| author | Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com> |
| Thu, 17 Dec 2009 09:28:34 +0200 | |
| changeset 33 | cf642210ecb7 |
| parent 8 | 35751d3474b7 |
| permissions | -rw-r--r-- |
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<TITLE>Security Glossary</TITLE> |
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<H1><CENTER><b>Security Glossary</b></CENTER></H1> |
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Security Classification |
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Internal |
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Document Reference |
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SGL.GT0128.56 |
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Status |
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Draftversion |
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Team/Department |
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William Bamberg |
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Owner |
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Security Team |
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<TR HEIGHT=0><TD WIDTH="35%"></TD><TD |
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WIDTH="65%"></TD></TR></TABLE></P></center> |
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<A name="Asymmetric Cryptography"></A>Asymmetric Cryptography |
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A form of cryptography in which the 'key' is generated as a key pair: if one key is used for encryption |
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only the other can be used to decrypt, and vice versa. |
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<p> |
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Using asymmetric cryptography, the problem of key distribution becomes one of authentication; i.e. how to make sure |
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that a given key really does belong to the entity that claims to own it. |
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Attribute Certificate |
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</td> |
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<td> |
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A digitally signed data structure including at least an identifier for an individual entity |
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and a set of attributes, whose function is to bind the entity with the attributes, usually for the |
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purpose of authorisation. |
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</td> |
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</tr> |
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108 |
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<TR> |
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<TD> |
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<A name="Authentication"></A>Authentication |
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</td> |
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<td> |
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Usually used to refer to a property of a communication; that the receiver of a message is able to ascertain its origin, |
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so an attacker cannot successfully impersonate the sender. |
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</td> |
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</tr> |
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<TR> |
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<TD> |
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<A name="Block Cipher"></A>Block Cipher |
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</td> |
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<td> |
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A class of <A HREF="#Symmetric Cryptography">symmetric algorithm</A> in which several bits of the input data |
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are encrypted at once in a fixed-size block. |
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The cipher and its mode of operation define the block size: |
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the plaintext is split up into appropriately-sized blocks and each block is fed into the cipher. |
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</td> |
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</tr> |
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130 |
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<TR> |
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<TD> |
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CA Certificate |
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</td> |
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<td> |
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A certificate held by a <A HREF="#Certification Authority">CA</A>: the key pair associated with it is used for |
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signing certificates issued by that CA. May or may not be self-signed. |
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</td> |
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</tr> |
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|
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<TR> |
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<TD> |
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<A name="Certificate"></A>Certificate |
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</td> |
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<td> |
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For our purposes, this is the same thing as a <A HREF="#Public Key Certificate"> |
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public key certificate</A> |
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</td> |
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</tr> |
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150 |
|
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<TR> |
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<TD><A name="Certification Authority"></A>Certification Authority (CA) |
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</td> |
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<td> |
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An organization which perform the following functions in a hierachical <A HREF="#Public Key Infrastructure">PKI</A>: |
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<ul> |
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<li> |
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providing trusted ‘root’ certificates to users (<A HREF="#End Entities">End Entities</A>), by |
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supplying them with the CA’s public key via out-of-band means. |
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</li> |
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<li> |
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certifying End Entities by generating and distributing certificates for them. |
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The certified EE is the subject of the certificate: the CA is the issuer. |
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</li> |
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<li> |
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supporting certificate <A HREF="#Revocation">revocation</A> and revocation checking: if an EE suspects that their key has |
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been compromised, they contact the CA which issued it, who should revoke their certificate. |
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</li> |
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</ul> |
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<p>A CA will always have a root certificate-signing key pair, which must be authenticated to End Entities via |
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out of band channels. This key pair is not logically certified by anything, but it is usually distributed inside |
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a <A HREF="#Self-signed Certificate">self-signed certificate</A> to afford some degree of <A HREF="#Tamper Evidency">tamper evidency</A>. |
