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+++ b/symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12/python-2.6.1/Doc/library/cgi.rst Fri Jul 31 15:01:17 2009 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,534 @@
+
+:mod:`cgi` --- Common Gateway Interface support.
+================================================
+
+.. module:: cgi
+ :synopsis: Helpers for running Python scripts via the Common Gateway Interface.
+
+
+.. index::
+ pair: WWW; server
+ pair: CGI; protocol
+ pair: HTTP; protocol
+ pair: MIME; headers
+ single: URL
+ single: Common Gateway Interface
+
+Support module for Common Gateway Interface (CGI) scripts.
+
+This module defines a number of utilities for use by CGI scripts written in
+Python.
+
+
+Introduction
+------------
+
+.. _cgi-intro:
+
+A CGI script is invoked by an HTTP server, usually to process user input
+submitted through an HTML ``<FORM>`` or ``<ISINDEX>`` element.
+
+Most often, CGI scripts live in the server's special :file:`cgi-bin` directory.
+The HTTP server places all sorts of information about the request (such as the
+client's hostname, the requested URL, the query string, and lots of other
+goodies) in the script's shell environment, executes the script, and sends the
+script's output back to the client.
+
+The script's input is connected to the client too, and sometimes the form data
+is read this way; at other times the form data is passed via the "query string"
+part of the URL. This module is intended to take care of the different cases
+and provide a simpler interface to the Python script. It also provides a number
+of utilities that help in debugging scripts, and the latest addition is support
+for file uploads from a form (if your browser supports it).
+
+The output of a CGI script should consist of two sections, separated by a blank
+line. The first section contains a number of headers, telling the client what
+kind of data is following. Python code to generate a minimal header section
+looks like this::
+
+ print "Content-Type: text/html" # HTML is following
+ print # blank line, end of headers
+
+The second section is usually HTML, which allows the client software to display
+nicely formatted text with header, in-line images, etc. Here's Python code that
+prints a simple piece of HTML::
+
+ print "<TITLE>CGI script output</TITLE>"
+ print "<H1>This is my first CGI script</H1>"
+ print "Hello, world!"
+
+
+.. _using-the-cgi-module:
+
+Using the cgi module
+--------------------
+
+Begin by writing ``import cgi``. Do not use ``from cgi import *`` --- the
+module defines all sorts of names for its own use or for backward compatibility
+that you don't want in your namespace.
+
+When you write a new script, consider adding the line::
+
+ import cgitb; cgitb.enable()
+
+This activates a special exception handler that will display detailed reports in
+the Web browser if any errors occur. If you'd rather not show the guts of your
+program to users of your script, you can have the reports saved to files
+instead, with a line like this::
+
+ import cgitb; cgitb.enable(display=0, logdir="/tmp")
+
+It's very helpful to use this feature during script development. The reports
+produced by :mod:`cgitb` provide information that can save you a lot of time in
+tracking down bugs. You can always remove the ``cgitb`` line later when you
+have tested your script and are confident that it works correctly.
+
+To get at submitted form data, it's best to use the :class:`FieldStorage` class.
+The other classes defined in this module are provided mostly for backward
+compatibility. Instantiate it exactly once, without arguments. This reads the
+form contents from standard input or the environment (depending on the value of
+various environment variables set according to the CGI standard). Since it may
+consume standard input, it should be instantiated only once.
+
+The :class:`FieldStorage` instance can be indexed like a Python dictionary, and
+also supports the standard dictionary methods :meth:`has_key` and :meth:`keys`.
+The built-in :func:`len` is also supported. Form fields containing empty
+strings are ignored and do not appear in the dictionary; to keep such values,
+provide a true value for the optional *keep_blank_values* keyword parameter when
+creating the :class:`FieldStorage` instance.
+
+For instance, the following code (which assumes that the
+:mailheader:`Content-Type` header and blank line have already been printed)
+checks that the fields ``name`` and ``addr`` are both set to a non-empty
+string::
+
+ form = cgi.FieldStorage()
+ if not (form.has_key("name") and form.has_key("addr")):
+ print "<H1>Error</H1>"
+ print "Please fill in the name and addr fields."
