symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12/python-2.6.1/Doc/c-api/structures.rst
author bugtracker-ml@nttdocomo.com
Tue, 06 Apr 2010 17:00:22 +0100
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permissions -rw-r--r--
Merge BUG 1296
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.. highlightlang:: c
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.. _common-structs:
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Common Object Structures
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========================
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There are a large number of structures which are used in the definition of
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object types for Python.  This section describes these structures and how they
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are used.
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All Python objects ultimately share a small number of fields at the beginning of
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the object's representation in memory.  These are represented by the
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:ctype:`PyObject` and :ctype:`PyVarObject` types, which are defined, in turn, by
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the expansions of some macros also used, whether directly or indirectly, in the
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definition of all other Python objects.
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.. ctype:: PyObject
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   All object types are extensions of this type.  This is a type which contains the
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   information Python needs to treat a pointer to an object as an object.  In a
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   normal "release" build, it contains only the object's reference count and a
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   pointer to the corresponding type object.  It corresponds to the fields defined
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   by the expansion of the ``PyObject_HEAD`` macro.
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.. ctype:: PyVarObject
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   This is an extension of :ctype:`PyObject` that adds the :attr:`ob_size` field.
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   This is only used for objects that have some notion of *length*.  This type does
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   not often appear in the Python/C API.  It corresponds to the fields defined by
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   the expansion of the ``PyObject_VAR_HEAD`` macro.
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These macros are used in the definition of :ctype:`PyObject` and
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:ctype:`PyVarObject`:
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.. cmacro:: PyObject_HEAD
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   This is a macro which expands to the declarations of the fields of the
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   :ctype:`PyObject` type; it is used when declaring new types which represent
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   objects without a varying length.  The specific fields it expands to depend on
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   the definition of :cmacro:`Py_TRACE_REFS`.  By default, that macro is not
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   defined, and :cmacro:`PyObject_HEAD` expands to::
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      Py_ssize_t ob_refcnt;
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      PyTypeObject *ob_type;
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   When :cmacro:`Py_TRACE_REFS` is defined, it expands to::
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      PyObject *_ob_next, *_ob_prev;
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      Py_ssize_t ob_refcnt;
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      PyTypeObject *ob_type;
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.. cmacro:: PyObject_VAR_HEAD
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   This is a macro which expands to the declarations of the fields of the
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   :ctype:`PyVarObject` type; it is used when declaring new types which represent
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   objects with a length that varies from instance to instance.  This macro always
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   expands to::
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      PyObject_HEAD
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      Py_ssize_t ob_size;
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   Note that :cmacro:`PyObject_HEAD` is part of the expansion, and that its own
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   expansion varies depending on the definition of :cmacro:`Py_TRACE_REFS`.
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PyObject_HEAD_INIT
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.. ctype:: PyCFunction
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   Type of the functions used to implement most Python callables in C. Functions of
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   this type take two :ctype:`PyObject\*` parameters and return one such value.  If
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   the return value is *NULL*, an exception shall have been set.  If not *NULL*,
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   the return value is interpreted as the return value of the function as exposed
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   in Python.  The function must return a new reference.
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.. ctype:: PyMethodDef
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   Structure used to describe a method of an extension type.  This structure has
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   four fields:
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   +------------------+-------------+-------------------------------+
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   | Field            | C Type      | Meaning                       |
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   +==================+=============+===============================+
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   | :attr:`ml_name`  | char \*     | name of the method            |
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   +------------------+-------------+-------------------------------+
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   | :attr:`ml_meth`  | PyCFunction | pointer to the C              |
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   |                  |             | implementation                |
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   +------------------+-------------+-------------------------------+
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   | :attr:`ml_flags` | int         | flag bits indicating how the  |
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   |                  |             | call should be constructed    |
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   +------------------+-------------+-------------------------------+
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   | :attr:`ml_doc`   | char \*     | points to the contents of the |
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   |                  |             | docstring                     |
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   +------------------+-------------+-------------------------------+
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The :attr:`ml_meth` is a C function pointer.  The functions may be of different
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types, but they always return :ctype:`PyObject\*`.  If the function is not of
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the :ctype:`PyCFunction`, the compiler will require a cast in the method table.
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Even though :ctype:`PyCFunction` defines the first parameter as
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:ctype:`PyObject\*`, it is common that the method implementation uses a the
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specific C type of the *self* object.