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<p>However, CAs do not have to use their root key pair to issue certificates directly to End Entities. For organizational |
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reasons and to reduce the exposure of keys, a CA may have a single root signing key pair, which it uses to certify a |
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set of subordinate key pairs, which in turn are used to certify End Entities. Also, CAs may certify the |
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signing keys of other CAs by issuing <A HREF="#Cross Certificate">cross certificates</A>, which enable interoperation |
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between two distinct PKIs. |
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</td> |
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</tr> |
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|
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<TR> |
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<TD> |
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<A name="Ciphertext"></A>Ciphertext |
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</td> |
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<td> |
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The output of an <A HREF="#Encryption">encryption</A> operation, or |
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the input to a <A HREF="#Decryption">decryption</A> operation. |
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</td> |
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</tr> |
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|
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<TR> |
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<TD> |
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<A name="Client Authentication"></A>Client Authentication |
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</td> |
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<td> |
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In a secure client-server protocol such as <A HREF="#Transport Layer Security">TLS</A>, the process in which the client |
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<A HREF="#Authentication">authenticates</A> itself to the server, so the server knows who it's talking to. |
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</td> |
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</tr> |
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Client/User/End Entity Certificate |
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</td> |
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<td> |
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A <A HREF="#Certificate">certificate</A> issued by a <A HREF="#Certification Authority">CA</A> to an |
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<A HREF="#End Entity">end entity</A> (for example the user of a WID) who may use it |
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to demonstrate their ownership of the key pair associated with it |
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</td> |
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<A name="Cross Certificate"></A>Cross Certificate |
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</td> |
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A <A HREF="#Certificate">certificate</A> issued by a <A HREF="#Certification Authority">CA</A> which certificates another |
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CA's <A HREF="#Root Certificate">root certificate</A>. This is way of uniting two distinct certification hierarchies. |
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</td> |
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<A name="Decryption"></A>Decryption |
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</td> |
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<td> |
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The process of turning encrypted data (called ciphertext) into the original information (called plaintext) |
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using a cryptographic algorithm parameterised with a key. |
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</td> |
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</tr> |
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<TR> |
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<TD> |
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<A name="Digital Signature"></A>Digital Signature |
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</td> |
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<td> |
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A structure linking some data and a private key. A digital signature may be generated by the application of a |
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<A HREF="#Private Key">private key</A> to some piece of data. The original data |
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may be reconstructed by applying the corresponding public key, demonstrating that the signature could only have been generated by |
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someone with access to the private key. |
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<p>Digital signatures have two primary uses: to demonstrate someone's identity by signing some challenge, as in |
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<A HREF="#Client Authentication">client authentication</A> in <A HREF="#Transport Layer Security">TLS</A>, in which the client |
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signs a <A HREF="#Hash">hash</A> of the messages that have been exchanged, and more strongly, for someone to demonstrate their |
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acceptance of some human-processable information (e.g. 'Please withdraw £10 000 from my bank account') as in the |
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<A HREF="#WMLScript Crypto API">WMLScript Crypto API</A> <A HREF="#SignText">SignText</A> function. |
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</td> |
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</tr> |
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<TR> |
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<TD> |
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<A name="DSA"></A>Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) |
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</td> |
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<td> |
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NIST-approved <A HREF="#Asymmetric Cryptography">asymmetric algorithm</A>. It can only be used for generating and |
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verifying <A HREF="#Digital Signature">digital signatures</A>, not for encryption. |
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</td> |
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</tr> |
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<TR> |
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<TD> |
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<A name="ECC"></A>Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) |
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</td> |
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<td> |
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Elliptical curve cryptography (ECC) is an <A HREF="#Asymmetric Cryptography">asymmetric algorithm</A> |
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based on elliptic curve theory that can be used to create faster, smaller, and more efficient cryptographic keys. |
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Because ECC helps to establish equivalent security with lower computing power and battery resource usage, |
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it is becoming widely used for mobile applications. |
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</td> |
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</tr> |
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<TR> |
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<TD> |
