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   154 

   155 INTRODUCTION

   156 

   157 1. The Industrial Revolution and its consequences have been a disaster for =

   158 the human race. They have=20

   159 greatly increased the life-expectancy of those of us who live in "advanced" =

   160 countries, but they have=20

   161 destabilized society, have made life unfulfilling, have subjected human =

   162 beings to indignities, have led to=20

   163 widespread psychological suffering (in the Third World to physical =

   164 suffering as well) and have inflicted=20

   165 severe damage on the natural world. The continued development of technology =

   166 will worsen the situation. It=20

   167 will certainly subject human beings to greater indignities and inflict =

   168 greater damage on the natural world, it=20

   169 will probably lead to greater social disruption and psychological =

   170 suffering, and it may lead to increased=20

   171 physical suffering even in "advanced" countries.=20

   172 

   173 2. The industrial-technological system may survive or it may break down. If =

   174 it survives, it MAY eventually=20

   175 achieve a low level of physical and psychological suffering, but only after =

   176 passing through a long and very=20

   177 painful period of adjustment and only at the cost of permanently reducing =

   178 human beings and many other=20

   179 living organisms to engineered products and mere cogs in the social =

   180 machine. Furthermore, if the system=20

   181 survives, the consequences will be inevitable: There is no way of reforming =

   182 or modifying the system so as=20

   183 to prevent it from depriving people of dignity and autonomy.=20

   184 

   185 3. If the system breaks down the consequences will still be very painful. =

   186 But the bigger the system grows=20

   187 the more disastrous the results of its breakdown will be, so if it is to =

   188 break down it had best break down=20

   189 sooner rather than later.=20

   190 

   191 4. We therefore advocate a revolution against the industrial system. This =

   192 revolution may or may not make=20

   193 use of violence: it may be sudden or it may be a relatively gradual process =

   194 spanning a few decades. We=20

   195 can't predict any of that. But we do outline in a very general way the =

   196 measures that those who hate the=20

   197 industrial system should take in order to prepare the way for a revolution =

   198 against that form of society. This=20

   199 is not to be a POLITICAL revolution. Its object will be to overthrow not =

   200 governments but the economic=20

   201 and technological basis of the present society.=20

   202 

   203 5. In this article we give attention to only some of the negative =

   204 developments that have grown out of the=20

   205 industrial-technological system. Other such developments we mention only =

   206 briefly or ignore altogether.=20

   207 This does not mean that we regard these other developments as unimportant. =

   208 For practical reasons we have=20

   209 to confine our discussion to areas that have received insufficient public =

   210 attention or in which we have=20

   211 something new to say. For example, since there are well-developed =

   212 environmental and wilderness=20

   213 movements, we have written very little about environmental degradation or =

   214 the destruction of wild nature,=20

   215 even though we consider these to be highly important.=20

   216 

   217 THE PSYCHOLOGY OF MODERN LEFTISM

   218 

   219 6. Almost everyone will agree that we live in a deeply troubled society. =

   220 One of the most widespread=20

   221 manifestations of the craziness of our world is leftism, so a discussion of =

   222 the psychology of leftism can=20

   223 serve as an introduction to the discussion of the problems of modern =

   224 society in general.=20

   225 

   226 7. But what is leftism? During the first half of the 20th century leftism =

   227 could have been practically=20

   228 identified with socialism. Today the movement is fragmented and it is not =

   229 clear who can properly be called=20

   230 a leftist. When we speak of leftists in this article we have in mind mainly =

   231 socialists, collectivists,=20

   232 "politically correct" types, feminists, gay and disability activists, =

   233 animal rights activists and the like. But=20

   234 not everyone who is associated with one of these movements is a leftist. =

   235 What we are trying to get at in=20

   236 discussing leftism is not so much a movement or an ideology as a =

   237 psychological type, or rather a collection=20

   238 of related types. Thus, what we mean by "leftism" will emerge more clearly =

   239 in the course of our discussion=20

   240 of leftist psychology (Also, see paragraphs 227-230.)=20

   241 

   242 8. Even so, our conception of leftism will remain a good deal less clear =

   243 than we would wish, but there=20

   244 doesn't seem to be any remedy for this. All we are trying to do is indicate =

   245 in a rough and approximate way=20

   246 the two psychological tendencies that we believe are the main driving force =

   247 of modern leftism. We by no=20

   248 means claim to be telling the WHOLE truth about leftist psychology. Also, =

   249 our discussion is meant to=20

   250 apply to modern leftism only. We leave open the question of the extent to =

   251 which our discussion could be=20

   252 applied to the leftists of the 19th and early 20th century.=20

   253 

   254 9. The two psychological tendencies that underlie modern leftism we call =

   255 "feelings of inferiority" and=20

   256 "oversocialization." Feelings of inferiority are characteristic of modern =

   257 leftism as a whole, while=20

   258 oversocialization is characteristic only of a certain segment of modern =

   259 leftism; but this segment is highly=20

   260 influential.=20

   261 

   262 FEELINGS OF INFERIORITY

   263 

   264 10. By "feelings of inferiority" we mean not only inferiority feelings in =

   265 the strictest sense but a whole=20

   266 spectrum of related traits: low self-esteem, feelings of powerlessness, =

   267 depressive tendencies, defeatism,=20

   268 guilt, self-hatred, etc. We argue that modern leftists tend to have such =

   269 feelings (possibly more or less=20

   270 repressed) and that these feelings are decisive in determining the =

   271 direction of modern leftism.=20

   272 

   273 11. When someone interprets as derogatory almost anything that is said =

   274 about him (or about groups with=20

   275 whom he identifies) we conclude that he has inferiority feelings or low =

   276 self-esteem. This tendency is=20

   277 pronounced among minority rights advocates, whether or not they belong to =

   278 the minority groups whose=20

   279 rights they defend. They are hypersensitive about the words used to =

   280 designate minorities. The terms=20

   281 "negro," "oriental," "handicapped" or "chick" for an African, an Asian, a =

   282 disabled person or a woman=20

   283 originally had no derogatory connotation. "Broad" and "chick" were merely =

   284 the feminine equivalents of=20

   285 "guy," "dude" or "fellow." The negative connotations have been attached to =

   286 these terms by the activists=20

   287 themselves. Some animal rights advocates have gone so far as to reject the =

   288 word "pet" and=20

   289 insist on its replacement by "animal companion." Leftist anthropologists go =

