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libraries/spcre/libpcre/pcre/doc/html/pcrepartial.html
author Tom Sutcliffe <thomas.sutcliffe@accenture.com>
Sat, 31 Jul 2010 19:07:57 +0100
changeset 23 092bcc217d9d
parent 0 7f656887cf89
permissions -rw-r--r--
Tidied iocli exports, build macro tweaks. Removed 4 overloads of CCommandBase::RunCommand[L] that are no longer used at all, and changed one more to not be exported as it's only used internally to iocli.dll. fixed builds on platforms that don't support btrace or any form of tracing.
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<html>
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<head>
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<title>pcrepartial specification</title>
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</head>
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<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#00005A" link="#0066FF" alink="#3399FF" vlink="#2222BB">
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<h1>pcrepartial man page</h1>
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<p>
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Return to the <a href="index.html">PCRE index page</a>.
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</p>
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<p>
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This page is part of the PCRE HTML documentation. It was generated automatically
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from the original man page. If there is any nonsense in it, please consult the
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man page, in case the conversion went wrong.
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<br>
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<ul>
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<li><a name="TOC1" href="#SEC1">PARTIAL MATCHING IN PCRE</a>
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<li><a name="TOC2" href="#SEC2">RESTRICTED PATTERNS FOR PCRE_PARTIAL</a>
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<li><a name="TOC3" href="#SEC3">EXAMPLE OF PARTIAL MATCHING USING PCRETEST</a>
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<li><a name="TOC4" href="#SEC4">MULTI-SEGMENT MATCHING WITH pcre_dfa_exec()</a>
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<li><a name="TOC5" href="#SEC5">AUTHOR</a>
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<li><a name="TOC6" href="#SEC6">REVISION</a>
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</ul>
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<br><a name="SEC1" href="#TOC1">PARTIAL MATCHING IN PCRE</a><br>
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<P>
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In normal use of PCRE, if the subject string that is passed to
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<b>pcre_exec()</b> or <b>pcre_dfa_exec()</b> matches as far as it goes, but is
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too short to match the entire pattern, PCRE_ERROR_NOMATCH is returned. There
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are circumstances where it might be helpful to distinguish this case from other
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cases in which there is no match.
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</P>
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<P>
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Consider, for example, an application where a human is required to type in data
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for a field with specific formatting requirements. An example might be a date
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in the form <i>ddmmmyy</i>, defined by this pattern:
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<pre>
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  ^\d?\d(jan|feb|mar|apr|may|jun|jul|aug|sep|oct|nov|dec)\d\d$
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</pre>
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If the application sees the user's keystrokes one by one, and can check that
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what has been typed so far is potentially valid, it is able to raise an error
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as soon as a mistake is made, possibly beeping and not reflecting the
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character that has been typed. This immediate feedback is likely to be a better
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user interface than a check that is delayed until the entire string has been
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entered.
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</P>
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<P>
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PCRE supports the concept of partial matching by means of the PCRE_PARTIAL
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option, which can be set when calling <b>pcre_exec()</b> or
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<b>pcre_dfa_exec()</b>. When this flag is set for <b>pcre_exec()</b>, the return
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code PCRE_ERROR_NOMATCH is converted into PCRE_ERROR_PARTIAL if at any time
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during the matching process the last part of the subject string matched part of
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the pattern. Unfortunately, for non-anchored matching, it is not possible to
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obtain the position of the start of the partial match. No captured data is set
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when PCRE_ERROR_PARTIAL is returned.
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</P>
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<P>
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When PCRE_PARTIAL is set for <b>pcre_dfa_exec()</b>, the return code
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PCRE_ERROR_NOMATCH is converted into PCRE_ERROR_PARTIAL if the end of the
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subject is reached, there have been no complete matches, but there is still at
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least one matching possibility. The portion of the string that provided the
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partial match is set as the first matching string.
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</P>
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<P>
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Using PCRE_PARTIAL disables one of PCRE's optimizations. PCRE remembers the
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last literal byte in a pattern, and abandons matching immediately if such a
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byte is not present in the subject string. This optimization cannot be used
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for a subject string that might match only partially.
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</P>
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<br><a name="SEC2" href="#TOC1">RESTRICTED PATTERNS FOR PCRE_PARTIAL</a><br>
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<P>
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Because of the way certain internal optimizations are implemented in the
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<b>pcre_exec()</b> function, the PCRE_PARTIAL option cannot be used with all
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patterns. These restrictions do not apply when <b>pcre_dfa_exec()</b> is used.
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For <b>pcre_exec()</b>, repeated single characters such as
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<pre>
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  a{2,4}
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</pre>
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and repeated single metasequences such as
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<pre>
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  \d+
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</pre>
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are not permitted if the maximum number of occurrences is greater than one.
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Optional items such as \d? (where the maximum is one) are permitted.
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Quantifiers with any values are permitted after parentheses, so the invalid
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examples above can be coded thus:
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<pre>
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  (a){2,4}
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  (\d)+