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<A name="Encryption"></A>Encryption |
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</td> |
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<td> |
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The process of turning meaningful data (called plaintext) into meaningless gibberish (called ciphertext) |
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using a cryptographic algorithm parameterised with a key. |
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</td> |
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</tr> |
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<TR> |
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<TD> |
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<A name="End Entity"></A>End Entity |
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</td> |
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<td> |
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A leaf node in a certification hierarchy: any entity in a <A HREF="#Public Key Infrastructure">PKI</A> |
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which has a certificate, but is not allowed to issue its own certificates. |
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</td> |
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</tr> |
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<A name="Hash"></A>Hash |
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</td> |
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Hash algorithms take a variable-length input and produce a fixed length output known as a digest, or hash, of the input. |
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For cryptographic purposes they need to be one-way functions: |
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it should not be possible to deduce the input from the digest, or even any part of the input. |
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Also, it should be hard to find collisions: that is, two different inputs which produce the same output. |
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</td> |
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</tr> |
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<TD> |
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<A name="HMAC"></A>HMAC |
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</td> |
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<td> |
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Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication. A mechanism for message authentication using cryptographic |
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<A HREF="#Hash">hashes</A>. It can be used with any iterative cryptographic |
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hash function, e.g., <A HREF="#MD5">MD5</A>, <A HREF="#SHA-1">SHA-1</A>, in combination with a secret shared key. |
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The cryptographic strength of HMAC depends on the properties of the underlying hash function. |
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</td> |
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</tr> |
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<TR> |
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<TD> |
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ICC |
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</td> |
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<td> |
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Integrated Circuit Card: removable card with at least data storage and sometimes processing |
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</td> |
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</tr> |
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<TR> |
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<TD> |
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<A name="IPSec"></A>IPSec |
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</td> |
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<td> |
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A standard providing <A HREF="#Secrecy">secrecy</A> and <A HREF="#Authentication">authentication</A> at the network or |
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packet-processing layer of network communication. Earlier security approaches have inserted security at the |
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application layer of the communications model. IPsec will be especially useful for implementing virtual |
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private networks and for remote user access through dial-up connection to private networks. IPSec is mandatory in IPv6. |
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</td> |
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</tr> |
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337 |
|
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<TR> |
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<TD> |
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<A name="MD2"></A>MD2 |
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</td> |
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<td> |
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Legacy <A HREF="#Hash">hash algorithm</A>. Considered insecure. |
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</td> |
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</tr> |
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|
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<TR> |
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<TD> |
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<A name="MD5"></A>MD5 |
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</td> |
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<td> |
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Legacy <A HREF="#Hash">hash algorithm</A>. Considered vulnerable. |
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</td> |
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</tr> |
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355 |
|
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<TR> |
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<TD> |
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<A name="Message Digest Algorithm"></A>Message Digest Algorithm |
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</td> |
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<td> |
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Same thing as a <A HREF="#Hash">hash algorithm</A>. |
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</td> |
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</tr> |
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|
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<TR> |
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<TD> |
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<A name="Nonrepudiation"></A>Nonrepudiation |
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</td> |
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<td> |
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The process by which it is assured that an entity making a declaration cannot subsequently deny having made it: |
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so I can't claim that I never wrote that cheque. |
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</td> |
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</tr> |
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<TR> |
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<TD> |
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<A name="OCSP"></A>Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) |
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</td> |
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<td> |
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A protocol enabling a <A HREF="#Relying Party">relying party</A> to check that a |
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<A HREF="#Certificate">certificate</A> has not been <A HREF="#Revocation">revoked</A>. In this protocol the OCSP client |
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asks the OCSP server about the status of one or more certificates, and receives a |