   290 to great lengths to avoid saying=20

   291 anything about primitive peoples that could conceivably be interpreted as =

   292 negative. They want to replace=20

   293 the word "primitive" by "nonliterate." They seem almost paranoid about =

   294 anything that might suggest that=20

   295 any primitive culture is inferior to our own. (We do not mean to imply that =

   296 primitive cultures ARE inferior=20

   297 to ours. We merely point out the hypersensitivity of leftish =

   298 anthropologists.)=20

   299 

   300 12. Those who are most sensitive about "politically incorrect" terminology =

   301 are not the average black=20

   302 ghetto-dweller, Asian immigrant, abused woman or disabled person, but a =

   303 minority of activists, many of=20

   304 whom do not even belong to any "oppressed" group but come from privileged =

   305 strata of society. Political=20

   306 correctness has its stronghold among university professors, who have secure =

   307 employment with comfortable=20

   308 salaries, and the majority of whom are heterosexual, white males from =

   309 middle-class families.=20

   310 

   311 13. Many leftists have an intense identification with the problems of =

   312 groups that have an image of being=20

   313 weak (women), defeated (American Indians), repellent (homosexuals), or =

   314 otherwise inferior. The leftists=20

   315 themselves feel that these groups are inferior. They would never admit it =

   316 to themselves that they have such=20

   317 feelings, but it is precisely because they do see these groups as inferior =

   318 that they identify with their=20

   319 problems. (We do not suggest that women, Indians, etc., ARE inferior; we =

   320 are only making a point about=20

   321 leftist psychology).=20

   322 

   323 14. Feminists are desperately anxious to prove that women are as strong as =

   324 capable as men. Clearly they=20

   325 are nagged by a fear that women may NOT be as strong and as capable as men. =

   326 

   327 

   328 15. Leftists tend to hate anything that has an image of being strong, good =

   329 and successful. They hate=20

   330 America, they hate Western civilization, they hate white males, they hate =

   331 rationality. The reasons that=20

   332 leftists give for hating the West, etc. clearly do not correspond with =

   333 their real motives. They SAY they hate=20

   334 the West because it is warlike, imperialistic, sexist, ethnocentric and so =

   335 forth, but where these same faults=20

   336 appear in socialist countries or in primitive cultures, the leftist finds =

   337 excuses for them, or at best he=20

   338 GRUDGINGLY admits that they exist; whereas he ENTHUSIASTICALLY points out =

   339 (and often greatly=20

   340 exaggerates) these faults where they appear in Western civilization. Thus =

   341 it is clear that these faults are not=20

   342 the leftist's real motive for hating America and the West.

   343  He hates America and the West because they are strong and successful. =

   344 

   345 

   346 16. Words like "self-confidence," "self-reliance," "initiative", =

   347 "enterprise," "optimism," etc. play little role=20

   348 in the liberal and leftist vocabulary. The leftist is anti-individualistic, =

   349 pro-collectivist. He wants society to=20

   350 solve everyone's needs for them, take care of them. He is not the sort of =

   351 person who has an inner sense of=20

   352 confidence in his own ability to solve his own problems and satisfy his own =

   353 needs. The leftist is=20

   354 antagonistic to the concept of competition because, deep inside, he feels =

   355 like a loser.=20

   356 

   357 17. Art forms that appeal to modern leftist intellectuals tend to focus on =

   358 sordidness, defeat and despair, or=20

   359 else they take an orgiastic tone, throwing off rational control as if there =

   360 were no hope of accomplishing=20

   361 anything through rational calculation and all that was left was to immerse =

   362 oneself in the sensations of the=20

   363 moment.=20

   364 

   365 18. Modern leftist philosophers tend to dismiss reason, science, objective =

   366 reality and to insist that=20

   367 everything is culturally relative. It is true that one can ask serious =

   368 questions about the foundations of=20

   369 scientific knowledge and about how, if at all, the concept of objective =

   370 reality can be defined. But it is=20

   371 obvious that modern leftist philosophers are not simply cool-headed =

   372 logicians systematically analyzing the=20

   373 foundations of knowledge. They are deeply involved emotionally in their =

   374 attack on truth and reality. They=20

   375 attack these concepts because of their own psychological needs. For one =

   376 thing, their attack is an outlet for=20

   377 hostility, and, to the extent that it is successful, it satisfies the drive =

   378 for power. More importantly, the leftist=20

   379 hates science and rationality because=20

   380 they classify certain beliefs as true (i.e., successful, superior) and =

   381 other beliefs as false (i.e. failed, inferior).=20

   382 The leftist's feelings of inferiority run so deep that he cannot tolerate =

   383 any classification of some things as=20

   384 successful or superior and other things as failed or inferior. This also =

   385 underlies the rejection by many=20

   386 leftists of the concept of mental illness and of the utility of IQ tests. =

   387 Leftists are antagonistic to genetic=20

   388 explanations of human abilities or behavior because such explanations tend =

   389 to make some persons appear=20

   390 superior or inferior to others. Leftists prefer to give society the credit =

   391 or blame for an individual's ability or=20

   392 lack of it. Thus if a person is "inferior" it is not his fault, but =

   393 society's, because he has not been brought up=20

   394 properly.=20

   395 

   396 19. The leftist is not typically the kind of person whose feelings of =

   397 inferiority make him a braggart, an=20

   398 egotist, a bully, a self-promoter, a ruthless competitor. This kind of =

   399 person has not wholly lost faith in=20

   400 himself. He has a deficit in his sense of power and self-worth, but he can =

   401 still conceive of himself as having=20

   402 the capacity to be strong, and his efforts to make himself strong produce =

   403 his unpleasant behavior. [1] But=20

   404 the leftist is too far gone for that. His feelings of inferiority are so =

   405 ingrained that he cannot conceive of=20

   406 himself as individually strong and valuable. Hence the collectivism of the =

   407 leftist. He can feel strong only as=20

   408 a member of a large organization or a mass movement with which he =

   409 identifies himself.=20

   410 

   411 20. Notice the masochistic tendency of leftist tactics. Leftists protest by =

