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<concept id="GUID-215D2BD2-1757-5869-A589-98BE332EB4E2" xml:lang="en"><title>find</title><prolog><metadata><keywords/></metadata></prolog><conbody>

<p><userinput>find [-d | -s ] [pathname ...] expression</userinput> </p>

<p>The <codeph>find</codeph> command recursively descends the directory tree

for each pathname listed, evaluating an expression (composed of the <b>Primaries</b> and <b>Operands</b> listed

in the following sections) in terms of each file in the tree. </p>

<p>The <codeph>find</codeph> command supports the following options: </p>

<table id="GUID-B4D4105E-188A-51CB-A7AC-C88BCC474DD5">

<tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col0" colwidth="0.42*"/><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="1.58*"/>

<thead>

<row>

<entry><p><b>Option</b></p></entry>

<entry><p><b>Description</b></p></entry>

</row>

</thead>

<tbody>

<row>

<entry><p> <codeph>-d</codeph>  </p> </entry>

<entry><p>Cause <codeph>find</codeph> to perform a depth-first traversal,

that is directories are visited in post-order and all entries in a directory

will be acted on before the directory itself. By default, <codeph>find</codeph> visits

directories in pre-order, that is before their contents. </p> </entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><p> <codeph>-s</codeph>  </p> </entry>

<entry><p>Cause <codeph>find</codeph> to traverse the file hierarchies in

lexicographical order, that is alphabetical order within each directory. </p> <p> <b>Notes:</b>  </p> <ul>

<li id="GUID-EC32CF84-4AA1-5803-9D9C-6E5DAB1B646D"><p>The <codeph>find -s</codeph> and <codeph>find

| sort</codeph> commands may give different results. </p> </li>

<li id="GUID-F90A1413-0E6D-5E8B-A999-30577E647E8E"><p>When the <codeph>-d</codeph> and <codeph>-s</codeph> options

are not used, the <codeph>find</codeph> command traverses the directory in

pre-order, that is the directories will be listed first followed by the files

in that directory. </p> </li>

</ul> </entry>

</row>

</tbody>

</tgroup>

</table>

<p> <b>Note:</b> For more information about using the <codeph>find</codeph> command,

search <xref href="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi" scope="external">http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi</xref> by

specifying <codeph>find</codeph> as the search keyword and selecting the <b>FreeBSD

6.2-Release</b> option from the release list. </p>

<section><title>Primaries</title> <p>The following primaries are supported

by the <codeph>find</codeph> command: </p> <table id="GUID-57FEB8A9-6307-52C9-A151-11EA1AC43494">

<tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col0" colwidth="0.42*"/><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="1.58*"/>

<thead>

<row>

<entry><p><b>Primary</b></p></entry>

<entry><p><b>Description</b></p></entry>

</row>

</thead>

<tbody>

<row>

<entry><p> <codeph>-amin n</codeph>  </p> </entry>

<entry><p>True if the difference between the file last access time and the

time <codeph>find</codeph> was started, rounded up to the next full minute,

is <codeph>n</codeph> minutes. </p> </entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><p> <codeph>-anewer file</codeph>  </p> </entry>

<entry><p>File was last accessed more recently than file was modified. </p> </entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><p> <codeph>-atime n</codeph>  </p> </entry>

<entry><p>If no units are specified, this primary evaluates to true if the

difference between the file last access time and the time <codeph>find</codeph> was

started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is <codeph>n</codeph> 24-hour

periods. </p> </entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><p> <codeph>-cmin n</codeph>  </p> </entry>

<entry><p>True if the difference between the time of last change of file status

information and the time <codeph>find</codeph> was started, rounded up to

the next full minute, is <codeph>n</codeph> minutes. </p> </entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><p> <codeph>-cnewer file</codeph>  </p> </entry>

<entry><p>True if the current file has been changed more recently than the

changed time of the file named by the pathname file. </p> </entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><p> <codeph>-ctime n</codeph>  </p> </entry>

<entry><p>If no units are specified, this primary evaluates to true if the

difference between the time of last change of file status information and

the time <codeph>find</codeph> was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour

period, is <codeph>n</codeph> 24-hour periods. </p> </entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><p> <codeph>-delete</codeph>  </p> </entry>

<entry><p>Deletes the files specified as an argument to the <codeph>delete</codeph> option. </p> </entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><p> <codeph>-depth </codeph>  </p> </entry>

<entry><p>Always true. This option is similar to the <codeph>-d</codeph> option. </p> </entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><p> <codeph>-empty </codeph>  </p> </entry>

<entry><p>True if the current file or directory is empty. </p> </entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><p> <codeph>-exec utility [argument ...] {} +</codeph>  </p> </entry>

<entry><p>The primary evaluates as true if the invoked utility returns a zero

value as exit status. </p> </entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><p> <codeph>-iname pattern</codeph>  </p> </entry>