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<A HREF="#Digital Signature">digitally signed</A> response. |
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</td> |
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</tr> |
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|
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<TR> |
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<TD> |
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<A name="Out Of Band"></A>Out Of Band |
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</td> |
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|
391 |
<td> |
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392 |
A channel of communication which is distinct from the channel which we are using cryptography to try to secure, |
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and which is secure on its own terms; that is, its security is not dependent on the cryptography we are using. |
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<p>A common example of an out of band channel is a motorcycle courier. |
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395 |
</td> |
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396 |
</tr> |
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|
397 |
|
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398 |
<TR> |
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399 |
<TD> |
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<A name="Padding"></A>Padding |
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401 |
</td> |
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402 |
<td> |
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403 |
The process of adding bytes to the input to a <A HREF="#Block Cipher">block cipher</A> so that the input matches the |
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block size. |
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405 |
</td> |
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406 |
</tr> |
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|
407 |
|
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408 |
<TR> |
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409 |
<TD> |
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<A name="Plaintext"></A>Plaintext |
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411 |
</td> |
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412 |
<td> |
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The output of an <A HREF="#Decryption">decryption</A> operation, or |
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the input to a <A HREF="#Encryption">encryption</A> operation. |
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415 |
</td> |
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416 |
</tr> |
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417 |
|
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<TR> |
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419 |
<TD> |
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<A name="PGP"></A>Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) |
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421 |
</td> |
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<td> |
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A very widely-used <A HREF="#Encryption">encryption</A> and <A HREF="#Digital Signature">digital signing</A> |
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program. |
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425 |
</td> |
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426 |
</tr> |
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|
427 |
|
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<TR> |
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429 |
<TD> |
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<A name="Private Key"></A>Private Key |
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</td> |
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<td> |
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In the context of <A HREF="#Public Key Cryptography">public key cryptography</A>, the private half of the key pair. |
|
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</td> |
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435 |
</tr> |
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|
436 |
|
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<TR> |
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438 |
<TD> |
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<A name="Public Key"></A>Public Key |
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</td> |
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<td> |
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In the context of <A HREF="#Public Key Cryptography">public key cryptography</A>, the public half of the key pair. |
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</td> |
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</tr> |
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445 |
|
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<TR> |
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<TD> |
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<A name="Public Key Certificate"></A>Public Key Certificate |
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</td> |
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<td> |
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A digitally signed structure including at least an identifier for an |
|
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individual entity and a public key, whose function is to bind the entity with the key. |
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</td> |
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454 |
</tr> |
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|
455 |
|
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<TR> |
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<TD> |
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<A name="Public Key Cryptography"></A>Public Key Cryptography |
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459 |
</td> |
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<td> |
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A common application of <A HREF="#Asymmetric Cryptography">asymmetric cryptography</A> in which one half of the key pair is |
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kept secrect (the <A HREF="#Private Key">private key</A>) and the other half is published |
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(the <A HREF="#Public Key">public key</A>. |
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</td> |
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465 |
</tr> |
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|
466 |
|
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<TR> |
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<TD> |
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469 |
<A name="Public Key Infrastructure"></A>Public Key Infrastructure |
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</td> |
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<td> |
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|
472 |
|
|
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<p>A way of modelling real-world trust relationships which enables users of <A HREF="#Public Key Cryptography">public key cryptography</A> |
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to have confidence in the ownership of |
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the public keys they are using. |
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|
476 |
|
|
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A PKI consists of: |
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<ul> |
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479 |
<li> |
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a <A HREF="#Trusted Third Party">trusted third party</a> |
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481 |
</li> |
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482 |
<li> |
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an <A HREF="#Out Of Band">out of band</A> means of distributing the TTP's <A HREF="#Public Key Certificate">public key certificate</A> |