   412 lying down in front of vehicles,=20

   413 they intentionally provoke police or racists to abuse them, etc. These =

   414 tactics may often be effective, but=20

   415 many leftists use them not as a means to an end but because they PREFER =

   416 masochistic tactics. Self-hatred=20

   417 is a leftist trait.=20

   418 

   419 21. Leftists may claim that their activism is motivated by compassion or by =

   420 moral principle, and moral=20

   421 principle does play a role for the leftist of the oversocialized type. But =

   422 compassion and moral principle=20

   423 cannot be the main motives for leftist activism. Hostility is too prominent =

   424 a component of leftist behavior;=20

   425 so is the drive for power. Moreover, much leftist behavior is not =

   426 rationally calculated to be of benefit to the=20

   427 people whom the leftists claim to be trying to help. For example, if one =

   428 believes that affirmative action is=20

   429 good for black people, does it make sense to demand affirmative action in =

   430 hostile or dogmatic terms?=20

   431 Obviously it would be more productive to take a diplomatic and conciliatory =

   432 approach that would make at=20

   433 least verbal and symbolic concessions to white people who think that =

   434 

   435 affirmative action discriminates against them. But leftist activists do not =

   436 take such an approach because it=20

   437 would not satisfy their emotional needs. Helping black people is not their =

   438 real goal. Instead, race problems=20

   439 serve as an excuse for them to express their own hostility and frustrated =

   440 need for power. In doing so they=20

   441 actually harm black people, because the activists' hostile attitude toward =

   442 the white majority tends to=20

   443 intensify race hatred.=20

   444 

   445 22. If our society had no social problems at all, the leftists would have =

   446 to INVENT problems in order to=20

   447 provide themselves with an excuse for making a fuss.=20

   448 

   449 23. We emphasize that the foregoing does not pretend to be an accurate =

   450 description of everyone who might=20

   451 be considered a leftist. It is only a rough indication of a general =

   452 tendency of leftism.=20

   453 

   454 OVERSOCIALIZATION

   455 

   456 24. Psychologists use the term "socialization" to designate the process by =

   457 which children are trained to=20

   458 think and act as society demands. A person is said to be well socialized if =

   459 he believes in and obeys the=20

   460 moral code of his society and fits in well as a functioning part of that =

   461 society. It may seem senseless to say=20

   462 that many leftists are over-socialized, since the leftist is perceived as a =

   463 rebel. Nevertheless, the position can=20

   464 be defended. Many leftists are not such rebels as they seem.=20

   465 

   466 25. The moral code of our society is so demanding that no one can think, =

   467 feel and act in a completely moral=20

   468 way. For example, we are not supposed to hate anyone, yet almost everyone =

   469 hates somebody at some time=20

   470 or other, whether he admits it to himself or not. Some people are so highly =

   471 socialized that the attempt to=20

   472 think, feel and act morally imposes a severe burden on them. In order to =

   473 avoid feelings of guilt, they=20

   474 continually have to deceive themselves about their own motives and find =

   475 moral explanations for feelings=20

   476 and actions that in reality have a non-moral origin. We use the term =

   477 "oversocialized" to describe such=20

   478 people. [2]=20

   479 

   480 26. Oversocialization can lead to low self-esteem, a sense of =

   481 powerlessness, defeatism, guilt, etc. One of=20

   482 the most important means by which our society socializes children is by =

   483 making them feel ashamed of=20

   484 behavior or speech that is contrary to society's expectations. If this is =

   485 overdone, or if a particular child is=20

   486 especially susceptible to such feelings, he ends by feeling ashamed of =

   487 HIMSELF. Moreover the thought=20

   488 and the behavior of the oversocialized person are more restricted by =

   489 society's expectations than are those of=20

   490 the lightly socialized person. The majority of people engage in a =

   491 significant amount of naughty behavior.=20

   492 They lie, they commit petty thefts, they break traffic laws, they goof off =

   493 at work, they hate someone, they=20

   494 say spiteful things or they use some underhanded trick to get ahead of the =

   495 

   496 other guy. The oversocialized person cannot do these things, or if he does =

   497 do them he generates in himself=20

   498 a sense of shame and self-hatred. The oversocialized person cannot even =

   499 experience, without guilt,=20

   500 thoughts or feelings that are contrary to the accepted morality; he cannot =

   501 think "unclean" thoughts. And=20

   502 socialization is not just a matter of morality; we are socialized to =

   503 confirm to many norms of behavior that=20

   504 do not fall under the heading of morality. Thus the oversocialized person =

   505 is kept on a psychological leash=20

   506 and spends his life running on rails that society has laid down for him. In =

   507 many oversocialized people this=20

   508 results in a sense of constraint and powerlessness that can be a severe =

   509 hardship. We suggest that=20

   510 oversocialization is among the more serious cruelties that human beings =

   511 inflict on one another.=20

   512 

   513 27. We argue that a very important and influential segment of the modern =

   514 left is oversocialized and that=20

   515 their oversocialization is of great importance in determining the direction =

   516 of modern leftism. Leftists of the=20

   517 oversocialized type tend to be intellectuals or members of the upper-middle =

