Network Working Group L. Masinter
Request for Comments: 2397 Xerox Corporation
Category: Standards Track August 1998
The "data" URL scheme
Status of this Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998). All Rights Reserved.
1. Abstract
A new URL scheme, "data", is defined. It allows inclusion of small
data items as "immediate" data, as if it had been included
externally.
2. Description
Some applications that use URLs also have a need to embed (small)
media type data directly inline. This document defines a new URL
scheme that would work like 'immediate addressing'. The URLs are of
the form:
data:[<mediatype>][;base64],<data>
The <mediatype> is an Internet media type specification (with
optional parameters.) The appearance of ";base64" means that the data
is encoded as base64. Without ";base64", the data (as a sequence of
octets) is represented using ASCII encoding for octets inside the
range of safe URL characters and using the standard %xx hex encoding
of URLs for octets outside that range. If <mediatype> is omitted, it
defaults to text/plain;charset=US-ASCII. As a shorthand,
"text/plain" can be omitted but the charset parameter supplied.
The "data:" URL scheme is only useful for short values. Note that
some applications that use URLs may impose a length limit; for
example, URLs embedded within <A> anchors in HTML have a length limit
determined by the SGML declaration for HTML [RFC1866]. The LITLEN
(1024) limits the number of characters which can appear in a single
Masinter Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 2397 The "data" URL scheme August 1998
attribute value literal, the ATTSPLEN (2100) limits the sum of all
lengths of all attribute value specifications which appear in a tag,
and the TAGLEN (2100) limits the overall length of a tag.
The "data" URL scheme has no relative URL forms.
3. Syntax
dataurl := "data:" [ mediatype ] [ ";base64" ] "," data
mediatype := [ type "/" subtype ] *( ";" parameter )
data := *urlchar
parameter := attribute "=" value
where "urlchar" is imported from [RFC2396], and "type", "subtype",
"attribute" and "value" are the corresponding tokens from [RFC2045],
represented using URL escaped encoding of [RFC2396] as necessary.
Attribute values in [RFC2045] are allowed to be either represented as
tokens or as quoted strings. However, within a "data" URL, the
"quoted-string" representation would be awkward, since the quote mark
is itself not a valid urlchar. For this reason, parameter values
should use the URL Escaped encoding instead of quoted string if the
parameter values contain any "tspecial".
The ";base64" extension is distinguishable from a content-type
parameter by the fact that it doesn't have a following "=" sign.
4. Examples
A data URL might be used for arbitrary types of data. The URL
data:,A%20brief%20note
encodes the text/plain string "A brief note", which might be useful
in a footnote link.
The HTML fragment:
<IMG
SRC="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhMAAwAPAAAAAAAP///ywAAAAAMAAw
AAAC8IyPqcvt3wCcDkiLc7C0qwyGHhSWpjQu5yqmCYsapyuvUUlvONmOZtfzgFz
ByTB10QgxOR0TqBQejhRNzOfkVJ+5YiUqrXF5Y5lKh/DeuNcP5yLWGsEbtLiOSp
a/TPg7JpJHxyendzWTBfX0cxOnKPjgBzi4diinWGdkF8kjdfnycQZXZeYGejmJl
ZeGl9i2icVqaNVailT6F5iJ90m6mvuTS4OK05M0vDk0Q4XUtwvKOzrcd3iq9uis
F81M1OIcR7lEewwcLp7tuNNkM3uNna3F2JQFo97Vriy/Xl4/f1cf5VWzXyym7PH
hhx4dbgYKAAA7"
ALT="Larry">
Masinter Standards Track [Page 2]
RFC 2397 The "data" URL scheme August 1998
could be used for a small inline image in a HTML document. (The
embedded image is probably near the limit of utility. For anything
else larger, data URLs are likely to be inappropriate.)
A data URL scheme's media type specification can include other
parameters; for example, one might specify a charset parameter.
data:text/plain;charset=iso-8859-7,%be%fg%be
can be used for a short sequence of greek characters.
Some applications may use the "data" URL scheme in order to provide
setup parameters for other kinds of networking applications. For
example, one might create a media type
application/vnd-xxx-query
whose content consists of a query string and a database identifier
for the "xxx" vendor's databases. A URL of the form:
data:application/vnd-xxx-
query,select_vcount,fcol_from_fieldtable/local
could then be used in a local application to launch the "helper" for
application/vnd-xxx-query and give it the immediate data included.
5. History
This idea was originally proposed August 1995. Some versions of the
data URL scheme have been used in the definition of VRML, and a
version has appeared as part of a proposal for embedded data in HTML.
Various changes have been made, based on requests, to elide the media
type, pack the indication of the base64 encoding more tightly, and
eliminate "quoted printable" as an encoding since it would not easily
yield valid URLs without additional %xx encoding, which itself is
sufficient. The "data" URL scheme is in use in VRML, new applications
of HTML, and various commercial products. It is being used for object
parameters in Java and ActiveX applications.
6. Security
Interpretation of the data within a "data" URL has the same security
considerations as any implementation of the given media type. An
application should not interpret the contents of a data URL which is
marked with a media type that has been disallowed for processing by
the application's configuration.
Masinter Standards Track [Page 3]
RFC 2397 The "data" URL scheme August 1998
Sites which use firewall proxies to disallow the retrieval of certain
media types (such as application script languages or types with known
security problems) will find it difficult to screen against the
inclusion of such types using the "data" URL scheme. However, they
should be aware of the threat and take whatever precautions are
considered necessary within their domain.
The effect of using long "data" URLs in applications is currently
unknown; some software packages may exhibit unreasonable behavior
when confronted with data that exceeds its allocated buffer size.
7. References
[RFC2396] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter,
"Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax", RFC
2396, August 1998.
[RFC1866] Berners-Lee, T., and D. Connolly, "Hypertext Markup
Language - 2.0.", RFC 1866, November 1995.
[RFC2045] Freed N., and N. Borenstein., "Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message
Bodies", RFC 2045, November 1996.
Author contact information:
Larry Masinter
Xerox Palo Alto Research Center
3333 Coyote Hill Road
Palo Alto, CA 94304
EMail: masinter@parc.xerox.com
Masinter Standards Track [Page 4]
RFC 2397 The "data" URL scheme August 1998
Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998). All Rights Reserved.
This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
English.
The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Masinter Standards Track [Page 5]