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to <A HREF="#Relying Party">relying parties</a> |
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485 |
</li> |
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<li> |
|
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487 |
a means of distributing other certificates to relying parties |
|
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488 |
</li> |
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|
489 |
<li> |
|
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0
diff
changeset
|
490 |
arrangements for the <A HREF="#Revocation">revocation</A> and renewal of these certificates |
|
35751d3474b7
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parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
491 |
</li> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
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parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
492 |
<li> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
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parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
493 |
certificate management and validation software on the relying party's computer |
|
35751d3474b7
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parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
494 |
</li> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
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parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
495 |
</ul> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
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parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
496 |
<p>The TTP uses its signing key pair to create certificates for other entities, which relying parties can use to authenticate these |
|
35751d3474b7
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parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
497 |
other entities. |
|
35751d3474b7
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parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
498 |
<p>We can classify PKIs according to whether they are hierachical or flat. In hierachical PKIs, such as the one defined in the <A HREF="#PKIX">PKIX</A> |
|
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parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
499 |
set of standards, there is a distinction between users of the PKI such as <A HREF="#End Entity">End Entities</A> and |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
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parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
500 |
<A HREF="#Relying Party">Relying Parties</A>, and entities responsible for issuing and distributing certificates such as |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
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parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
501 |
<A HREF="#Certification Authority">CAs</A> and <A HREF="#Registration Authority">RAs</A>. In a flat PKI such as the |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
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parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
502 |
<A HREF="#Web of Trust">web of trust</A> underpinning <A HREF="#Pretty Good Privacy">PGP</A>, there are no entities whose |
|
35751d3474b7
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parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
503 |
sole role is to issue certificates; instead users of the PKI certify each other. |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
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parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
504 |
</td> |
|
35751d3474b7
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parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
505 |
</tr> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
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parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
506 |
|
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
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parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
507 |
<TR> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
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parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
508 |
<TD> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
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parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
509 |
<A name="Registration Authority"></A>Registration Authority |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
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parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
510 |
</td> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
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parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
511 |
<td> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
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parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
512 |
An organization responsible for registering new certificate users in a |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
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parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
513 |
<A HREF="#Public Key Infrastructure">PKI</A>, e.g. by gathering and verifying information which identifies the |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
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parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
514 |
certificate applicant. |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
515 |
</td> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
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parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
516 |
</tr> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
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parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
517 |
|
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
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parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
518 |
<TR> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
519 |
<TD> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
520 |
<A name="Revocation"></A>Revocation |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
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parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
521 |
</td> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
522 |
<td> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
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parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
523 |
The term used for asserting that a certificate is no longer valid: for example, because the private key |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
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parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
524 |
associated with it has been compromised. |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
525 |
</td> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
526 |
</tr> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
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parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
527 |
|
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
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parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
528 |
<TR> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
529 |
<TD> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
530 |
<A name="Relying Party"></A>Relying Party |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
531 |
</td> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
532 |
<td> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
533 |
An entity who relies on the authenticity of a <A HREF="#Public Key">public key</a>. |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
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parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
534 |
</td> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
535 |
</tr> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
