation of the import statement. |
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.. index:: statement: import |
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This module provides an interface to the mechanisms used to implement the |
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:keyword:`import` statement. It defines the following constants and functions: |
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.. function:: get_magic() |
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.. index:: pair: file; byte-code |
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Return the magic string value used to recognize byte-compiled code files |
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(:file:`.pyc` files). (This value may be different for each Python version.) |
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.. function:: get_suffixes() |
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Return a list of 3-element tuples, each describing a particular type of |
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module. Each triple has the form ``(suffix, mode, type)``, where *suffix* is |
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a string to be appended to the module name to form the filename to search |
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for, *mode* is the mode string to pass to the built-in :func:`open` function |
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to open the file (this can be ``'r'`` for text files or ``'rb'`` for binary |
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files), and *type* is the file type, which has one of the values |
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:const:`PY_SOURCE`, :const:`PY_COMPILED`, or :const:`C_EXTENSION`, described |
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below. |
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.. function:: find_module(name[, path]) |
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Try to find the module *name* on the search path *path*. If *path* is a list |
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of directory names, each directory is searched for files with any of the |
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suffixes returned by :func:`get_suffixes` above. Invalid names in the list |
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are silently ignored (but all list items must be strings). If *path* is |
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omitted or ``None``, the list of directory names given by ``sys.path`` is |
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searched, but first it searches a few special places: it tries to find a |
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built-in module with the given name (:const:`C_BUILTIN`), then a frozen |
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module (:const:`PY_FROZEN`), and on some systems some other places are looked |
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in as well (on Windows, it looks in the registry which may point to a |
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specific file). |
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If search is successful, the return value is a 3-element tuple ``(file, |
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pathname, description)``: |
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*file* is an open file object positioned at the beginning, *pathname* is the |
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pathname of the file found, and *description* is a 3-element tuple as |
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contained in the list returned by :func:`get_suffixes` describing the kind of |
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module found. |
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If the module does not live in a file, the returned *file* is ``None``, |
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*pathname* is the empty string, and the *description* tuple contains empty |
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strings for its suffix and mode; the module type is indicated as given in |
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parentheses above. If the search is unsuccessful, :exc:`ImportError` is |
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raised. Other exceptions indicate problems with the arguments or |
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environment. |
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If the module is a package, *file* is ``None``, *pathname* is the package |
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path and the last item in the *description* tuple is :const:`PKG_DIRECTORY`. |
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This function does not handle hierarchical module names (names containing |
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dots). In order to find *P*.*M*, that is, submodule *M* of package *P*, use |
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:func:`find_module` and :func:`load_module` to find and load package *P*, and |
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then use :func:`find_module` with the *path* argument set to ``P.__path__``. |
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When *P* itself has a dotted name, apply this recipe recursively. |
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.. function:: load_module(name, file, pathname, description) |
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.. index:: builtin: reload |
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Load a module that was previously found by :func:`find_module` (or by an |
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otherwise conducted search yielding compatible results). This function does |
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more than importing the module: if the module was already imported, it is |
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equivalent to a :func:`reload`! The *name* argument indicates the full |
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module name (including the package name, if this is a submodule of a |
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package). The *file* argument is an open file, and *pathname* is the |
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corresponding file name; these can be ``None`` and ``''``, respectively, when |
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the module is a package or not being loaded from a file. The *description* |
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argument is a tuple, as would be returned by :func:`get_suffixes`, describing |
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what kind of module must be loaded. |
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If the load is successful, the return value is the module object; otherwise, |
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an exception (usually :exc:`ImportError`) is raised. |
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**Important:** the caller is responsible for closing the *file* argument, if |
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it was not ``None``, even when an exception is raised. This is best done |
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using a :keyword:`try` ... :keyword:`finally` statement. |
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.. function:: new_module(name) |
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Return a new empty module object called *name*. This object is *not* inserted |
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in ``sys.modules``. |
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.. function:: lock_held() |
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Return ``True`` if the import lock is currently held, else ``False``. On |
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|
105 |
platforms without threads, always return ``False``. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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diff
changeset
|
106 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
107 |
On platforms with threads, a thread executing an import holds an internal lock |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
108 |
until the import is complete. This lock blocks other threads from doing an |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
109 |
import until the original import completes, which in turn prevents other threads |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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diff
changeset
|
110 |
from seeing incomplete module objects constructed by the original thread while |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
111 |
in the process of completing its import (and the imports, if any, triggered by |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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diff
changeset
|
112 |
that). |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