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</pre>
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These constructions run more slowly, but for the kinds of application that are
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envisaged for this facility, this is not felt to be a major restriction.
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</P>
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<P>
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If PCRE_PARTIAL is set for a pattern that does not conform to the restrictions,
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<b>pcre_exec()</b> returns the error code PCRE_ERROR_BADPARTIAL (-13).
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You can use the PCRE_INFO_OKPARTIAL call to <b>pcre_fullinfo()</b> to find out
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if a compiled pattern can be used for partial matching.
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</P>
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<br><a name="SEC3" href="#TOC1">EXAMPLE OF PARTIAL MATCHING USING PCRETEST</a><br>
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<P>
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If the escape sequence \P is present in a <b>pcretest</b> data line, the
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PCRE_PARTIAL flag is used for the match. Here is a run of <b>pcretest</b> that
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uses the date example quoted above:
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<pre>
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    re&#62; /^\d?\d(jan|feb|mar|apr|may|jun|jul|aug|sep|oct|nov|dec)\d\d$/
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  data&#62; 25jun04\P
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   0: 25jun04
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   1: jun
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  data&#62; 25dec3\P
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  Partial match
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  data&#62; 3ju\P
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  Partial match
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  data&#62; 3juj\P
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  No match
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  data&#62; j\P
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  No match
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</pre>
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The first data string is matched completely, so <b>pcretest</b> shows the
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matched substrings. The remaining four strings do not match the complete
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pattern, but the first two are partial matches. The same test, using
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<b>pcre_dfa_exec()</b> matching (by means of the \D escape sequence), produces
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the following output:
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<pre>
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    re&#62; /^\d?\d(jan|feb|mar|apr|may|jun|jul|aug|sep|oct|nov|dec)\d\d$/
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  data&#62; 25jun04\P\D
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   0: 25jun04
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  data&#62; 23dec3\P\D
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  Partial match: 23dec3
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  data&#62; 3ju\P\D
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  Partial match: 3ju
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  data&#62; 3juj\P\D
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  No match
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  data&#62; j\P\D
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  No match
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</pre>
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Notice that in this case the portion of the string that was matched is made
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available.
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</P>
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<br><a name="SEC4" href="#TOC1">MULTI-SEGMENT MATCHING WITH pcre_dfa_exec()</a><br>
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<P>
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When a partial match has been found using <b>pcre_dfa_exec()</b>, it is possible
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to continue the match by providing additional subject data and calling
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<b>pcre_dfa_exec()</b> again with the same compiled regular expression, this
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time setting the PCRE_DFA_RESTART option. You must also pass the same working
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space as before, because this is where details of the previous partial match
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are stored. Here is an example using <b>pcretest</b>, using the \R escape
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sequence to set the PCRE_DFA_RESTART option (\P and \D are as above):
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<pre>
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    re&#62; /^\d?\d(jan|feb|mar|apr|may|jun|jul|aug|sep|oct|nov|dec)\d\d$/
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  data&#62; 23ja\P\D
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  Partial match: 23ja
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  data&#62; n05\R\D
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   0: n05
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</pre>
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The first call has "23ja" as the subject, and requests partial matching; the
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second call has "n05" as the subject for the continued (restarted) match.
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Notice that when the match is complete, only the last part is shown; PCRE does
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not retain the previously partially-matched string. It is up to the calling
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program to do that if it needs to.
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</P>
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<P>
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You can set PCRE_PARTIAL with PCRE_DFA_RESTART to continue partial matching
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over multiple segments. This facility can be used to pass very long subject
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strings to <b>pcre_dfa_exec()</b>. However, some care is needed for certain
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types of pattern.
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</P>
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<P>
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1. If the pattern contains tests for the beginning or end of a line, you need
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to pass the PCRE_NOTBOL or PCRE_NOTEOL options, as appropriate, when the
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subject string for any call does not contain the beginning or end of a line.
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</P>
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<P>
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2. If the pattern contains backward assertions (including \b or \B), you need
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to arrange for some overlap in the subject strings to allow for this. For
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example, you could pass the subject in chunks that are 500 bytes long, but in
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a buffer of 700 bytes, with the starting offset set to 200 and the previous 200
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bytes at the start of the buffer.
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</P>
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<P>
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3. Matching a subject string that is split into multiple segments does not
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always produce exactly the same result as matching over one single long string.
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The difference arises when there are multiple matching possibilities, because a
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partial match result is given only when there are no completed matches in a
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   183
 