   518 class. Notice that university=20

   519 intellectuals (3) constitute the most highly socialized segment of our =

   520 society and also the most left-wing=20

   521 segment.=20

   522 

   523 28. The leftist of the oversocialized type tries to get off his =

   524 psychological leash and assert his autonomy by=20

   525 rebelling. But usually he is not strong enough to rebel against the most =

   526 basic values of society. Generally=20

   527 speaking, the goals of today's leftists are NOT in conflict with the =

   528 accepted morality. On the contrary, the=20

   529 left takes an accepted moral principle, adopts it as its own, and then =

   530 accuses mainstream society of=20

   531 violating that principle. Examples: racial equality, equality of the sexes, =

   532 helping poor people, peace as=20

   533 opposed to war, nonviolence generally, freedom of expression, kindness to =

   534 animals. More fundamentally,=20

   535 the duty of the individual to serve society and the duty of society to take =

   536 care of the individual. All these=20

   537 have been deeply rooted values of our society (or at least of its middle =

   538 and=20

   539 upper classes (4) for a long time. These values are explicitly or =

   540 implicitly expressed or presupposed in most=20

   541 of the material presented to us by the mainstream communications media and =

   542 the educational system.=20

   543 Leftists, especially those of the oversocialized type, usually do not rebel =

   544 against these principles but justify=20

   545 their hostility to society by claiming (with some degree of truth) that =

   546 society is not living up to these=20

   547 principles.=20

   548 

   549 29. Here is an illustration of the way in which the oversocialized leftist =

   550 shows his real attachment to the=20

   551 conventional attitudes of our society while pretending to be in rebellion =

   552 against it. Many leftists push for=20

   553 affirmative action, for moving black people into high-prestige jobs, for =

   554 improved education in black=20

   555 schools and more money for such schools; the way of life of the black =

   556 "underclass" they regard as a social=20

   557 disgrace. They want to integrate the black man into the system, make him a =

   558 business executive, a lawyer, a=20

   559 scientist just like upper-middle-class white people. The leftists will =

   560 reply that the last thing they want is to=20

   561 make the black man into a copy of the white man; instead, they want to =

   562 preserve African American culture.=20

   563 But in what does this preservation of African American culture consist? =

   564 

   565 It can hardly consist in anything more than eating black-style food, =

   566 listening to black-style music, wearing=20

   567 black-style clothing and going to a black-style church or mosque. In other =

   568 words, it can express itself only=20

   569 in superficial matters. In all ESSENTIAL respects more leftists of the =

   570 oversocialized type want to make the=20

   571 black man conform to white, middle-class ideals. They want to make him =

   572 study technical subjects, become=20

   573 an executive or a scientist, spend his life climbing the status ladder to =

   574 prove that black people are as good=20

   575 as white. They want to make black fathers "responsible." they want black =

   576 gangs to become nonviolent, etc.=20

   577 But these are exactly the values of the industrial-technological system. =

   578 The system couldn't care less what=20

   579 kind of music a man listens to, what kind of clothes he wears or what =

   580 

   581 religion he believes in as long as he studies in school, holds a =

   582 respectable job, climbs the status ladder, is a=20

   583 "responsible" parent, is nonviolent and so forth. In effect, however much =

   584 he may deny it, the oversocialized=20

   585 leftist wants to integrate the black man into the system and make him adopt =

   586 its values.=20

   587 

   588 30. We certainly do not claim that leftists, even of the oversocialized =

   589 type, NEVER rebel against the=20

   590 fundamental values of our society. Clearly they sometimes do. Some =

   591 oversocialized leftists have gone so=20

   592 far as to rebel against one of modern society's most important principles =

   593 by engaging in physical violence.=20

   594 By their own account, violence is for them a form of "liberation." In other =

   595 words, by committing violence=20

   596 they break through the psychological restraints that have been trained into =

   597 them. Because they are=20

   598 oversocialized these restraints have been more confining for them than for =

   599 others; hence their need to break=20

   600 free of them. But they usually justify their rebellion in terms of =

   601 mainstream values. If they engage in=20

   602 violence they claim to be fighting against racism or the like.=20

   603 

   604 31. We realize that many objections could be raised to the foregoing =

   605 thumb-nail sketch of leftist=20

   606 psychology. The real situation is complex, and anything like a complete =

   607 description of it would take=20

   608 several volumes even if the necessary data were available. We claim only to =

   609 have indicated very roughly=20

   610 the two most important tendencies in the psychology of modern leftism. =

   611 

   612 

   613 32. The problems of the leftist are indicative of the problems of our =

   614 society as a whole. Low self-esteem,=20

   615 depressive tendencies and defeatism are not restricted to the left. Though =

   616 they are especially noticeable in=20

   617 the left, they are widespread in our society. And today's society tries to =

   618 socialize us to a greater extent than=20

   619 any previous society. We are even told by experts how to eat, how to =

   620 exercise, how to make love, how to=20

   621 raise our kids and so forth.=20

   622 

   623 THE POWER PROCESS

   624 

   625 33. Human beings have a need (probably based in biology) for something that =

   626 we will call the "power=20

   627 process." This is closely related to the need for power (which is widely =

   628 recognized) but is not quite the=20

   629 same thing. The power process has four elem ents. The three most clear-cut =

   630 of these we call goal, effort=20

   631 and attainment of goal. (Everyone needs to have goals whose attainment =

   632 requires effort, and needs to=20

   633 succeed in attaining at least some of his goals.) The fourth element is =

   634 more difficult to define and may not=20

   635 be necessary for everyone . We call it autonomy and will discuss it l ater =

   636 (paragraphs 42-44).=20

   637 

   638 34. Consider the hypothetical case of a man who can have anything he wants =

   639 just by wishing for it. Such a=20

   640 man has power, but he will develop serious psychological problems. At first =

