Introduction -to Intermixing C and C++

When -and why to use C linkage

While porting such applications, -if developers have to intermix C and C++ code, they then have to depend on -C++ language features like extern "C" for giving C linkage to some set of -APIs. This is required because C and C++ compilers handle function prototype -in a different way. C++ compilers use name mangling, (or name decoration) -to generate unique names for identifiers in a program. It is because of this -technique, in C++, that it is possible to overload any functions (this requires -that all the overloaded functions should have a different argument list). -The C++ mangled name for any identifier contains all the necessary information -that may be needed by the linker, such as linkage type, scope, calling convention, -and others.

All identifiers (function names or variable names) declared -or defined in C++ source or headers are subject to name mangling. When it -comes to C, however, there is nothing called name mangling or overloading. -It applies when the developer tries to use C APIs by including corresponding -headers. To avoid name mangling, the developer should mention explicitly that -those APIs are C APIs, by using the extern "C" keyword.

Syntax -of extern C

The syntax of extern "C" is shown below:

extern "C" declaration ; -

The declaration (or definition) that immediately follows extern -"C" has the C linkage.

extern "C" { - declaration ; - declaration ; - ... -}

Everything between the curly braces has C linkage, unless -declared otherwise.

How -to use extern C

While writing header files with C functions -which will be included by both C and C++ source files, the user must use extern -"C" properly. See the example below:

/*File: GoodCHeader.h */ -/* Can be used by C/C++ header and source files directly */ - -#ifdef __cplusplus -extern "C" { -#endif -/* Write C function declarations here */ -void Function1(int, int); -char* Function3(char*, int); -int Function2(int); -#ifdef __cplusplus -} /* extern "C" */ -#endif -

Using ifdef __cplusplus is required since -C does not support or recognize the extern keyword. It is -C++ that provides the mechanisms for mixing C and C++ codes in the same program. -To be precise, C++ supports mixing codes that are compiled by C and C++ compatible -compilers in the same program.

If the C header is already defined and -it does not have all the APIs defined under extern "C", then while including -such a header in C++ source or header files, extern "C" should be used as -in the example below:

*File: PureCHeader.h */ -/* If C++ header/source files need to include this header, extern "C" should be used*/ -/* Define all C APIs here*/ -void Function1(int, int); -char* Function3(char*, int); -int Function2(int); -#endif - - -//File: CSource.cpp -// C++ source file using PureCHeader.h -extern "C" { -#include "PureCHeader.h" -} -void Foo() { - // use those C APIs here - int ret = Function2(10); -} -

Mixing -C and C++ features using extern "C"

The developer -can use all the features of C++ except templates within C by giving those -functions extern "C" linkage. See the example below:

#include <iostream> -using namespace std; - -extern "C" { - -//Can give C linkage to this class!! -class Sample{ -public: - Sample(int a = 10) : iMem(a) { } - void Display() { cout<<"iMem is : "<<iMemend1; } -private: - int iMem; -}; - -/* -//Can not give C linkage to template!! -//If we uncomment this code, then it will give a compilation error. -template<class DataType> void Foo(DataType data) { -}*/ -}

Extending C -codes with C++ Codes

Using C linkage, C codes like structures and -functions that manipulate those structures can be extended efficiently in -a C++ source file as in the example below:

/* File: CHeader.h */ -typedef struct{ - char* name; - int id; - float price; -} Item; - -int Push(Item* item); -int Pop(Item* item); - - - -/* File: CppHeader.h */ -//Give external linkage to C structure -extern "C" { -# include "CHeader.h" -} - -class MyStack : public Item { -public: - MyStack(char* aName, int aId, float aPrice) : name(aName), id(aId), price(aPrice) { } - int PushOnToStack() { return Push(this);} - int PopFromStack() { return Pop(this); } -}; -