+ return
+ print "<p>name:", form["name"].value
+ print "<p>addr:", form["addr"].value
+ ...further form processing here...
+
+Here the fields, accessed through ``form[key]``, are themselves instances of
+:class:`FieldStorage` (or :class:`MiniFieldStorage`, depending on the form
+encoding). The :attr:`value` attribute of the instance yields the string value
+of the field. The :meth:`getvalue` method returns this string value directly;
+it also accepts an optional second argument as a default to return if the
+requested key is not present.
+
+If the submitted form data contains more than one field with the same name, the
+object retrieved by ``form[key]`` is not a :class:`FieldStorage` or
+:class:`MiniFieldStorage` instance but a list of such instances. Similarly, in
+this situation, ``form.getvalue(key)`` would return a list of strings. If you
+expect this possibility (when your HTML form contains multiple fields with the
+same name), use the :func:`getlist` function, which always returns a list of
+values (so that you do not need to special-case the single item case). For
+example, this code concatenates any number of username fields, separated by
+commas::
+
+ value = form.getlist("username")
+ usernames = ",".join(value)
+
+If a field represents an uploaded file, accessing the value via the
+:attr:`value` attribute or the :func:`getvalue` method reads the entire file in
+memory as a string. This may not be what you want. You can test for an uploaded
+file by testing either the :attr:`filename` attribute or the :attr:`file`
+attribute. You can then read the data at leisure from the :attr:`file`
+attribute::
+
+ fileitem = form["userfile"]
+ if fileitem.file:
+ # It's an uploaded file; count lines
+ linecount = 0
+ while 1:
+ line = fileitem.file.readline()
+ if not line: break
+ linecount = linecount + 1
+
+If an error is encountered when obtaining the contents of an uploaded file
+(for example, when the user interrupts the form submission by clicking on
+a Back or Cancel button) the :attr:`done` attribute of the object for the
+field will be set to the value -1.
+
+The file upload draft standard entertains the possibility of uploading multiple
+files from one field (using a recursive :mimetype:`multipart/\*` encoding).
+When this occurs, the item will be a dictionary-like :class:`FieldStorage` item.
+This can be determined by testing its :attr:`type` attribute, which should be
+:mimetype:`multipart/form-data` (or perhaps another MIME type matching
+:mimetype:`multipart/\*`). In this case, it can be iterated over recursively
+just like the top-level form object.
+
+When a form is submitted in the "old" format (as the query string or as a single
+data part of type :mimetype:`application/x-www-form-urlencoded`), the items will
+actually be instances of the class :class:`MiniFieldStorage`. In this case, the
+:attr:`list`, :attr:`file`, and :attr:`filename` attributes are always ``None``.
+
+A form submitted via POST that also has a query string will contain both
+:class:`FieldStorage` and :class:`MiniFieldStorage` items.
+
+Higher Level Interface
+----------------------
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.2
+
+The previous section explains how to read CGI form data using the
+:class:`FieldStorage` class. This section describes a higher level interface
+which was added to this class to allow one to do it in a more readable and
+intuitive way. The interface doesn't make the techniques described in previous
+sections obsolete --- they are still useful to process file uploads efficiently,
+for example.
+
+.. XXX: Is this true ?
+
+The interface consists of two simple methods. Using the methods you can process
+form data in a generic way, without the need to worry whether only one or more
+values were posted under one name.
+
+In the previous section, you learned to write following code anytime you
+expected a user to post more than one value under one name::
+
+ item = form.getvalue("item")
+ if isinstance(item, list):
+ # The user is requesting more than one item.
+ else:
+ # The user is requesting only one item.
