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/*!

    \example mainwindows/application

    \title Application Example

    The Application example shows how to implement a standard GUI

    application with menus, toolbars, and a status bar. The example

    itself is a simple text editor program built around QPlainTextEdit.

    \image application.png Screenshot of the Application example

    Nearly all of the code for the Application example is in the \c

    MainWindow class, which inherits QMainWindow. QMainWindow

    provides the framework for windows that have menus, toolbars,

    dock windows, and a status bar. The application provides

    \menu{File}, \menu{Edit}, and \menu{Help} entries in the menu

    bar, with the following popup menus:

    \image application-menus.png The Application example's menu system

    The status bar at the bottom of the main window shows a

    description of the menu item or toolbar button under the cursor.

    To keep the example simple, recently opened files aren't shown in

    the \menu{File} menu, even though this feature is desired in 90%

    of applications. The \l{mainwindows/recentfiles}{Recent Files}

    example shows how to implement this. Furthermore, this example

    can only load one file at a time. The \l{mainwindows/sdi}{SDI}

    and \l{mainwindows/mdi}{MDI} examples shows how to lift these

    restrictions.

    \section1 MainWindow Class Definition

    Here's the class definition:

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.h 0

    The public API is restricted to the constructor. In the \c

    protected section, we reimplement QWidget::closeEvent() to detect

    when the user attempts to close the window, and warn the user

    about unsaved changes. In the \c{private slots} section, we

    declare slots that correspond to menu entries, as well as a

    mysterious \c documentWasModified() slot. Finally, in the \c

    private section of the class, we have various members that will

    be explained in due time.

    \section1 MainWindow Class Implementation

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 0

    We start by including \c <QtGui>, a header file that contains the

    definition of all classes in the \l QtCore and \l QtGui

    libraries. This saves us from the trouble of having to include

    every class individually. We also include \c mainwindow.h.

    You might wonder why we don't include \c <QtGui> in \c

    mainwindow.h and be done with it. The reason is that including

    such a large header from another header file can rapidly degrade

    performances. Here, it wouldn't do any harm, but it's still

    generally a good idea to include only the header files that are

    strictly necessary from another header file.

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 1

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 2

    In the constructor, we start by creating a QPlainTextEdit widget as a

    child of the main window (the \c this object). Then we call

    QMainWindow::setCentralWidget() to tell that this is going to be

    the widget that occupies the central area of the main window,

    between the toolbars and the status bar.

    Then we call \c createActions(), \c createMenus(), \c

    createToolBars(), and \c createStatusBar(), four private

    functions that set up the user interface. After that, we call \c

    readSettings() to restore the user's preferences.

    We establish a signal-slot connection between the QPlainTextEdit's

    document object and our \c documentWasModified() slot. Whenever

    the user modifies the text in the QPlainTextEdit, we want to update

    the title bar to show that the file was modified.

    At the end, we set the window title using the private

    \c setCurrentFile() function. We'll come back to this later.

    \target close event handler

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 3

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 4

    When the user attempts to close the window, we call the private

    function \c maybeSave() to give the user the possibility to save

    pending changes. The function returns true if the user wants the

    application to close; otherwise, it returns false. In the first

    case, we save the user's preferences to disk and accept the close

    event; in the second case, we ignore the close event, meaning

    that the application will stay up and running as if nothing

    happened.

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 5

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 6

    The \c newFile() slot is invoked when the user selects

    \menu{File|New} from the menu. We call \c maybeSave() to save any

    pending changes and if the user accepts to go on, we clear the

    QPlainTextEdit and call the private function \c setCurrentFile() to

    update the window title and clear the

    \l{QWidget::windowModified}{windowModified} flag.

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 7

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 8

    The \c open() slot is invoked when the user clicks

    \menu{File|Open}. We pop up a QFileDialog asking the user to

    choose a file. If the user chooses a file (i.e., \c fileName is

    not an empty string), we call the private function \c loadFile()

    to actually load the file.

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 9

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 10

    The \c save() slot is invoked when the user clicks

    \menu{File|Save}. If the user hasn't provided a name for the file

    yet, we call \c saveAs(); otherwise, we call the private function

    \c saveFile() to actually save the file.