   641 he will have a lot of fun, but=20

   642 by and by he will become acutely bor ed and demoralized. Eventually he may =

   643 becom e clinically=20

   644 depressed. History shows that leisured aristocracies tend to become =

   645 decadent. This is not true of fighting=20

   646 aristocracies that have to struggle to maintain their power. But leisured, =

   647 secure aristocracies that have no=20

   648 need to exert themselve s usually become bored, hedonistic and demor =

   649 alized, even though they have=20

   650 power. This shows that power is not enough. One must have goals toward =

   651 which to exercise one's power.=20

   652 

   653 35. Everyone has goals; if nothing else, to obtain the physical necessities =

   654 of life: food, water and whatever=20

   655 clothing and shelter are made necessary by the climate. But the leisured =

   656 aristocrat obtains these things=20

   657 without effort. Hence his boredom and demoralization.=20

   658 

   659 36. Nonattainment of important goals results in death if the goals are =

   660 physical necessities, and in frustration=20

   661 if nonattainment of the goals is compatible with survival. Consistent =

   662 failure to attain goals throughout life=20

   663 results in defeatism, low se lf-esteem or depression.=20

   664 

   665 37. Thus, in order to avoid serious psychological problems, a human being =

   666 needs goals whose attainment=20

   667 requires effort, and he must have a reasonable rate of success in attaining =

   668 his goals.=20

   669 

   670 SURROGATE ACTIVITIES

   671 

   672 38. But not every leisured aristocrat becomes bored and demoralized. For =

   673 example, the emperor Hirohito,=20

   674 instead of sinking into decadent hedonism, devoted himself to marine =

   675 biology, a field in which he became=20

   676 distinguished. When people do not have t o exert themselves to satisfy =

   677 their physical needs they often set=20

   678 up artificial goals for themselves. In many cases they then pursue these =

   679 goals with the same energy and=20

   680 emotional involvement that they otherwise would have put into the search =

   681 for physical necessities. Thus the=20

   682 aristocrats of the Roman Empire had their literary pretentions; many =

   683 European aristocrats a few centuries=20

   684 ago invested tremendous time and energy in hunting, though they certainly =

   685 didn't need the meat; other=20

   686 aristocracies have competed for status through elaborate displays of =

   687 wealth;=20

   688 and a few aristocrats, like Hiroh ito, have turned to science.=20

   689 

   690 39. We use the term "surrogate activity" to designate an activity that is =

   691 directed toward an artificial goal=20

   692 that people set up for themselves merely in order to have some goal to work =

   693 toward, or let us say, merely=20

   694 for the sake of the "fulfillment" th at they get from pursuing the goal. =

   695 Here is a rule of thumb for the=20

   696 identification of surrogate activities. Given a person who devotes much =

   697 time and energy to the pursuit of=20

   698 goal X, ask yourself this: If he had to devote most of his time and energy =

   699 to satisfying his biological needs,=20

   700 and if that effort required him to use his physical and mental facilities =

   701 in a varied and interesting way,=20

   702 would he feel seriously deprived because he did not attain goal X? If the =

   703 answer is no, then the person's=20

   704 pursuit of a goal X is a surrogate activity. Hirohito's studies=20

   705 in marine biology clearly constituted a surrogate activity, since it is =

   706 pretty certain that if Hirohito had had=20

   707 to spend his time working at interesting non-scientific tasks in order to =

   708 obtain the necessities of life, he=20

   709 would not have felt deprived because he didn't know all about the anatomy =

   710 and life-cycles of marine=20

   711 animals. On the other hand the pursuit of sex and love (for example) is not =

   712 a surrogate activity, because=20

   713 most people, even if their existence were otherwise satisfactory, would =

   714 feel deprived if they passed their=20

   715 lives without ever having a relationship with a member of the opposite sex. =

   716 (But pursuit of an excessive=20

   717 amount of sex, more than one really needs, can be a surrogate activity.) =

   718 

   719 

   720 40. In modern industrial society only minimal effort is necessary to =

   721 satisfy one's physical needs. It is=20

   722 enough to go through a training program to acquire some petty technical =

   723 skill, then come to work on time=20

   724 and exert very modest effort needed to hold a job. The only requirements =

   725 are a moderate amount of=20

   726 intelligence, and most of all, simple OBEDIENCE. If one has those, society =

   727 takes care of one from cradle=20

   728 to grave. (Yes, there is an underclass that cannot take physical =

   729 necessities for granted, but we are speaking=20

   730 here of mainstream society.) Thus it is not surprising that modern society =

   731 is full of surrogate activities.=20

   732 These include scientific work, athletic achievement, humanitarian work, =

   733 artistic and literary creation,=20

   734 climbing the corporate ladder, acquisition of money and material goods far =

   735 

   736 beyond the point at which they cease to give any additional physical =

   737 satisfaction, and social activism when=20

   738 it addresses issues that are not important for the activist personally, as =

   739 in the case of white activists who=20

   740 work for the rights of nonwhite minorities. These are not always pure =

   741 surrogate activities, since for many=20

   742 people they may be motivated in part by needs other than the need to have =

   743 some goal to pursue. Scientific=20

   744 work may be motivated in part by a drive for prestige, artistic creation by =

   745 a need to express feelings,=20

   746 militant social activism by hostility. But for most people who pursue them, =

   747 these activities are in large part=20

   748 surrogate activities. For example, the majority of scientists will probably =

   749 agree that the "fulfillment" they=20

   750 get from their work is more important than the money and prestige they =

   751 earn.=20

   752 

   753 41. For many if not most people, surrogate activities are less satisfying =

   754 than the pursuit of real goals ( that=20

   755 is, goals that people would want to attain even if their need for the power =

   756 process were already fulfilled).=20

   757 One indication of this is the fact that, in many or most cases, people who =

   758 are deeply involved in surrogate=20

   759 activities are never satisfied, never at rest. Thus the money-maker =

   760 constantly strives for more and more=20

   761 wealth. The scientist no sooner solves one problem than he moves on to the =

   762 next. The long-distance runner=20

   763 drives himself to run always farther and faster. Many people who pursue =

   764 surrogate activities will say that=20

   765 they get far more fulfillment from these activities than they do from the =

   766 "mundane" business of satisfying=20

   767 their biological needs, but that it is because in our society the effort =

   768 

   769 needed to satisfy the biological needs has been reduced to triviality. More =