+
+This situation is common for example when a form contains a group of multiple
+checkboxes with the same name::
+
+ <input type="checkbox" name="item" value="1" />
+ <input type="checkbox" name="item" value="2" />
+
+In most situations, however, there's only one form control with a particular
+name in a form and then you expect and need only one value associated with this
+name. So you write a script containing for example this code::
+
+ user = form.getvalue("user").upper()
+
+The problem with the code is that you should never expect that a client will
+provide valid input to your scripts. For example, if a curious user appends
+another ``user=foo`` pair to the query string, then the script would crash,
+because in this situation the ``getvalue("user")`` method call returns a list
+instead of a string. Calling the :meth:`toupper` method on a list is not valid
+(since lists do not have a method of this name) and results in an
+:exc:`AttributeError` exception.
+
+Therefore, the appropriate way to read form data values was to always use the
+code which checks whether the obtained value is a single value or a list of
+values. That's annoying and leads to less readable scripts.
+
+A more convenient approach is to use the methods :meth:`getfirst` and
+:meth:`getlist` provided by this higher level interface.
+
+
+.. method:: FieldStorage.getfirst(name[, default])
+
+ This method always returns only one value associated with form field *name*.
+ The method returns only the first value in case that more values were posted
+ under such name. Please note that the order in which the values are received
+ may vary from browser to browser and should not be counted on. [#]_ If no such
+ form field or value exists then the method returns the value specified by the
+ optional parameter *default*. This parameter defaults to ``None`` if not
+ specified.
+
+
+.. method:: FieldStorage.getlist(name)
+
+ This method always returns a list of values associated with form field *name*.
+ The method returns an empty list if no such form field or value exists for
+ *name*. It returns a list consisting of one item if only one such value exists.
+
+Using these methods you can write nice compact code::
+
+ import cgi
+ form = cgi.FieldStorage()
+ user = form.getfirst("user", "").upper() # This way it's safe.
+ for item in form.getlist("item"):
+ do_something(item)
+
+
+Old classes
+-----------
+
+.. deprecated:: 2.6
+
+ These classes, present in earlier versions of the :mod:`cgi` module, are
+ still supported for backward compatibility. New applications should use the
+ :class:`FieldStorage` class.
+
+:class:`SvFormContentDict` stores single value form content as dictionary; it
+assumes each field name occurs in the form only once.
+
+:class:`FormContentDict` stores multiple value form content as a dictionary (the
+form items are lists of values). Useful if your form contains multiple fields
+with the same name.
+
+Other classes (:class:`FormContent`, :class:`InterpFormContentDict`) are present
+for backwards compatibility with really old applications only.
+
+
+.. _functions-in-cgi-module:
+
+Functions
+---------
+
+These are useful if you want more control, or if you want to employ some of the
+algorithms implemented in this module in other circumstances.
+
+
+.. function:: parse(fp[, keep_blank_values[, strict_parsing]])
+
+ Parse a query in the environment or from a file (the file defaults to
+ ``sys.stdin``). The *keep_blank_values* and *strict_parsing* parameters are
+ passed to :func:`urlparse.parse_qs` unchanged.
+
+
+.. function:: parse_qs(qs[, keep_blank_values[, strict_parsing]])
+
+ This function is deprecated in this module. Use :func:`urlparse.parse_qs`
+ instead. It is maintained here only for backward compatiblity.
+
+.. function:: parse_qsl(qs[, keep_blank_values[, strict_parsing]])
+
+ This function is deprecated in this module. Use :func:`urlparse.parse_qsl`
+ instead. It is maintained here only for backward compatiblity.
+
+.. function:: parse_multipart(fp, pdict)
+
+ Parse input of type :mimetype:`multipart/form-data` (for file uploads).
+ Arguments are *fp* for the input file and *pdict* for a dictionary containing
+ other parameters in the :mailheader:`Content-Type` header.
+
+ Returns a dictionary just like :func:`urlparse.parse_qs` keys are the field names, each
+ value is a list of values for that field. This is easy to use but not much good
+ if you are expecting megabytes to be uploaded --- in that case, use the
+ :class:`FieldStorage` class instead which is much more flexible.
+
+ Note that this does not parse nested multipart parts --- use
+ :class:`FieldStorage` for that.
+
+
+.. function:: parse_header(string)
+
+ Parse a MIME header (such as :mailheader:`Content-Type`) into a main value and a
+ dictionary of parameters.