113 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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diff
changeset
|
114 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
115 |
.. function:: acquire_lock() |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
116 |
|
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|
117 |
Acquire the interpreter's import lock for the current thread. This lock should |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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diff
changeset
|
118 |
be used by import hooks to ensure thread-safety when importing modules. On |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
119 |
platforms without threads, this function does nothing. |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
120 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
121 |
Once a thread has acquired the import lock, the same thread may acquire it |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
122 |
again without blocking; the thread must release it once for each time it has |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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diff
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|
123 |
acquired it. |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
124 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
125 |
On platforms without threads, this function does nothing. |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
126 |
|
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|
127 |
.. versionadded:: 2.3 |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
128 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
129 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
130 |
.. function:: release_lock() |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
131 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
132 |
Release the interpreter's import lock. On platforms without threads, this |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
133 |
function does nothing. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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diff
changeset
|
134 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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diff
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|
135 |
.. versionadded:: 2.3 |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
136 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
137 |
The following constants with integer values, defined in this module, are used to |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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diff
changeset
|
138 |
indicate the search result of :func:`find_module`. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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diff
changeset
|
139 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
140 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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diff
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|
141 |
.. data:: PY_SOURCE |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
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|
142 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
143 |
The module was found as a source file. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
144 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
145 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
146 |
.. data:: PY_COMPILED |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
147 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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diff
changeset
|
148 |
The module was found as a compiled code object file. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
149 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
150 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
151 |
.. data:: C_EXTENSION |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
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|
152 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
153 |
The module was found as dynamically loadable shared library. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
154 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
155 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
156 |
.. data:: PKG_DIRECTORY |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
157 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
158 |
The module was found as a package directory. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
159 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
160 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
161 |
.. data:: C_BUILTIN |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
162 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
163 |
The module was found as a built-in module. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
164 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
165 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
166 |
.. data:: PY_FROZEN |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
167 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
168 |
The module was found as a frozen module (see :func:`init_frozen`). |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
169 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
170 |
The following constant and functions are obsolete; their functionality is |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
171 |
available through :func:`find_module` or :func:`load_module`. They are kept |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
172 |
around for backward compatibility: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
173 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
174 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
175 |
.. data:: SEARCH_ERROR |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
176 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
177 |
Unused. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
178 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
179 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
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|
180 |
.. function:: init_builtin(name) |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
181 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
182 |
Initialize the built-in module called *name* and return its module object along |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
183 |
with storing it in ``sys.modules``. If the module was already initialized, it |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
184 |
will be initialized *again*. Re-initialization involves the copying of the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
185 |
built-in module's ``__dict__`` from the cached module over the module's entry in |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
186 |
``sys.modules``. If there is no built-in module called *name*, ``None`` is |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
187 |
returned. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
188 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
189 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
190 |
.. function:: init_frozen(name) |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
191 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
192 |
Initialize the frozen module called *name* and return its module object. If |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
193 |
the module was already initialized, it will be initialized *again*. If there |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
194 |
is no frozen module called *name*, ``None`` is returned. (Frozen modules are |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
195 |
modules written in Python whose compiled byte-code object is incorporated |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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diff
changeset
|
196 |
into a custom-built Python interpreter by Python's :program:`freeze` |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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diff
changeset
|
197 |
utility. See :file:`Tools/freeze/` for now.) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
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|
198 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
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|
199 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
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|
200 |
.. function:: is_builtin(name) |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
201 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
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|
202 |
Return ``1`` if there is a built-in module called *name* which can be |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
203 |
initialized again. Return ``-1`` if there is a built-in module called *name* |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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diff