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The :attr:`ml_flags` field is a bitfield which can include the following flags.
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The individual flags indicate either a calling convention or a binding
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convention.  Of the calling convention flags, only :const:`METH_VARARGS` and
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:const:`METH_KEYWORDS` can be combined (but note that :const:`METH_KEYWORDS`
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alone is equivalent to ``METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS``). Any of the calling
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convention flags can be combined with a binding flag.
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.. data:: METH_VARARGS
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   This is the typical calling convention, where the methods have the type
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   :ctype:`PyCFunction`. The function expects two :ctype:`PyObject\*` values.  The
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   first one is the *self* object for methods; for module functions, it has the
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   value given to :cfunc:`Py_InitModule4` (or *NULL* if :cfunc:`Py_InitModule` was
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   used).  The second parameter (often called *args*) is a tuple object
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   representing all arguments. This parameter is typically processed using
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   :cfunc:`PyArg_ParseTuple` or :cfunc:`PyArg_UnpackTuple`.
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.. data:: METH_KEYWORDS
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   Methods with these flags must be of type :ctype:`PyCFunctionWithKeywords`.  The
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   function expects three parameters: *self*, *args*, and a dictionary of all the
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   keyword arguments.  The flag is typically combined with :const:`METH_VARARGS`,
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   and the parameters are typically processed using
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   :cfunc:`PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords`.
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.. data:: METH_NOARGS
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   Methods without parameters don't need to check whether arguments are given if
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   they are listed with the :const:`METH_NOARGS` flag.  They need to be of type
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   :ctype:`PyCFunction`.  When used with object methods, the first parameter is
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   typically named ``self`` and will hold a reference to the object instance.  In
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   all cases the second parameter will be *NULL*.
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.. data:: METH_O
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   Methods with a single object argument can be listed with the :const:`METH_O`
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   flag, instead of invoking :cfunc:`PyArg_ParseTuple` with a ``"O"`` argument.
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   They have the type :ctype:`PyCFunction`, with the *self* parameter, and a
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   :ctype:`PyObject\*` parameter representing the single argument.
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.. data:: METH_OLDARGS
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   This calling convention is deprecated.  The method must be of type
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   :ctype:`PyCFunction`.  The second argument is *NULL* if no arguments are given,
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   a single object if exactly one argument is given, and a tuple of objects if more
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   than one argument is given.  There is no way for a function using this
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   convention to distinguish between a call with multiple arguments and a call with
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   a tuple as the only argument.
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These two constants are not used to indicate the calling convention but the
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binding when use with methods of classes.  These may not be used for functions
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defined for modules.  At most one of these flags may be set for any given
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method.
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.. data:: METH_CLASS
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   .. index:: builtin: classmethod
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   The method will be passed the type object as the first parameter rather than an
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   instance of the type.  This is used to create *class methods*, similar to what
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   is created when using the :func:`classmethod` built-in function.
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   .. versionadded:: 2.3
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.. data:: METH_STATIC
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   .. index:: builtin: staticmethod
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   The method will be passed *NULL* as the first parameter rather than an instance
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   of the type.  This is used to create *static methods*, similar to what is
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   created when using the :func:`staticmethod` built-in function.
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   .. versionadded:: 2.3
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One other constant controls whether a method is loaded in place of another
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definition with the same method name.
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.. data:: METH_COEXIST
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   The method will be loaded in place of existing definitions.  Without
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   *METH_COEXIST*, the default is to skip repeated definitions.  Since slot
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   wrappers are loaded before the method table, the existence of a *sq_contains*
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   slot, for example, would generate a wrapped method named :meth:`__contains__`
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   and preclude the loading of a corresponding PyCFunction with the same name.
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   With the flag defined, the PyCFunction will be loaded in place of the wrapper
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   object and will co-exist with the slot.  This is helpful because calls to
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   PyCFunctions are optimized more than wrapper object calls.
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   .. versionadded:: 2.4
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.. cfunction:: PyObject* Py_FindMethod(PyMethodDef table[], PyObject *ob, char *name)
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   Return a bound method object for an extension type implemented in C.  This can
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   be useful in the implementation of a :attr:`tp_getattro` or :attr:`tp_getattr`
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   handler that does not use the :cfunc:`PyObject_GenericGetAttr` function.