+
+
+.. function:: test()
+
+ Robust test CGI script, usable as main program. Writes minimal HTTP headers and
+ formats all information provided to the script in HTML form.
+
+
+.. function:: print_environ()
+
+ Format the shell environment in HTML.
+
+
+.. function:: print_form(form)
+
+ Format a form in HTML.
+
+
+.. function:: print_directory()
+
+ Format the current directory in HTML.
+
+
+.. function:: print_environ_usage()
+
+ Print a list of useful (used by CGI) environment variables in HTML.
+
+
+.. function:: escape(s[, quote])
+
+ Convert the characters ``'&'``, ``'<'`` and ``'>'`` in string *s* to HTML-safe
+ sequences. Use this if you need to display text that might contain such
+ characters in HTML. If the optional flag *quote* is true, the quotation mark
+ character (``'"'``) is also translated; this helps for inclusion in an HTML
+ attribute value, as in ``<A HREF="...">``. If the value to be quoted might
+ include single- or double-quote characters, or both, consider using the
+ :func:`quoteattr` function in the :mod:`xml.sax.saxutils` module instead.
+
+
+.. _cgi-security:
+
+Caring about security
+---------------------
+
+.. index:: pair: CGI; security
+
+There's one important rule: if you invoke an external program (via the
+:func:`os.system` or :func:`os.popen` functions. or others with similar
+functionality), make very sure you don't pass arbitrary strings received from
+the client to the shell. This is a well-known security hole whereby clever
+hackers anywhere on the Web can exploit a gullible CGI script to invoke
+arbitrary shell commands. Even parts of the URL or field names cannot be
+trusted, since the request doesn't have to come from your form!
+
+To be on the safe side, if you must pass a string gotten from a form to a shell
+command, you should make sure the string contains only alphanumeric characters,
+dashes, underscores, and periods.
+
+
+Installing your CGI script on a Unix system
+-------------------------------------------
+
+Read the documentation for your HTTP server and check with your local system
+administrator to find the directory where CGI scripts should be installed;
+usually this is in a directory :file:`cgi-bin` in the server tree.
+
+Make sure that your script is readable and executable by "others"; the Unix file
+mode should be ``0755`` octal (use ``chmod 0755 filename``). Make sure that the
+first line of the script contains ``#!`` starting in column 1 followed by the
+pathname of the Python interpreter, for instance::
+
+ #!/usr/local/bin/python
+
+Make sure the Python interpreter exists and is executable by "others".
+
+Make sure that any files your script needs to read or write are readable or
+writable, respectively, by "others" --- their mode should be ``0644`` for
+readable and ``0666`` for writable. This is because, for security reasons, the
+HTTP server executes your script as user "nobody", without any special
+privileges. It can only read (write, execute) files that everybody can read
+(write, execute). The current directory at execution time is also different (it
+is usually the server's cgi-bin directory) and the set of environment variables
+is also different from what you get when you log in. In particular, don't count
+on the shell's search path for executables (:envvar:`PATH`) or the Python module
+search path (:envvar:`PYTHONPATH`) to be set to anything interesting.
+
+If you need to load modules from a directory which is not on Python's default
+module search path, you can change the path in your script, before importing
+other modules. For example::
+
+ import sys
+ sys.path.insert(0, "/usr/home/joe/lib/python")
+ sys.path.insert(0, "/usr/local/lib/python")
+
+(This way, the directory inserted last will be searched first!)
+
+Instructions for non-Unix systems will vary; check your HTTP server's
+documentation (it will usually have a section on CGI scripts).
+
+
+Testing your CGI script
+-----------------------
+
+Unfortunately, a CGI script will generally not run when you try it from the
+command line, and a script that works perfectly from the command line may fail
+mysteriously when run from the server. There's one reason why you should still
+test your script from the command line: if it contains a syntax error, the
+Python interpreter won't execute it at all, and the HTTP server will most likely
+send a cryptic error to the client.
+
+Assuming your script has no syntax errors, yet it does not work, you have no
+choice but to read the next section.