<entry><p>This option is similar to <codeph>-name</codeph>, but the match

is case insensitive. </p> </entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><p> <codeph>-links n</codeph>  </p> </entry>

<entry><p>True if the file has <codeph>n</codeph> links. </p> </entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><p> <codeph>-ls </codeph>  </p> </entry>

<entry><p>This primary always evaluates to true. The following information

for the current file is written to standard output; inode number, size in

512-byte blocks, file permissions, number of hard link, size in bytes, last

modification time, and pathname. </p> </entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><p> <codeph>-maxdepth n</codeph>  </p> </entry>

<entry><p>Always true; descend at most <codeph>n</codeph> directory levels

below the command line arguments. If any <codeph>-maxdepth</codeph> primary

is specified, it applies to the entire expression even if it would not normally

be evaluated. <codeph>-maxdepth</codeph> 0 limits the whole search to the

command line arguments. </p> </entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><p> <codeph>-mindepth n</codeph>  </p> </entry>

<entry><p>Always true; do not apply any tests or actions at levels less than <codeph>n</codeph>.

If any <codeph>-mindepth</codeph> primary is specified, it applies to the

entire expression even if it would not normally be evaluated. <codeph>-mindepth</codeph> 1

processes all but the command line arguments. </p> </entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><p> <codeph>-mtime n</codeph>  </p> </entry>

<entry><p>If no units are specified, this primary evaluates to true if the

difference between the file last modification time and the time <codeph>find</codeph> was

started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is <codeph>n</codeph> 24-hour

periods. </p> </entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><p> <codeph>-name pattern</codeph>  </p> </entry>

<entry><p>True if the last component of the pathname being examined matches <codeph>pattern</codeph>.

Special shell pattern matching characters <b>[</b>, <b>]</b>, <b>*</b>, and <b>?</b> may

be used as part of <codeph>pattern</codeph>. These characters may be matched

explicitly by escaping them with a backslash (<b>\</b>). </p> </entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><p> <codeph>-newer file</codeph>  </p> </entry>

<entry><p>True if the current file has a more recent last modification time

than <codeph>file</codeph>. </p> </entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><p> <codeph>-path pattern</codeph>  </p> </entry>

<entry><p>True if the pathname being examined matches <codeph>pattern</codeph>.

Special shell pattern matching characters <b>[</b>, <b>]</b>, <b>*</b>, and <b>?</b> may

be used as part of <codeph>pattern</codeph>. These characters may be matched

explicitly by escaping them with a backslash (<b>\</b>). Slashes (<b>/</b>)

are treated as normal characters and do not have to be matched explicitly. </p> </entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><p> <codeph>-print</codeph>  </p> </entry>

<entry><p>This primary always evaluates to true. It prints the pathname of

the current file to standard output. If none of <codeph>-exec</codeph>, <codeph>-ls</codeph>, <codeph>-print0</codeph>,

or <codeph>-ok</codeph> is specified, the given expression shall be effectively

replaced by <codeph>( given expression )           -print</codeph>. </p> </entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><p> <codeph>-print0</codeph>  </p> </entry>

<entry><p>This primary always evaluates to true. It prints the pathname of

the current file to standard output, followed by an ASCII NUL character (character

code 0). </p> </entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><p> <codeph>-printx</codeph>  </p> </entry>

<entry><p>This primary always evaluates to true. It prints the pathname of

the current file to standard output in a new line. </p> </entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><p> <codeph>-prune </codeph>  </p> </entry>

<entry><p>This primary always evaluates to true. It causes <codeph>find</codeph> to

not descend into the current file. Note, the <codeph>-prune</codeph> primary

has no effect if the <codeph>-d</codeph> option was specified. </p> </entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><p> <codeph>-size n[c]</codeph>  </p> </entry>

<entry><p>True if the file's size, rounded up, in 512-byte blocks is <codeph>n</codeph>.

If <codeph>n</codeph> is followed by a <codeph>c</codeph>, then the primary

is true if the file's size is <codeph>n</codeph> bytes (characters). </p> </entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><p> <codeph>-type t</codeph>  </p> </entry>

<entry><p>True if the file is of the specified type. Possible file types are

as follows: </p> <ul>

<li id="GUID-97C7E16D-608B-51A7-AD08-4C241BAA39CB"><p> <b>b:</b> Block special </p> </li>

<li id="GUID-38CB8D36-3029-505E-BC8D-473DD9E11A7A"><p> <b>c:</b> Character

special </p> </li>

<li id="GUID-F9FC28B8-068E-5477-BA54-A9AC6C1D3EED"><p> <b>d:</b> Directory </p> </li>

<li id="GUID-555704A1-D975-59BF-8E66-730206EE2DE9"><p> <b>f:</b> Regular file </p> </li>

<li id="GUID-B884FFCD-714A-5F06-BE33-F6230B4E96C8"><p> <b>p:</b> FIFO </p> </li>

<li id="GUID-8A00A407-CD09-5958-B2B1-926C6F4660D4"><p> <b>s:</b> Socket </p> </li>