+ + + + + +Introduction +to Intermixing C and C++When porting an open source application or any C (or C++) applications +on top of Symbian/S60 using P.I.P.S., the developer will come across situations +where C and C++ (and Symbian C++ as well) codes will be used together. The +open source community implements a vast number of libraries that export C +APIs to the user of such libraries. +

When +and why to use C linkage

While porting such applications, +if developers have to intermix C and C++ code, they then have to depend on +C++ language features like extern "C" for giving C linkage to some set of +APIs. This is required because C and C++ compilers handle function prototype +in a different way. C++ compilers use name mangling, (or name decoration) +to generate unique names for identifiers in a program. It is because of this +technique, in C++, that it is possible to overload any functions (this requires +that all the overloaded functions should have a different argument list). +The C++ mangled name for any identifier contains all the necessary information +that may be needed by the linker, such as linkage type, scope, calling convention, +and others.

All identifiers (function names or variable names) declared +or defined in C++ source or headers are subject to name mangling. When it +comes to C, however, there is nothing called name mangling or overloading. +It applies when the developer tries to use C APIs by including corresponding +headers. To avoid name mangling, the developer should mention explicitly that +those APIs are C APIs, by using the extern "C" keyword.

Syntax +of extern C

The syntax of extern "C" is shown below:

extern "C" declaration ; +

The declaration (or definition) that immediately follows extern +"C" has the C linkage.

extern "C" { + declaration ; + declaration ; + ... +}

Everything between the curly braces has C linkage, unless +declared otherwise.

How +to use extern C

While writing header files with C functions +which will be included by both C and C++ source files, the user must use extern +"C" properly. See the example below:

/*File: GoodCHeader.h */ +/* Can be used by C/C++ header and source files directly */ + +#ifdef __cplusplus +extern "C" { +#endif +/* Write C function declarations here */ +void Function1(int, int); +char* Function3(char*, int); +int Function2(int); +#ifdef __cplusplus +} /* extern "C" */ +#endif +

Using ifdef __cplusplus is required since +C does not support or recognize the extern keyword. It is +C++ that provides the mechanisms for mixing C and C++ codes in the same program. +To be precise, C++ supports mixing codes that are compiled by C and C++ compatible +compilers in the same program.

If the C header is already defined and +it does not have all the APIs defined under extern "C", then while including +such a header in C++ source or header files, extern "C" should be used as +in the example below:

*File: PureCHeader.h */ +/* If C++ header/source files need to include this header, extern "C" should be used*/ +/* Define all C APIs here*/ +void Function1(int, int); +char* Function3(char*, int); +int Function2(int); +#endif + + +//File: CSource.cpp +// C++ source file using PureCHeader.h +extern "C" { +#include "PureCHeader.h" +} +void Foo() { + // use those C APIs here + int ret = Function2(10); +} +

Mixing +C and C++ features using extern "C"

The developer +can use all the features of C++ except templates within C by giving those +functions extern "C" linkage. See the example below:

#include <iostream> +using namespace std; + +extern "C" { + +//Can give C linkage to this class!! +class Sample{ +public: + Sample(int a = 10) : iMem(a) { } + void Display() { cout<<"iMem is : "<<iMemend1; } +private: + int iMem; +}; + +/* +//Can not give C linkage to template!! +//If we uncomment this code, then it will give a compilation error. +template<class DataType> void Foo(DataType data) { +}*/ +}

Extending C +codes with C++ Codes

Using C linkage, C codes like structures and +functions that manipulate those structures can be extended efficiently in +a C++ source file as in the example below:

/* File: CHeader.h */ +typedef struct{ + char* name; + int id; + float price; +} Item; + +int Push(Item* item); +int Pop(Item* item); + + + +/* File: CppHeader.h */ +//Give external linkage to C structure +extern "C" { +# include "CHeader.h" +} + +class MyStack : public Item { +public: + MyStack(char* aName, int aId, float aPrice) : name(aName), id(aId), price(aPrice) { } + int PushOnToStack() { return Push(this);} + int PopFromStack() { return Pop(this); } +}; +

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