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 11

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 12

    In \c saveAs(), we start by popping up a QFileDialog asking the

    user to provide a name. If the user clicks \gui{Cancel}, the

    returned file name is empty, and we do nothing.

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 13

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 14

    The application's About box is done using one statement, using

    the QMessageBox::about() static function and relying on its

    support for an HTML subset.

    The \l{QObject::tr()}{tr()} call around the literal string marks

    the string for translation. It is a good habit to call

    \l{QObject::tr()}{tr()} on all user-visible strings, in case you

    later decide to translate your application to other languages.

    The \l{Internationalization with Qt} overview convers

    \l{QObject::tr()}{tr()} in more detail.

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 15

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 16

    The \c documentWasModified() slot is invoked each time the text

    in the QPlainTextEdit changes because of user edits. We call

    QWidget::setWindowModified() to make the title bar show that the

    file was modified. How this is done varies on each platform.

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 17

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 18

    \dots

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 22

    The \c createActions() private function, which is called from the

    \c MainWindow constructor, creates \l{QAction}s. The code is very

    repetitive, so we show only the actions corresponding to

    \menu{File|New}, \menu{File|Open}, and \menu{Help|About Qt}.

    A QAction is an object that represents one user action, such as

    saving a file or invoking a dialog. An action can be put in a

    QMenu or a QToolBar, or both, or in any other widget that

    reimplements QWidget::actionEvent().

    An action has a text that is shown in the menu, an icon, a

    shortcut key, a tooltip, a status tip (shown in the status bar),

    a "What's This?" text, and more. It emits a

    \l{QAction::triggered()}{triggered()} signal whenever the user

    invokes the action (e.g., by clicking the associated menu item or

    toolbar button). We connect this signal to a slot that performs

    the actual action.

    The code above contains one more idiom that must be explained.

    For some of the actions, we specify an icon as a QIcon to the

    QAction constructor. The QIcon constructor takes the file name

    of an image that it tries to load. Here, the file name starts

    with \c{:}. Such file names aren't ordinary file names, but

    rather path in the executable's stored resources. We'll come back

    to this when we review the \c application.qrc file that's part of

    the project.

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 23

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 24

    The \gui{Edit|Cut} and \gui{Edit|Copy} actions must be available

    only when the QPlainTextEdit contains selected text. We disable them

    by default and connect the QPlainTextEdit::copyAvailable() signal to

    the QAction::setEnabled() slot, ensuring that the actions are

    disabled when the text editor has no selection.

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 25

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 27

    Creating actions isn't sufficient to make them available to the

    user; we must also add them to the menu system. This is what \c

    createMenus() does. We create a \menu{File}, an \menu{Edit}, and

    a \menu{Help} menu. QMainWindow::menuBar() lets us access the

    window's menu bar widget. We don't have to worry about creating

    the menu bar ourselves; the first time we call this function, the

    QMenuBar is created.

    Just before we create the \menu{Help} menu, we call

    QMenuBar::addSeparator(). This has no effect for most widget

    styles (e.g., Windows and Mac OS X styles), but for Motif-based

    styles this makes sure that \menu{Help} is pushed to the right

    side of the menu bar. Try running the application with various

    styles and see the results:

    \snippet doc/src/snippets/code/doc_src_examples_application.qdoc 0

    Let's now review the toolbars:

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 30

    Creating toolbars is very similar to creating menus. The same

    actions that we put in the menus can be reused in the toolbars.

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 32

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 33

    QMainWindow::statusBar() returns a pointer to the main window's

    QStatusBar widget. Like with \l{QMainWindow::menuBar()}, the

    widget is automatically created the first time the function is

    called.

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 34

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 36

    The \c readSettings() function is called from the constructor to

    load the user's preferences and other application settings. The

    QSettings class provides a high-level interface for storing

    settings permanently on disk. On Windows, it uses the (in)famous

    Windows registry; on Mac OS X, it uses the native XML-based

    CFPreferences API; on Unix/X11, it uses text files.

    The QSettings constructor takes arguments that identify your

    company and the name of the product. This ensures that the

    settings for different applications are kept separately.