</ul> </entry>

</row>

</tbody>

</tgroup>

</table> <p>All primaries which take a numeric argument allow the number to

be preceded by a plus sign (<b>+</b>) or a minus sign (<b>-</b>). A preceding

plus sign means <b>more than n</b>, a preceding minus sign means <b>less than

n</b> and neither means <b>exactly n</b>. </p> <p> <b>Note:</b> The following

primaries are not supported by the Symbian version of the <codeph>find</codeph> command: </p> <ul>

<li id="GUID-805044AB-3DE8-5B8F-98D7-55FB2225EEBD"><p><codeph>-exec exe {}

\;</codeph> </p> </li>

<li id="GUID-0EDF9DA7-E700-5856-A435-9CE89599F08A"><p><codeph>-fstype</codeph> </p> </li>

<li id="GUID-13BE7836-F93B-591F-826B-B601B205F59D"><p><codeph>-group</codeph> </p> </li>

<li id="GUID-2E82D489-6421-55C7-8B03-C6B87D4923F1"><p><codeph>-inum</codeph> </p> </li>

<li id="GUID-29C2484B-E991-5872-AB04-FAD73815F178"><p><codeph>-iregex</codeph> </p> </li>

<li id="GUID-DA21023E-0ED4-5400-9DCD-53FEE6F8E35D"><p><codeph>-nouser</codeph> </p> </li>

<li id="GUID-E8A96727-BD43-5FEA-A298-2DD253A15A8D"><p><codeph>-nogroup</codeph> </p> </li>

<li id="GUID-1A8880CF-1F34-56B8-8F75-89CB27D9A51A"><p><codeph>-perm,</codeph> </p> </li>

<li id="GUID-189A601F-5065-5A0B-85B8-BC55CF34D5B3"><p><codeph>-user</codeph> </p> </li>

</ul> </section>

<section><title>Operators</title> <p>The primaries may be combined using the

following operators. The operators are listed in order of decreasing precedence. </p> <table id="GUID-FB435821-5475-50A3-8DA1-6A8457CFD3ED">

<tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col0" colwidth="0.49*"/><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="1.51*"/>

<thead>

<row>

<entry><p><b>Operator</b></p></entry>

<entry><p><b>Description</b></p></entry>

</row>

</thead>

<tbody>

<row>

<entry><p> <codeph>( expression ) </codeph>  </p> </entry>

<entry><p>This evaluates to true if the parenthesized expression evaluates

to true. </p> </entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><p> <codeph>! expression</codeph>  </p> </entry>

<entry><p>This is the unary NOT operator. It evaluates to true if the expression

is false. </p> </entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><p> <codeph>expression -and expression</codeph>  </p> </entry>

<entry><p>The <codeph>-and</codeph> operator is the logical AND operator.

As it is implied by the juxtaposition of two expressions it does not have

to be specified. The expression evaluates to true if both expressions are

true. The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is false. </p> </entry>

</row>

<row>

<entry><p> <codeph>expression -or expression</codeph>  </p> </entry>

<entry><p>The <codeph>-or</codeph> operator is the logical OR operator. The

expression evaluates to true if either the first or the second expression

is true. The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is

true. </p> </entry>

</row>

</tbody>

</tgroup>

</table> <p>All operands and primaries must be separate arguments to <codeph>find</codeph>.

Primaries which themselves take arguments expect each argument to be a separate

argument to <codeph>find</codeph>. </p> </section>

<section><title>Copyright notice</title> <p>For information about documentation

copyrights associated with the <codeph>find</codeph> command, see <xref href="http://www.freebsd.org/copyright/freebsd-doc-license.html" scope="external">http://www.freebsd.org/copyright/freebsd-doc-license.html</xref>. </p> <p><b>The

FreeBSD Documentation License</b> </p> <p>Copyright 1994-2006 The FreeBSD

Project. All rights reserved. </p> <p>Redistribution and use in source (SGML

DocBook) and 'compiled' forms (SGML, HTML, PDF, PostScript, RTF and so forth)

with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions

are met: </p> <ol id="GUID-8477E6A8-CC08-5A9D-B03B-AE68C44FD987">

<li id="GUID-BD106442-7374-5E61-BDF8-8DBAB72BED55"><p>Redistributions of source

code (SGML DocBook) must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions

and the following disclaimer as the first lines of this file unmodified. </p> </li>

<li id="GUID-F49490B2-7096-5365-9245-33E83CAB1562"><p>Redistributions in compiled

form (transformed to other DTDs, converted to PDF, PostScript, RTF and other

formats) must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions

and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided

with the distribution. </p> </li>

</ol> <p>THIS DOCUMENTATION IS PROVIDED BY THE FREEBSD DOCUMENTATION PROJECT

"AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED

TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR

PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FREEBSD DOCUMENTATION PROJECT

BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL

DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR

SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER

CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,

OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE

USE OF THIS DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. </p> </section>

</conbody></concept>