call to <b>pcre_dfa_exec()</b>. This means that as soon as the shortest match has
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been found, continuation to a new subject segment is no longer possible.
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   185
 
Consider this <b>pcretest</b> example:
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<pre>
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    re&#62; /dog(sbody)?/
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  data&#62; do\P\D
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  Partial match: do
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  data&#62; gsb\R\P\D
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   0: g
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  data&#62; dogsbody\D
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   0: dogsbody
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   1: dog
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</pre>
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   196
 
The pattern matches the words "dog" or "dogsbody". When the subject is
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presented in several parts ("do" and "gsb" being the first two) the match stops
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when "dog" has been found, and it is not possible to continue. On the other
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hand, if "dogsbody" is presented as a single string, both matches are found.
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</P>
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<P>
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Because of this phenomenon, it does not usually make sense to end a pattern
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that is going to be matched in this way with a variable repeat.
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</P>
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<P>
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4. Patterns that contain alternatives at the top level which do not all
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start with the same pattern item may not work as expected. For example,
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consider this pattern:
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<pre>
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  1234|3789
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</pre>
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   212
 
If the first part of the subject is "ABC123", a partial match of the first
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alternative is found at offset 3. There is no partial match for the second
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alternative, because such a match does not start at the same point in the
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   215
 
subject string. Attempting to continue with the string "789" does not yield a
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match because only those alternatives that match at one point in the subject
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   217
 
are remembered. The problem arises because the start of the second alternative
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matches within the first alternative. There is no problem with anchored
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   219
 
patterns or patterns such as:
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   220
 
<pre>
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  1234|ABCD
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</pre>
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where no string can be a partial match for both alternatives.
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</P>
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<br><a name="SEC5" href="#TOC1">AUTHOR</a><br>
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<P>
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Philip Hazel
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<br>
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University Computing Service
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<br>
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Cambridge CB2 3QH, England.
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<br>
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</P>
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<br><a name="SEC6" href="#TOC1">REVISION</a><br>
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<P>
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Last updated: 04 June 2007
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<br>
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Copyright &copy; 1997-2007 University of Cambridge.
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<br>
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<p>
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Return to the <a href="index.html">PCRE index page</a>.
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</p>
FCL/sf/os/fshell