   770 importantly, in our society=20

   771 people do not satisfy their biological needs AUTONOMOUSLY but by =

   772 functioning as parts of an immense=20

   773 social machine. In contrast, people generally have a great deal of autonomy =

   774 in pursuing their surrogate=20

   775 activities. have a great deal of autonomy in pursuing their surrogate =

   776 activities.=20

   777 

   778 AUTONOMY

   779 

   780 42. Autonomy as a part of the power process may not be necessary for every =

   781 individual. But most people=20

   782 need a greater or lesser degree of autonomy in working toward their goals. =

   783 Their efforts must be=20

   784 undertaken on their own initiative and must be under their own direction =

   785 and control. Yet most people do=20

   786 not have to exert this initiative, direction and control as single =

   787 individuals. It is usually enough to act as a=20

   788 member of a SMALL group. Thus if half a dozen people discuss a goal among =

   789 themselves and make a=20

   790 successful joint effort to attain that goal, their need for the power =

   791 process will be served. But if they work=20

   792 under rigid orders handed down from above that leave them no room for =

   793 autonomous decision and=20

   794 initiative, then their need for the power process will not be served. =

   795 

   796 The same is true when decisions are made on a collective bases if the group =

   797 making the collective decision=20

   798 is so large that the role of each individual is insignificant [5]=20

   799 

   800 43. It is true that some individuals seem to have little need for autonomy. =

   801 Either their drive for power is=20

   802 weak or they satisfy it by identifying themselves with some powerful =

   803 organization to which they belong.=20

   804 And then there are unthinking, animal types who seem to be satisfied with a =

   805 purely physical sense of=20

   806 power(the good combat soldier, who gets his sense of power by developing =

   807 fighting skills that he is quite=20

   808 content to use in blind obedience to his superiors).=20

   809 

   810 44. But for most people it is through the power process-having a goal, =

   811 making an AUTONOMOUS effort=20

   812 and attaining t the goal-that self-esteem, self-confidence and a sense of =

   813 power are acquired. When one does=20

   814 not have adequate opportunity to go throughout the power process the =

   815 consequences are (depending on the=20

   816 individual and on the way the power process is disrupted) boredom, =

   817 demoralization, low self-esteem,=20

   818 inferiority feelings, defeatism, depression, anxiety, guilt, frustration, =

   819 hostility, spouse or child abuse,=20

   820 insatiable hedonism, abnormal sexual behavior, sleep disorders, eating =

   821 disorders, etc. [6]=20

   822 

   823 SOURCES OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS

   824 

   825 45. Any of the foregoing symptoms can occur in any society, but in modern =

   826 industrial society they are=20

   827 present on a massive scale. We aren't the first to mention that the world =

   828 today seems to be going crazy.=20

   829 This sort of thing is not normal for human societies. There is good reason =

   830 to believe that primitive man=20

   831 suffered from less stress and frustration and was better satisfied with his =

   832 way of life than modern man is. It=20

   833 is true that not all was sweetness and light in primitive societies. Abuse =

   834 of women and common among the=20

   835 Australian aborigines, transexuality was fairly common among some of the =

   836 American Indian tribes. But is=20

   837 does appear that GENERALLY SPEAKING the kinds of problems that we have =

   838 listed in the preceding=20

   839 paragraph were far less common among primitive peoples than they are in =

   840 modern society.=20

   841 

   842 46. We attribute the social and psychological problems of modern society to =

   843 the fact that that society=20

   844 requires people to live under conditions radically different from those =

   845 under which the human race evolved=20

   846 and to behave in ways that conflict with the patterns of behavior that the =

   847 human race developed while=20

   848 living under the earlier conditions. It is clear from what we have already =

   849 written that we consider lack of=20

   850 opportunity to properly experience the power process as the most important =

   851 of the abnormal conditions to=20

   852 which modern society subjects people. But it is not the only one. Before =

   853 dealing with disruption of the=20

   854 power process as a source of social problems we will discuss some of the =

   855 other sources.=20

   856 

   857 47. Among the abnormal conditions present in modern industrial society are =

   858 excessive density of=20

   859 population, isolation of man from nature, excessive rapidity of social =

   860 change and the break-down of natural=20

   861 small-scale communities such as the extended family, the village or the =

   862 tribe.=20

   863 

   864 48. It is well known that crowding increases stress and aggression. The =

   865 degree of crowding that exists=20

   866 today and the isolation of man from nature are consequences of =

   867 technological progress. All pre-industrial=20

   868 societies were predominantly rural. The industrial Revolution vastly =

   869 increased the size of cities and the=20

   870 proportion of the population that lives in them, and modern agricultural =

   871 technology has made it possible for=20

   872 the Earth to support a far denser population than it ever did before. =

   873 (Also, technology exacerbates the=20

   874 effects of crowding because it puts increased disruptive powers in people's =

   875 hands. For example, a variety of=20

   876 noise-making devices: power mowers, radios, motorcycles, etc. If the use of =

   877 these devices is unrestricted,=20

   878 people who want peace and quiet are frustrated by the noise.=20

   879 If their use is restricted, people who use the devices are frustrated by =

   880 the regulations... But if these=20

   881 machines had never been invented there would have been no conflict and no =

   882 frustration generated by=20

   883 them.)=20

   884 

   885 49. For primitive societies the natural world (which usually changes only =

   886 slowly) provided a stable=20

   887 framework and therefore a sense of security. In the modern world it is =

   888 human society that dominates nature=20

   889 rather than the other way around, and modern society changes very rapidly =

   890 owing to technological change.=20

   891 Thus there is no stable framework.=20

   892 

   893 50. The conservatives are fools: They whine about the decay of traditional =

   894 values, yet they enthusiastically=20

   895 support technological progress and economic growth. Apparently it never =

   896 occurs to them that you can't=20

   897 make rapid, drastic changes in the technology and the economy of a society =

   898 with out causing rapid changes=20

   899 in all other aspects of the society as well, and that such rapid changes =

   900 inevitably break down traditional=20

   901 values.=20

   902 

   903 51.The breakdown of traditional values to some extent implies the breakdown =