536 |
|
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
537 |
<TR> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
538 |
<TD> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
539 |
<A name="Root Certificate"></A>Root Certificate |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
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parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
540 |
</td> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
541 |
<td> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
542 |
The certificate of a <A HREF="#Trusted Third Party">trusted third party</a>. |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
543 |
A certificate directly trusted by a <A HREF="#Relying Party">relying party</A>: that is, trust in it is not |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
544 |
established by cryptographic means, but trust in it is the prerequisite for establishing trust in the entity |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
545 |
which the relying party is trying to authenticate. |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
546 |
Trust in a root certificate must be established through <A HREF="#Out Of Band">out of band</A> means. A root certificate may or may not be self signed. |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
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parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
547 |
</td> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
548 |
</tr> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
549 |
|
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
550 |
<TR> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
551 |
<TD> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
552 |
<A name="Secrecy"></A>Secrecy |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
553 |
</td> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
554 |
<td> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
555 |
This means that access to information is controlled: for example, it means that two entities |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
556 |
(e.g. people, machines, processes) are able to communicate with one another without any other entities |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
557 |
being able to access the information communicated, or that an entity may store some information and be |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
558 |
assured that only this entity will be able to access it. |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
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parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
559 |
</td> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
560 |
</tr> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
561 |
|
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
562 |
<TR> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
563 |
<TD> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
564 |
<A name="SHA-1"></A>Secure Hash Algorithm 1(SHA-1) |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
565 |
</td> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
566 |
<td> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
567 |
A widely used <A HREF="#Hash">hash algorithm</a>, producing a 160-bit digest. |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
568 |
</td> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
569 |
</tr> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
570 |
|
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
571 |
<TR> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
572 |
<TD> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
573 |
<A name="SSL"></A>Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
574 |
</td> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
575 |
<td> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
576 |
Precursor to <A HREF="#Transport Layer Security">TLS</a>. SSL has been through three versions: |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
577 |
the first two are considered insecure, and the third is almost identical to TLS. |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
578 |
</td> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
579 |
</tr> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
580 |
|
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
581 |
<TR> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
582 |
<TD> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
583 |
<A name="Server Authentication"></A>Server Authentication |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
584 |
</td> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
Dremov Kirill (Nokia-D-MSW/Tampere) <kirill.dremov@nokia.com>
parents:
0
diff
changeset
|
585 |
<td> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
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|
586 |
In a secure client-server protocol such as <A HREF="#Transport Layer Security">TLS</A>, the process in which the server |
|
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|
587 |
<A HREF="#Authentication">authenticates</A> itself to the client, so the client knows who it's talking to. |
|
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|
588 |
</td> |
|
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|
589 |
</tr> |
|
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|
590 |
|
|
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|
591 |
<TR> |
|
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|
592 |
<TD> |
|
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|
593 |
<A name="SignText"></A>SignText |
|
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|
594 |
</td> |
|
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|
595 |
<td> |
|
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|
596 |
A function defined in the <A HREF="#WMLScript Crypto API">WMLScript Crypto API</A> which provides application-level |
|
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|
597 |
<A HREF="#Authentication">Authentication</A> and <A HREF="#Nonrepudiation">Nonrepudiation</A> for transactions. |
|
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|
598 |
</td> |
|
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|
599 |
</tr> |
|
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|
600 |
|
|
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|
601 |
<TR> |
|
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|
602 |
<TD> |
|
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|
603 |
<A name="Stream Cipher"></A>Stream Cipher |
|
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|
604 |
</td> |
|
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|
605 |
<td> |
|
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|
606 |
A class of <A HREF="#Symmetric Cryptography">symmetric algorithm</A> which is initialised with a key, |
|
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|
607 |
then outputs a stream of pseudorandom bits. |
|
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|
608 |
This 'keystream' is typically XOR-ed with the plaintext to generate the ciphertext. |
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|
609 |
So they encrypt a bit of plaintext at a time. |
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|
610 |
</td> |
|
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|
611 |
</tr> |
|
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|
612 |
|
|
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|
613 |
<TR> |
|
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|
614 |
<TD> |
|
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|
615 |
<A name="Symmetric Cryptography"></A>Symmetric Cryptography |
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|
616 |
</td> |
|
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|
617 |
<td> |
|
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|
618 |
A form of cryptography in which the same key is used for encryption and decryption |
|
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|
619 |
<p> |
|
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|
620 |
Symmetric cryptography is fast, but suffers from the problem of how to distribute the key privately. |
|
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|