    We use QSettings::value() to extract the value of the "pos" and

    "size" settings. The second argument to QSettings::value() is

    optional and specifies a default value for the setting if there

    exists none. This value is used the first time the application is

    run.

    When restoring the position and size of a window, it's important

    to call QWidget::resize() before QWidget::move(). The reason why

    is given in the \l{Window Geometry} overview.

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 37

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 39

    The \c writeSettings() function is called from \c closeEvent().

    Writing settings is similar to reading them, except simpler. The

    arguments to the QSettings constructor must be the same as in \c

    readSettings().

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 40

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 41

    The \c maybeSave() function is called to save pending changes. If

    there are pending changes, it pops up a QMessageBox giving the

    user to save the document. The options are QMessageBox::Yes,

    QMessageBox::No, and QMessageBox::Cancel. The \gui{Yes} button is

    made the default button (the button that is invoked when the user

    presses \key{Return}) using the QMessageBox::Default flag; the

    \gui{Cancel} button is made the escape button (the button that is

    invoked when the user presses \key{Esc}) using the

    QMessageBox::Escape flag.

    The \c maybeSave() function returns \c true in all cases, except

    when the user clicks \gui{Cancel}. The caller must check the

    return value and stop whatever it was doing if the return value

    is \c false.

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 42

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 43

    In \c loadFile(), we use QFile and QTextStream to read in the

    data. The QFile object provides access to the bytes stored in a

    file.

    We start by opening the file in read-only mode. The QFile::Text

    flag indicates that the file is a text file, not a binary file.

    On Unix and Mac OS X, this makes no difference, but on Windows,

    it ensures that the "\\r\\n" end-of-line sequence is converted to

    "\\n" when reading.

    If we successfully opened the file, we use a QTextStream object

    to read in the data. QTextStream automatically converts the 8-bit

    data into a Unicode QString and supports various encodings. If no

    encoding is specified, QTextStream assumes the file is written

    using the system's default 8-bit encoding (for example, Latin-1;

    see QTextCodec::codecForLocale() for details).

    Since the call to QTextStream::readAll() might take some time, we

    set the cursor to be Qt::WaitCursor for the entire application

    while it goes on.

    At the end, we call the private \c setCurrentFile() function,

    which we'll cover in a moment, and we display the string "File

    loaded" in the status bar for 2 seconds (2000 milliseconds).

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 44

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 45

    Saving a file is very similar to loading one. Here, the

    QFile::Text flag ensures that on Windows, "\\n" is converted into

    "\\r\\n" to conform to the Windows convension.

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 46

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 47

    The \c setCurrentFile() function is called to reset the state of

    a few variables when a file is loaded or saved, or when the user

    starts editing a new file (in which case \c fileName is empty).

    We update the \c curFile variable, clear the

    QTextDocument::modified flag and the associated \c

    QWidget:windowModified flag, and update the window title to

    contain the new file name (or \c untitled.txt).

    The \c strippedName() function call around \c curFile in the

    QWidget::setWindowTitle() call shortens the file name to exclude

    the path. Here's the function:

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 48

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/mainwindow.cpp 49

    \section1 The main() Function

    The \c main() function for this application is typical of

    applications that contain one main window:

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/main.cpp 0

    \section1 The Resource File

    As you will probably recall, for some of the actions, we

    specified icons with file names starting with \c{:} and mentioned

    that such file names aren't ordinary file names, but path in the

    executable's stored resources. These resources are compiled

    The resources associated with an application are specified in a

    \c .qrc file, an XML-based file format that lists files on the

    disk. Here's the \c application.qrc file that's used by the

    Application example:

    \quotefile mainwindows/application/application.qrc

    The \c .png files listed in the \c application.qrc file are files

    that are part of the Application example's source tree. Paths are

    relative to the directory where the \c application.qrc file is

    located (the \c mainwindows/application directory).

    The resource file must be mentioned in the \c application.pro

    file  so that \c qmake knows about it:

    \snippet examples/mainwindows/application/application.pro 0

    \c qmake will produce make rules to generate a file called \c

    qrc_application.cpp that is linked into the application. This

    file contains all the data for the images and other resources as

    static C++ arrays of compressed binary data. See

    \l{resources.html}{The Qt Resource System} for more information

    about resources.

*/