+
+
+Debugging CGI scripts
+---------------------
+
+.. index:: pair: CGI; debugging
+
+First of all, check for trivial installation errors --- reading the section
+above on installing your CGI script carefully can save you a lot of time. If
+you wonder whether you have understood the installation procedure correctly, try
+installing a copy of this module file (:file:`cgi.py`) as a CGI script. When
+invoked as a script, the file will dump its environment and the contents of the
+form in HTML form. Give it the right mode etc, and send it a request. If it's
+installed in the standard :file:`cgi-bin` directory, it should be possible to
+send it a request by entering a URL into your browser of the form::
+
+ http://yourhostname/cgi-bin/cgi.py?name=Joe+Blow&addr=At+Home
+
+If this gives an error of type 404, the server cannot find the script -- perhaps
+you need to install it in a different directory. If it gives another error,
+there's an installation problem that you should fix before trying to go any
+further. If you get a nicely formatted listing of the environment and form
+content (in this example, the fields should be listed as "addr" with value "At
+Home" and "name" with value "Joe Blow"), the :file:`cgi.py` script has been
+installed correctly. If you follow the same procedure for your own script, you
+should now be able to debug it.
+
+The next step could be to call the :mod:`cgi` module's :func:`test` function
+from your script: replace its main code with the single statement ::
+
+ cgi.test()
+
+This should produce the same results as those gotten from installing the
+:file:`cgi.py` file itself.
+
+When an ordinary Python script raises an unhandled exception (for whatever
+reason: of a typo in a module name, a file that can't be opened, etc.), the
+Python interpreter prints a nice traceback and exits. While the Python
+interpreter will still do this when your CGI script raises an exception, most
+likely the traceback will end up in one of the HTTP server's log files, or be
+discarded altogether.
+
+Fortunately, once you have managed to get your script to execute *some* code,
+you can easily send tracebacks to the Web browser using the :mod:`cgitb` module.
+If you haven't done so already, just add the line::
+
+ import cgitb; cgitb.enable()
+
+to the top of your script. Then try running it again; when a problem occurs,
+you should see a detailed report that will likely make apparent the cause of the
+crash.
+
+If you suspect that there may be a problem in importing the :mod:`cgitb` module,
+you can use an even more robust approach (which only uses built-in modules)::
+
+ import sys
+ sys.stderr = sys.stdout
+ print "Content-Type: text/plain"
+ print
+ ...your code here...
+
+This relies on the Python interpreter to print the traceback. The content type
+of the output is set to plain text, which disables all HTML processing. If your
+script works, the raw HTML will be displayed by your client. If it raises an
+exception, most likely after the first two lines have been printed, a traceback
+will be displayed. Because no HTML interpretation is going on, the traceback
+will be readable.
+
+
+Common problems and solutions
+-----------------------------
+
+* Most HTTP servers buffer the output from CGI scripts until the script is
+ completed. This means that it is not possible to display a progress report on
+ the client's display while the script is running.
+
+* Check the installation instructions above.
+
+* Check the HTTP server's log files. (``tail -f logfile`` in a separate window
+ may be useful!)
+
+* Always check a script for syntax errors first, by doing something like
+ ``python script.py``.
+
+* If your script does not have any syntax errors, try adding ``import cgitb;
+ cgitb.enable()`` to the top of the script.
+
+* When invoking external programs, make sure they can be found. Usually, this
+ means using absolute path names --- :envvar:`PATH` is usually not set to a very
+ useful value in a CGI script.
+
+* When reading or writing external files, make sure they can be read or written
+ by the userid under which your CGI script will be running: this is typically the
+ userid under which the web server is running, or some explicitly specified
+ userid for a web server's ``suexec`` feature.
+
+* Don't try to give a CGI script a set-uid mode. This doesn't work on most
+ systems, and is a security liability as well.
+
+.. rubric:: Footnotes
+
+.. [#] Note that some recent versions of the HTML specification do state what order the
+ field values should be supplied in, but knowing whether a request was
+ received from a conforming browser, or even from a browser at all, is tedious
+ and error-prone.
+