'''"Executable documentation" for the pickle module.

Extensive comments about the pickle protocols and pickle-machine opcodes

can be found here.  Some functions meant for external use:

genops(pickle)

   Generate all the opcodes in a pickle, as (opcode, arg, position) triples.

dis(pickle, out=None, memo=None, indentlevel=4)

   Print a symbolic disassembly of a pickle.

'''

__all__ = ['dis', 'genops', 'optimize']

# Other ideas:

#

# - A pickle verifier:  read a pickle and check it exhaustively for

#   well-formedness.  dis() does a lot of this already.

#

# - A protocol identifier:  examine a pickle and return its protocol number

#   (== the highest .proto attr value among all the opcodes in the pickle).

#   dis() already prints this info at the end.

#

# - A pickle optimizer:  for example, tuple-building code is sometimes more

#   elaborate than necessary, catering for the possibility that the tuple

#   is recursive.  Or lots of times a PUT is generated that's never accessed

#   by a later GET.

"""

"A pickle" is a program for a virtual pickle machine (PM, but more accurately

called an unpickling machine).  It's a sequence of opcodes, interpreted by the

PM, building an arbitrarily complex Python object.

For the most part, the PM is very simple:  there are no looping, testing, or

conditional instructions, no arithmetic and no function calls.  Opcodes are

executed once each, from first to last, until a STOP opcode is reached.

The PM has two data areas, "the stack" and "the memo".

Many opcodes push Python objects onto the stack; e.g., INT pushes a Python

integer object on the stack, whose value is gotten from a decimal string

literal immediately following the INT opcode in the pickle bytestream.  Other

opcodes take Python objects off the stack.  The result of unpickling is

whatever object is left on the stack when the final STOP opcode is executed.

The memo is simply an array of objects, or it can be implemented as a dict

mapping little integers to objects.  The memo serves as the PM's "long term

memory", and the little integers indexing the memo are akin to variable

names.  Some opcodes pop a stack object into the memo at a given index,

and others push a memo object at a given index onto the stack again.

At heart, that's all the PM has.  Subtleties arise for these reasons:

+ Object identity.  Objects can be arbitrarily complex, and subobjects

  may be shared (for example, the list [a, a] refers to the same object a

  twice).  It can be vital that unpickling recreate an isomorphic object

  graph, faithfully reproducing sharing.

+ Recursive objects.  For example, after "L = []; L.append(L)", L is a

  list, and L[0] is the same list.  This is related to the object identity

  point, and some sequences of pickle opcodes are subtle in order to

  get the right result in all cases.

+ Things pickle doesn't know everything about.  Examples of things pickle

  does know everything about are Python's builtin scalar and container

  types, like ints and tuples.  They generally have opcodes dedicated to

  them.  For things like module references and instances of user-defined

  classes, pickle's knowledge is limited.  Historically, many enhancements

  have been made to the pickle protocol in order to do a better (faster,

  and/or more compact) job on those.

+ Backward compatibility and micro-optimization.  As explained below,

  pickle opcodes never go away, not even when better ways to do a thing

  get invented.  The repertoire of the PM just keeps growing over time.

  For example, protocol 0 had two opcodes for building Python integers (INT

  and LONG), protocol 1 added three more for more-efficient pickling of short

  integers, and protocol 2 added two more for more-efficient pickling of

  long integers (before protocol 2, the only ways to pickle a Python long

  took time quadratic in the number of digits, for both pickling and

  unpickling).  "Opcode bloat" isn't so much a subtlety as a source of

  wearying complication.

Pickle protocols:

For compatibility, the meaning of a pickle opcode never changes.  Instead new

pickle opcodes get added, and each version's unpickler can handle all the

pickle opcodes in all protocol versions to date.  So old pickles continue to

be readable forever.  The pickler can generally be told to restrict itself to

the subset of opcodes available under previous protocol versions too, so that

users can create pickles under the current version readable by older

versions.  However, a pickle does not contain its version number embedded

within it.  If an older unpickler tries to read a pickle using a later

protocol, the result is most likely an exception due to seeing an unknown (in

the older unpickler) opcode.

The original pickle used what's now called "protocol 0", and what was called

"text mode" before Python 2.3.  The entire pickle bytestream is made up of

printable 7-bit ASCII characters, plus the newline character, in protocol 0.

That's why it was called text mode.  Protocol 0 is small and elegant, but

sometimes painfully inefficient.