621 |
<A HREF="#Asymmetric Cryptography">Asymmetric cryptography</a> is an attempt to alleviate the key |
|
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622 |
distribution problem, by reducing the requirement for the distributed key from one of privacy to one of |
|
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|
623 |
authentication. |
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|
624 |
</td> |
|
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|
625 |
</tr> |
|
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|
626 |
|
|
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|
627 |
<TR> |
|
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|
628 |
<TD> |
|
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|
629 |
<A name="Transport Layer Security"></A>Transport Layer Security (TLS) |
|
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|
630 |
</td> |
|
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|
631 |
<td> |
|
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|
632 |
A client-server security protocol providing <A HREF="#Secrecy">secrecy</a> and optionally <A HREF="#Authentication">authentication</a>, and |
|
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|
633 |
running over TCP/IP. |
|
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|
634 |
<p>In this protocol a client connects to a server; the two then perform a handshake in which they exchange a |
|
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|
635 |
<A HREF="#Symmetric Cryptography">symmetric</a> key by using <A HREF="#Asymmetric Cryptography">asymmetric cryptography</a>, |
|
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|
636 |
which is then used to encrypt their communications, providing the secrecy element. |
|
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|
637 |
<p>Without the authentication element secrecy is not very useful; although only client and server can understand the data |
|
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|
638 |
exchanged, the client doesn't know who the server is or vice versa. TLS provides the capability for |
|
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|
639 |
<A HREF="#Server Authentication">server authentication</a>, in which the client establishes who the server is, and |
|
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|
640 |
<A HREF="#Client Authentication">client authentication</a> in which the server establishes who the client is. |
|
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|
641 |
</td> |
|
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|
642 |
</tr> |
|
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changeset
|
643 |
|
|
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|
644 |
<TR> |
|
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|
645 |
<TD> |
|
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|
646 |
<A name="Trusted Third Party"></A>Trusted Third Party (TTP) |
|
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|
647 |
</td> |
|
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|
648 |
<td> |
|
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|
649 |
An entity whose public key is known to a <A HREF="#Relying Party">relying party</a> due to its having been |
|
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|
650 |
received via <A HREF="#Out Of Band">out of band</A> means, and which is trusted to issue <A HREF="#Public Key Certificate"> |
|
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|
651 |
public key certificates</A> for other entities not directly known to the relying party. |
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|
652 |
<p>A <A HREF="#Certification Authority">CA</a> is a type of TTP. |
|
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|
653 |
</td> |
|
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|
654 |
</tr> |
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|
655 |
|
|
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|
656 |
<TR> |
|
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|
657 |
<TD> |
|
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|
658 |
<A name="Web of Trust"></A>Web of Trust |
|
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|
659 |
</td> |
|
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|
660 |
<td> |
|
35751d3474b7
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|
661 |
The set of social relationships between users of <A HREF="#PGP">PGP</a> that enables them to sign each others' keys, |
|
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|
662 |
essentially providing a <A HREF="#PKI">PKI</a> for this technology. |
|
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|
663 |
</td> |
|
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|
664 |
</tr> |
|
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|
665 |
|
|
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Revision: 200935
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|
666 |
<TR> |
|
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|
667 |
<TD> |
|
35751d3474b7
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|
668 |
<A name="WMLScript Crypto API"></A>WMLScript Crypto API |
|
35751d3474b7
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|
669 |
</td> |
|
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|
670 |
<td> |
|
35751d3474b7
Revision: 200935
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|
671 |
A WAP Forum standard which defines cryptographic functions in WML, the scripting language used in WAP. |
|
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|
672 |
It defines a function for creating signed objects called <A HREF="#SignText">SignText</a> |
|
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|
673 |
</td> |
|
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|
674 |
</tr> |
|
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changeset
|
675 |
|
|
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changeset
|
676 |
|
|
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|
677 |
<TR> |
|
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|
678 |
<TD> |
|
35751d3474b7
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|
679 |
<A name="WTLS"></A>WTLS |
|
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|
680 |
</td> |
|
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A client-server security protocol providing <A HREF="#Secrecy">secrecy</a> and optionally <A HREF="#Authentication">authentication</a>, |
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running at the transport layer of the WAP stack. WTLS is closely modelled on <A HREF="#Transport Layer Security">TLS</a>, |
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and defines its own lightweight <A HREF="#Public Key Certificate">certificate</a> format. |
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<A name="X.509 Certificate"></A>X.509 Certificate |
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A widely used type of <A HREF="#Public Key Certificate">public key certificates</A>, part of the |
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now largely moribund X.500 series of standards. |
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<TR><TD><A HREF="/rfc2459">RFC 2459</a></td> |
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<td>PKIX Certificate and CRL Profile<br> |
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<b>This RFC is being updated by two new Internet draftversions, |
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<a href="/draftversion-ietf-pkix-new-part1">draftversion-ietf-pkix-new-part1</a> |
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and <a href="/draftversion-ietf-pkix-ipki-pkalgs">draftversion-ietf-pkix-ipki-pkalgs</a>.</b> |
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HREF="/draftversion-ramsdell-role-names">draftversion-ramsdell-role-names</A></TD><TD>Role |
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Names in X.509 Certificates</TD> |
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<TD>Expired</TD></TR> |
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<TR HEIGHT=0><TD WIDTH="35%"></TD><TD |
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WIDTH="65%"></TD></TR></TABLE></P></center> |
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</BODY></HTML> |