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|
204 |
which cannot be initialized again (see :func:`init_builtin`). Return ``0`` if |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
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|
205 |
there is no built-in module called *name*. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
206 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
207 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
208 |
.. function:: is_frozen(name) |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
209 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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diff
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|
210 |
Return ``True`` if there is a frozen module (see :func:`init_frozen`) called |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
211 |
*name*, or ``False`` if there is no such module. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
212 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
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|
213 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
214 |
.. function:: load_compiled(name, pathname, [file]) |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
215 |
|
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.. index:: pair: file; byte-code |
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Load and initialize a module implemented as a byte-compiled code file and return |
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its module object. If the module was already initialized, it will be |
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initialized *again*. The *name* argument is used to create or access a module |
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object. The *pathname* argument points to the byte-compiled code file. The |
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*file* argument is the byte-compiled code file, open for reading in binary mode, |
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from the beginning. It must currently be a real file object, not a user-defined |
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class emulating a file. |
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.. function:: load_dynamic(name, pathname[, file]) |
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Load and initialize a module implemented as a dynamically loadable shared |
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library and return its module object. If the module was already initialized, it |
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will be initialized *again*. Re-initialization involves copying the ``__dict__`` |
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attribute of the cached instance of the module over the value used in the module |
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cached in ``sys.modules``. The *pathname* argument must point to the shared |
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library. The *name* argument is used to construct the name of the |
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initialization function: an external C function called ``initname()`` in the |
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shared library is called. The optional *file* argument is ignored. (Note: |
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using shared libraries is highly system dependent, and not all systems support |
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it.) |
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.. function:: load_source(name, pathname[, file]) |
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Load and initialize a module implemented as a Python source file and return its |
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module object. If the module was already initialized, it will be initialized |
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*again*. The *name* argument is used to create or access a module object. The |
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*pathname* argument points to the source file. The *file* argument is the |
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source file, open for reading as text, from the beginning. It must currently be |
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a real file object, not a user-defined class emulating a file. Note that if a |
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properly matching byte-compiled file (with suffix :file:`.pyc` or :file:`.pyo`) |
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exists, it will be used instead of parsing the given source file. |
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.. class:: NullImporter(path_string) |
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The :class:`NullImporter` type is a :pep:`302` import hook that handles |
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non-directory path strings by failing to find any modules. Calling this type |
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with an existing directory or empty string raises :exc:`ImportError`. |
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Otherwise, a :class:`NullImporter` instance is returned. |
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Python adds instances of this type to ``sys.path_importer_cache`` for any path |
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entries that are not directories and are not handled by any other path hooks on |
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``sys.path_hooks``. Instances have only one method: |
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.. method:: NullImporter.find_module(fullname [, path]) |
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This method always returns ``None``, indicating that the requested module could |
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not be found. |
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.. versionadded:: 2.5 |
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.. _examples-imp: |
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Examples |
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-------- |
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The following function emulates what was the standard import statement up to |
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Python 1.4 (no hierarchical module names). (This *implementation* wouldn't work |
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in that version, since :func:`find_module` has been extended and |
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:func:`load_module` has been added in 1.4.) :: |
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|
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import imp |
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import sys |
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|
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def __import__(name, globals=None, locals=None, fromlist=None): |
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# Fast path: see if the module has already been imported. |
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try: |
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return sys.modules[name] |
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except KeyError: |
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pass |
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|
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# If any of the following calls raises an exception, |
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# there's a problem we can't handle -- let the caller handle it. |
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fp, pathname, description = imp.find_module(name) |
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|
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try: |
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return imp.load_module(name, fp, pathname, description) |
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finally: |
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# Since we may exit via an exception, close fp explicitly. |
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if fp: |
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fp.close() |
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.. index:: |
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builtin: reload |
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module: knee |
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|
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A more complete example that implements hierarchical module names and includes a |
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:func:`reload` function can be found in the module :mod:`knee`. The :mod:`knee` |
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module can be found in :file:`Demo/imputil/` in the Python source distribution. |
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