The second major set of additions is now called "protocol 1", and was called

"binary mode" before Python 2.3.  This added many opcodes with arguments

consisting of arbitrary bytes, including NUL bytes and unprintable "high bit"

bytes.  Binary mode pickles can be substantially smaller than equivalent

text mode pickles, and sometimes faster too; e.g., BININT represents a 4-byte

int as 4 bytes following the opcode, which is cheaper to unpickle than the

(perhaps) 11-character decimal string attached to INT.  Protocol 1 also added

a number of opcodes that operate on many stack elements at once (like APPENDS

and SETITEMS), and "shortcut" opcodes (like EMPTY_DICT and EMPTY_TUPLE).

The third major set of additions came in Python 2.3, and is called "protocol

2".  This added:

- A better way to pickle instances of new-style classes (NEWOBJ).

- A way for a pickle to identify its protocol (PROTO).

- Time- and space- efficient pickling of long ints (LONG{1,4}).

- Shortcuts for small tuples (TUPLE{1,2,3}}.

- Dedicated opcodes for bools (NEWTRUE, NEWFALSE).

- The "extension registry", a vector of popular objects that can be pushed

  efficiently by index (EXT{1,2,4}).  This is akin to the memo and GET, but

  the registry contents are predefined (there's nothing akin to the memo's

  PUT).

Another independent change with Python 2.3 is the abandonment of any

pretense that it might be safe to load pickles received from untrusted

parties -- no sufficient security analysis has been done to guarantee

this and there isn't a use case that warrants the expense of such an

analysis.

To this end, all tests for __safe_for_unpickling__ or for

copy_reg.safe_constructors are removed from the unpickling code.

References to these variables in the descriptions below are to be seen

as describing unpickling in Python 2.2 and before.

"""

# Meta-rule:  Descriptions are stored in instances of descriptor objects,

# with plain constructors.  No meta-language is defined from which

# descriptors could be constructed.  If you want, e.g., XML, write a little

# program to generate XML from the objects.

##############################################################################

# Some pickle opcodes have an argument, following the opcode in the

# bytestream.  An argument is of a specific type, described by an instance

# of ArgumentDescriptor.  These are not to be confused with arguments taken

# off the stack -- ArgumentDescriptor applies only to arguments embedded in

# the opcode stream, immediately following an opcode.

# Represents the number of bytes consumed by an argument delimited by the

# next newline character.

UP_TO_NEWLINE = -1

# Represents the number of bytes consumed by a two-argument opcode where

# the first argument gives the number of bytes in the second argument.

TAKEN_FROM_ARGUMENT1 = -2   # num bytes is 1-byte unsigned int

TAKEN_FROM_ARGUMENT4 = -3   # num bytes is 4-byte signed little-endian int

class ArgumentDescriptor(object):

    __slots__ = (

        # name of descriptor record, also a module global name; a string

        'name',

        # length of argument, in bytes; an int; UP_TO_NEWLINE and

        # TAKEN_FROM_ARGUMENT{1,4} are negative values for variable-length

        # cases

        'n',

        # a function taking a file-like object, reading this kind of argument

        # from the object at the current position, advancing the current

        # position by n bytes, and returning the value of the argument

        'reader',

        # human-readable docs for this arg descriptor; a string

        'doc',

    )

    def __init__(self, name, n, reader, doc):

        assert isinstance(name, str)

        self.name = name

        assert isinstance(n, int) and (n >= 0 or

                                       n in (UP_TO_NEWLINE,

                                             TAKEN_FROM_ARGUMENT1,

                                             TAKEN_FROM_ARGUMENT4))

        self.n = n

        self.reader = reader

        assert isinstance(doc, str)

        self.doc = doc

from struct import unpack as _unpack

def read_uint1(f):

    r"""

    >>> import StringIO

    >>> read_uint1(StringIO.StringIO('\xff'))

    255

    """

    data = f.read(1)

    if data:

        return ord(data)

    raise ValueError("not enough data in stream to read uint1")

uint1 = ArgumentDescriptor(

            name='uint1',

            n=1,

            reader=read_uint1,

            doc="One-byte unsigned integer.")

def read_uint2(f):

    r"""

    >>> import StringIO

    >>> read_uint2(StringIO.StringIO('\xff\x00'))

    255

    >>> read_uint2(StringIO.StringIO('\xff\xff'))

    65535

    """

    data = f.read(2)

    if len(data) == 2:

        return _unpack("<H", data)[0]

    raise ValueError("not enough data in stream to read uint2")

uint2 = ArgumentDescriptor(

            name='uint2',

            n=2,

            reader=read_uint2,

            doc="Two-byte unsigned integer, little-endian.")