   904 of the bonds that hold=20

   905 together traditional small-scale social groups. The disintegration of =

   906 small-scale social groups is also=20

   907 promoted by the fact that modern conditions often require or tempt =

   908 individuals to move to new locations,=20

   909 separating themselves from their communities. Beyond that, a technological =

   910 society HAS TO weaken=20

   911 family ties and local communities if it is to function efficiently. In =

   912 modern society an individual's loyalty=20

   913 must be first to the system and only secondarily to a small-scale =

   914 community, because if the internal=20

   915 loyalties of small-scale small-scale communities were stronger than loyalty =

   916 to the system, such=20

   917 communities would pursue their own advantage at the expense of the system. =

   918 

   919 

   920 52. Suppose that a public official or a corporation executive appoints his =

   921 cousin, his friend or his co-

   922 religionist to a position rather than appointing the person best qualified =

   923 for the job. He has permitted=20

   924 personal loyalty to supersede his loyalty to the system, and that is =

   925 "nepotism" or "discrimination," both of=20

   926 which are terrible sins in modern society. Would-be industrial societies =

   927 that have done a poor job of=20

   928 subordinating personal or local loyalties to loyalty to the system are =

   929 usually very inefficient. (Look at Latin=20

   930 America.) Thus an advanced industrial society can tolerate only those =

   931 small-scale communities that are=20

   932 emasculated, tamed and made into tools of the system. [7]=20

   933 

   934 53. Crowding, rapid change and the breakdown of communities have been =

   935 widely recognized as sources of=20

   936 social problems. but we do not believe they are enough to account for the =

   937 extent of the problems that are=20

   938 seen today.=20

   939 

   940 54. A few pre-industrial cities were very large and crowded, yet their =

   941 inhabitants do not seem to have=20

   942 suffered from psychological problems to the same extent as modern man. In =

   943 America today there still are=20

   944 uncrowded rural areas, and we find there the same problems as in urban =

   945 areas, though the problems tend to=20

   946 be less acute in the rural areas. Thus crowding does not seem to be the =

   947 decisive factor.=20

   948 

   949 55. On the growing edge of the American frontier during the 19th century, =

   950 the mobility of the population=20

   951 probably broke down extended families and small-scale social groups to at =

   952 least the same extent as these=20

   953 are broken down today. In fact, many nuclear families lived by choice in =

   954 such isolation, having no=20

   955 neighbors within several miles, that they belonged to no community at all, =

   956 yet they do not seem to have=20

   957 developed problems as a result.=20

   958 

   959 56.Furthermore, change in American frontier society was very rapid and =

   960 deep. A man might be born and=20

   961 raised in a log cabin, outside the reach of law and order and fed largely =

   962 on wild meat; and by the time he=20

   963 arrived at old age he might be working at a regular job and living in an =

   964 ordered community with effective=20

   965 law enforcement. This was a deeper change that that which typically occurs =

   966 in the life of a modern=20

   967 individual, yet it does not seem to have led to psychological problems. In =

   968 fact, 19th century American=20

   969 society had an optimistic and self-confident tone, quite unlike that of =

   970 today's society. [8]=20

   971 

   972 57. The difference, we argue, is that modern man has the sense (largely =

   973 justified) that change is IMPOSED=20

   974 on him, whereas the 19th century frontiersman had the sense (also largely =

   975 justified) that he created change=20

   976 himself, by his own choice. Thus a pioneer settled on a piece of land of =

   977 his own choosing and made it into=20

   978 a farm through his own effort. In those days an entire county might have =

   979 only a couple of hundred=20

   980 inhabitants and was a far more isolated and autonomous entity than a modern =

   981 county is. Hence the pioneer=20

   982 farmer participated as a member of a relatively small group in the creation =

   983 of a new, ordered community.=20

   984 One may well question whether the creation of this community was an =

   985 improvement, but at any rate it=20

   986 satisfied the pioneer's need for the power process.=20

   987 

   988 58. It would be possible to give other examples of societies in which there =

   989 has been rapid change and/or=20

   990 lack of close community ties without he kind of massive behavioral =

   991 aberration that is seen in today's=20

   992 industrial society. We contend that the most important cause of social and =

   993 psychological problems in=20

   994 modern society is the fact that people have insufficient opportunity to go =

   995 through the power process in a=20

   996 normal way. We don't mean to say that modern society is the only one in =

   997 which the power process has been=20

   998 disrupted. Probably most if not all civilized societies have interfered =

   999 with the power ' process to a greater or=20

  1000 lesser extent. But in modern industrial society the problem has become =

  1001 particularly acute. Leftism, at least=20

  1002 in its recent=20

  1003 (mid-to-late -20th century) form, is in part a symptom of deprivation with =

  1004 respect to the power process.=20

  1005 

  1006 DISRUPTION OF THE POWER PROCESS IN MODERN SOCIETY

  1007 

  1008 59. We divide human drives into three groups: (1) those drives that can be =

  1009 satisfied with minimal effort; (2)=20

  1010 those that can be satisfied but only at the cost of serious effort; (3) =

  1011 those that cannot be adequately satisfied=20

  1012 no matter how much effort one makes. The power process is the process of =

  1013 satisfying the drives of the=20

  1014 second group. The more drives there are in the third group, the more there =

  1015 is frustration, anger, eventually=20

  1016 defeatism, depression, etc.=20

  1017 

  1018 60. In modern industrial society natural human drives tend to be pushed =

  1019 into the first and third groups, and=20

  1020 the second group tends to consist increasingly of artificially created =

  1021 drives.=20

  1022 

  1023 61. In primitive societies, physical necessities generally fall into group =