def read_int4(f):

    r"""

    >>> import StringIO

    >>> read_int4(StringIO.StringIO('\xff\x00\x00\x00'))

    255

    >>> read_int4(StringIO.StringIO('\x00\x00\x00\x80')) == -(2**31)

    True

    """

    data = f.read(4)

    if len(data) == 4:

        return _unpack("<i", data)[0]

    raise ValueError("not enough data in stream to read int4")

int4 = ArgumentDescriptor(

           name='int4',

           n=4,

           reader=read_int4,

           doc="Four-byte signed integer, little-endian, 2's complement.")

def read_stringnl(f, decode=True, stripquotes=True):

    r"""

    >>> import StringIO

    >>> read_stringnl(StringIO.StringIO("'abcd'\nefg\n"))

    'abcd'

    >>> read_stringnl(StringIO.StringIO("\n"))

    Traceback (most recent call last):

    ...

    ValueError: no string quotes around ''

    >>> read_stringnl(StringIO.StringIO("\n"), stripquotes=False)

    ''

    >>> read_stringnl(StringIO.StringIO("''\n"))

    ''

    >>> read_stringnl(StringIO.StringIO('"abcd"'))

    Traceback (most recent call last):

    ...

    ValueError: no newline found when trying to read stringnl

    Embedded escapes are undone in the result.

    >>> read_stringnl(StringIO.StringIO(r"'a\n\\b\x00c\td'" + "\n'e'"))

    'a\n\\b\x00c\td'

    """

    data = f.readline()

    if not data.endswith('\n'):

        raise ValueError("no newline found when trying to read stringnl")

    data = data[:-1]    # lose the newline

    if stripquotes:

        for q in "'\"":

            if data.startswith(q):

                if not data.endswith(q):

                    raise ValueError("strinq quote %r not found at both "

                                     "ends of %r" % (q, data))

                data = data[1:-1]

                break

        else:

            raise ValueError("no string quotes around %r" % data)

    # I'm not sure when 'string_escape' was added to the std codecs; it's

    # crazy not to use it if it's there.

    if decode:

        data = data.decode('string_escape')

    return data

stringnl = ArgumentDescriptor(

               name='stringnl',

               n=UP_TO_NEWLINE,

               reader=read_stringnl,

               doc="""A newline-terminated string.

                   This is a repr-style string, with embedded escapes, and

                   bracketing quotes.

                   """)

def read_stringnl_noescape(f):

    return read_stringnl(f, decode=False, stripquotes=False)

stringnl_noescape = ArgumentDescriptor(

                        name='stringnl_noescape',

                        n=UP_TO_NEWLINE,

                        reader=read_stringnl_noescape,

                        doc="""A newline-terminated string.

                        This is a str-style string, without embedded escapes,

                        or bracketing quotes.  It should consist solely of

                        printable ASCII characters.

                        """)

def read_stringnl_noescape_pair(f):

    r"""

    >>> import StringIO

    >>> read_stringnl_noescape_pair(StringIO.StringIO("Queue\nEmpty\njunk"))

    'Queue Empty'

    """

    return "%s %s" % (read_stringnl_noescape(f), read_stringnl_noescape(f))

stringnl_noescape_pair = ArgumentDescriptor(

                             name='stringnl_noescape_pair',

                             n=UP_TO_NEWLINE,

                             reader=read_stringnl_noescape_pair,

                             doc="""A pair of newline-terminated strings.

                             These are str-style strings, without embedded

                             escapes, or bracketing quotes.  They should

                             consist solely of printable ASCII characters.

                             The pair is returned as a single string, with

                             a single blank separating the two strings.

                             """)

def read_string4(f):

    r"""

    >>> import StringIO

    >>> read_string4(StringIO.StringIO("\x00\x00\x00\x00abc"))

    ''

    >>> read_string4(StringIO.StringIO("\x03\x00\x00\x00abcdef"))

    'abc'

    >>> read_string4(StringIO.StringIO("\x00\x00\x00\x03abcdef"))

    Traceback (most recent call last):

    ...

    ValueError: expected 50331648 bytes in a string4, but only 6 remain

    """

    n = read_int4(f)

    if n < 0:

        raise ValueError("string4 byte count < 0: %d" % n)

    data = f.read(n)

    if len(data) == n:

        return data

    raise ValueError("expected %d bytes in a string4, but only %d remain" %

                     (n, len(data)))

string4 = ArgumentDescriptor(

              name="string4",

              n=TAKEN_FROM_ARGUMENT4,

              reader=read_string4,

              doc="""A counted string.

              The first argument is a 4-byte little-endian signed int giving

              the number of bytes in the string, and the second argument is

              that many bytes.

              """)

def read_string1(f):

    r"""

    >>> import StringIO

    >>> read_string1(StringIO.StringIO("\x00"))

    ''

    >>> read_string1(StringIO.StringIO("\x03abcdef"))

    'abc'

    """

    n = read_uint1(f)

    assert n >= 0

    data = f.read(n)

    if len(data) == n:

        return data

    raise ValueError("expected %d bytes in a string1, but only %d remain" %

                     (n, len(data)))

string1 = ArgumentDescriptor(

              name="string1",

              n=TAKEN_FROM_ARGUMENT1,

              reader=read_string1,

              doc="""A counted string.

              The first argument is a 1-byte unsigned int giving the number

              of bytes in the string, and the second argument is that many

              bytes.

              """)

def read_unicodestringnl(f):

    r"""

    >>> import StringIO

    >>> read_unicodestringnl(StringIO.StringIO("abc\uabcd\njunk"))

    u'abc\uabcd'

    """

    data = f.readline()

    if not data.endswith('\n'):

        raise ValueError("no newline found when trying to read "

                         "unicodestringnl")

    data = data[:-1]    # lose the newline

    return unicode(data, 'raw-unicode-escape')

unicodestringnl = ArgumentDescriptor(

                      name='unicodestringnl',

                      n=UP_TO_NEWLINE,

                      reader=read_unicodestringnl,

                      doc="""A newline-terminated Unicode string.

                      This is raw-unicode-escape encoded, so consists of

                      printable ASCII characters, and may contain embedded

                      escape sequences.

                      """)

def read_unicodestring4(f):

    r"""

    >>> import StringIO

    >>> s = u'abcd\uabcd'

    >>> enc = s.encode('utf-8')

    >>> enc

    'abcd\xea\xaf\x8d'

    >>> n = chr(len(enc)) + chr(0) * 3  # little-endian 4-byte length

    >>> t = read_unicodestring4(StringIO.StringIO(n + enc + 'junk'))

    >>> s == t

    True

    >>> read_unicodestring4(StringIO.StringIO(n + enc[:-1]))

    Traceback (most recent call last):

    ...

    ValueError: expected 7 bytes in a unicodestring4, but only 6 remain

    """

    n = read_int4(f)

    if n < 0:

        raise ValueError("unicodestring4 byte count < 0: %d" % n)

    data = f.read(n)

    if len(data) == n:

        return unicode(data, 'utf-8')

    raise ValueError("expected %d bytes in a unicodestring4, but only %d "

                     "remain" % (n, len(data)))

unicodestring4 = ArgumentDescriptor(

                    name="unicodestring4",

                    n=TAKEN_FROM_ARGUMENT4,

                    reader=read_unicodestring4,

                    doc="""A counted Unicode string.

                    The first argument is a 4-byte little-endian signed int

                    giving the number of bytes in the string, and the second

                    argument-- the UTF-8 encoding of the Unicode string --

                    contains that many bytes.

                    """)

def read_decimalnl_short(f):

    r"""

    >>> import StringIO

    >>> read_decimalnl_short(StringIO.StringIO("1234\n56"))

    1234

    >>> read_decimalnl_short(StringIO.StringIO("1234L\n56"))

    Traceback (most recent call last):

    ...

    ValueError: trailing 'L' not allowed in '1234L'

    """

    s = read_stringnl(f, decode=False, stripquotes=False)

    if s.endswith("L"):

        raise ValueError("trailing 'L' not allowed in %r" % s)

    # It's not necessarily true that the result fits in a Python short int:

    # the pickle may have been written on a 64-bit box.  There's also a hack

    # for True and False here.

    if s == "00":

        return False

    elif s == "01":

        return True

    try:

        return int(s)

    except OverflowError:

        return long(s)

def read_decimalnl_long(f):

    r"""

    >>> import StringIO

    >>> read_decimalnl_long(StringIO.StringIO("1234\n56"))

    Traceback (most recent call last):

    ...

    ValueError: trailing 'L' required in '1234'

    Someday the trailing 'L' will probably go away from this output.

    >>> read_decimalnl_long(StringIO.StringIO("1234L\n56"))

    1234L

    >>> read_decimalnl_long(StringIO.StringIO("123456789012345678901234L\n6"))