  1024 2: They can be obtained, but only at=20

  1025 the cost of serious effort. But modern society tends to guaranty the =

  1026 physical necessities to everyone [9] in=20

  1027 exchange for only minimal effort, hence physical needs are pushed into =

  1028 group 1. (There may be=20

  1029 disagreement about whether the effort needed to hold a job is "minimal"; =

  1030 but usually, in lower- to middle-

  1031 level jobs, whatever effort is required is merely that of obedience. You =

  1032 sit or stand where you are told to sit=20

  1033 or stand and do what you are told to do in the way you are told to do it. =

  1034 Seldom do you have to exert=20

  1035 yourself seriously, and in any case you have hardly any autonomy in work, =

  1036 so that the need for the power=20

  1037 process is not well served.)=20

  1038 

  1039 62. Social needs, such as sex, love and status, often remain in group 2 in =

  1040 modern society, depending on the=20

  1041 situation of the individual. [10] But, except for people who have a =

  1042 particularly strong drive for status, the=20

  1043 effort required to fulfill the social drives is insufficient to satisfy =

  1044 adequately the need for the power process.=20

  1045 

  1046 63. So certain artificial needs have been created that fall into group 2, =

  1047 hence serve the need for the power=20

  1048 process. Advertising and marketing techniques have been developed that make =

  1049 many people feel they need=20

  1050 things that their grandparents never desired or even dreamed of. It =

  1051 requires serious effort to earn enough=20

  1052 money to satisfy these artificial needs, hence they fall into group 2. (But =

  1053 see paragraphs 80-82.) Modern=20

  1054 man must satisfy his need for the power process largely through pursuit of =

  1055 the artificial needs created by=20

  1056 the advertising and marketing industry [11], and through surrogate =

  1057 activities.=20

  1058 

  1059 64. It seems that for many people, maybe the majority, these artificial =

  1060 forms of the power process are=20

  1061 insufficient. A theme that appears repeatedly in the writings of the social =

  1062 critics of the second half of the=20

  1063 20th century is the sense of purposelessness that afflicts many people in =

  1064 modern society. (This=20

  1065 purposelessness is often called by other names such as "anomic" or =

  1066 "middle-class vacuity.") We suggest=20

  1067 that the so-called "identity crisis" is actually a search for a sense of =

  1068 purpose, often for commitment to a=20

  1069 suitable surrogate activity. It may be that existentialism is in large part =

  1070 a response to the purposelessness of=20

  1071 modern life. [12] Very widespread in modern society is the search for =

  1072 "fulfillment." But we think that for=20

  1073 the majority of people an activity whose main goal is fulfillment=20

  1074 (that is, a surrogate activity) does not bring completely satisfactory =

  1075 fulfillment. In other words, it does not=20

  1076 fully satisfy the need for the power process. (See paragraph 41.) That need =

  1077 can be fully satisfied only=20

  1078 through activities that have some external goal, such as physical =

  1079 necessities, sex, love, status, revenge, etc.=20

  1080 

  1081 65. Moreover, where goals are pursued through earning money, climbing the =

  1082 status ladder or functioning=20

  1083 as part of the system in some other way, most people are not in a position =

  1084 to pursue their goals=20

  1085 AUTONOMOUSLY. Most workers are someone else's employee as, as we pointed =

  1086 out in paragraph 61,=20

  1087 must spend their days doing what they are told to do in the way they are =

  1088 told to do it. Even most people=20

  1089 who are in business for themselves have only limited autonomy. It is a =

  1090 chronic complaint of small-business=20

  1091 persons and entrepreneurs that their hands are tied by excessive government =

  1092 regulation. Some of these=20

  1093 regulations are doubtless unnecessary, but for the most part government =

  1094 regulations are essential and=20

  1095 inevitable parts of our extremely complex society. A large portion of small =

  1096 business today operates on the=20

  1097 franchise system.=20

  1098 It was reported in the Wall Street Journal a few years ago that many of the =

  1099 franchise-granting companies=20

  1100 require applicants for franchises to take a personality test that is =

  1101 designed to EXCLUDE those who have=20

  1102 creativity and initiative, because such persons are not sufficiently docile =

  1103 to go along obediently with the=20

  1104 franchise system. This excludes from small business many of the people who =

  1105 most need autonomy.=20

  1106 

  1107 66. Today people live more by virtue of what the system does FOR them or TO =

  1108 them than by virtue of=20

  1109 what they do for themselves. And what they do for themselves is done more =

  1110 and more along channels laid=20

  1111 down by the system. Opportunities tend to be those that the system =

  1112 provides, the opportunities must be=20

  1113 exploited in accord with the rules and regulations [13], and techniques =

  1114 prescribed by experts must be=20

  1115 followed if there is to be a chance of success.=20

  1116 

  1117 67. Thus the power process is disrupted in our society through a deficiency =

  1118 of real goals and a deficiency=20

  1119 of autonomy in pursuit of goals. But it is also disrupted because of those =

  1120 human drives that fall into group=20

  1121 3: the drives that one cannot adequately satisfy no matter how much effort =

  1122 one makes. One of these drives=20

  1123 is the need for security. Our lives depend on decisions made by other =

  1124 people; we have no control over these=20

  1125 decisions and usually we do not even know the people who make them. ("We =

  1126 live in a world in which=20

  1127 relatively few people - maybe 500 or 1,00 - make the important decisions" - =

  1128 Philip B. Heymann of Harvard=20

  1129 Law School, quoted by Anthony Lewis, New York Times, April 21, 1995.) Our =

  1130 lives depend on whether=20

  1131 safety standards at a nuclear power plant are properly maintained;=20

  1132 on how much pesticide is allowed to get into our food or how much pollution =

  1133 into our air; on how skillful=20

  1134 (or incompetent) our doctor is; whether we lose or get a job may depend on =

  1135 decisions made by government=20