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libraries/spcre/libpcre/pcre/doc/html/pcrepartial.html
author Tom Sutcliffe <thomas.sutcliffe@accenture.com>
Wed, 23 Jun 2010 15:52:26 +0100
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<html>
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<head>
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<title>pcrepartial specification</title>
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</head>
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<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#00005A" link="#0066FF" alink="#3399FF" vlink="#2222BB">
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<h1>pcrepartial man page</h1>
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<p>
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Return to the <a href="index.html">PCRE index page</a>.
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</p>
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<p>
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This page is part of the PCRE HTML documentation. It was generated automatically
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from the original man page. If there is any nonsense in it, please consult the
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man page, in case the conversion went wrong.
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<br>
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<ul>
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<li><a name="TOC1" href="#SEC1">PARTIAL MATCHING IN PCRE</a>
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<li><a name="TOC2" href="#SEC2">RESTRICTED PATTERNS FOR PCRE_PARTIAL</a>
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<li><a name="TOC3" href="#SEC3">EXAMPLE OF PARTIAL MATCHING USING PCRETEST</a>
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<li><a name="TOC4" href="#SEC4">MULTI-SEGMENT MATCHING WITH pcre_dfa_exec()</a>
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<li><a name="TOC5" href="#SEC5">AUTHOR</a>
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<li><a name="TOC6" href="#SEC6">REVISION</a>
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</ul>
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<br><a name="SEC1" href="#TOC1">PARTIAL MATCHING IN PCRE</a><br>
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<P>
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In normal use of PCRE, if the subject string that is passed to
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<b>pcre_exec()</b> or <b>pcre_dfa_exec()</b> matches as far as it goes, but is
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too short to match the entire pattern, PCRE_ERROR_NOMATCH is returned. There
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are circumstances where it might be helpful to distinguish this case from other
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cases in which there is no match.
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</P>
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<P>
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Consider, for example, an application where a human is required to type in data
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for a field with specific formatting requirements. An example might be a date
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in the form <i>ddmmmyy</i>, defined by this pattern:
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<pre>
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  ^\d?\d(jan|feb|mar|apr|may|jun|jul|aug|sep|oct|nov|dec)\d\d$
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</pre>
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If the application sees the user's keystrokes one by one, and can check that
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what has been typed so far is potentially valid, it is able to raise an error
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as soon as a mistake is made, possibly beeping and not reflecting the
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character that has been typed. This immediate feedback is likely to be a better
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user interface than a check that is delayed until the entire string has been
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entered.
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</P>
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<P>
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PCRE supports the concept of partial matching by means of the PCRE_PARTIAL
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option, which can be set when calling <b>pcre_exec()</b> or
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<b>pcre_dfa_exec()</b>. When this flag is set for <b>pcre_exec()</b>, the return
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code PCRE_ERROR_NOMATCH is converted into PCRE_ERROR_PARTIAL if at any time
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during the matching process the last part of the subject string matched part of
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the pattern. Unfortunately, for non-anchored matching, it is not possible to
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obtain the position of the start of the partial match. No captured data is set
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when PCRE_ERROR_PARTIAL is returned.
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</P>
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<P>
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When PCRE_PARTIAL is set for <b>pcre_dfa_exec()</b>, the return code
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PCRE_ERROR_NOMATCH is converted into PCRE_ERROR_PARTIAL if the end of the
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subject is reached, there have been no complete matches, but there is still at
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least one matching possibility. The portion of the string that provided the
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partial match is set as the first matching string.
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</P>
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<P>
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Using PCRE_PARTIAL disables one of PCRE's optimizations. PCRE remembers the
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last literal byte in a pattern, and abandons matching immediately if such a
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byte is not present in the subject string. This optimization cannot be used
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for a subject string that might match only partially.
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</P>
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<br><a name="SEC2" href="#TOC1">RESTRICTED PATTERNS FOR PCRE_PARTIAL</a><br>
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<P>
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Because of the way certain internal optimizations are implemented in the
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<b>pcre_exec()</b> function, the PCRE_PARTIAL option cannot be used with all
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patterns. These restrictions do not apply when <b>pcre_dfa_exec()</b> is used.
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For <b>pcre_exec()</b>, repeated single characters such as
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<pre>
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  a{2,4}
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</pre>
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and repeated single metasequences such as
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<pre>
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  \d+
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</pre>
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are not permitted if the maximum number of occurrences is greater than one.
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Optional items such as \d? (where the maximum is one) are permitted.
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Quantifiers with any values are permitted after parentheses, so the invalid
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examples above can be coded thus:
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<pre>
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  (a){2,4}
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  (\d)+
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</pre>
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These constructions run more slowly, but for the kinds of application that are
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envisaged for this facility, this is not felt to be a major restriction.
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</P>
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<P>
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If PCRE_PARTIAL is set for a pattern that does not conform to the restrictions,
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<b>pcre_exec()</b> returns the error code PCRE_ERROR_BADPARTIAL (-13).
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You can use the PCRE_INFO_OKPARTIAL call to <b>pcre_fullinfo()</b> to find out
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if a compiled pattern can be used for partial matching.
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</P>
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<br><a name="SEC3" href="#TOC1">EXAMPLE OF PARTIAL MATCHING USING PCRETEST</a><br>
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<P>
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If the escape sequence \P is present in a <b>pcretest</b> data line, the
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PCRE_PARTIAL flag is used for the match. Here is a run of <b>pcretest</b> that
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uses the date example quoted above:
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<pre>
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    re&#62; /^\d?\d(jan|feb|mar|apr|may|jun|jul|aug|sep|oct|nov|dec)\d\d$/
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  data&#62; 25jun04\P
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   0: 25jun04
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   1: jun
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  data&#62; 25dec3\P
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  Partial match
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  data&#62; 3ju\P
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  Partial match
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  data&#62; 3juj\P
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  No match
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  data&#62; j\P
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  No match
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</pre>
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The first data string is matched completely, so <b>pcretest</b> shows the
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matched substrings. The remaining four strings do not match the complete
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pattern, but the first two are partial matches. The same test, using
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<b>pcre_dfa_exec()</b> matching (by means of the \D escape sequence), produces
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the following output:
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parents:
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   122
 
<pre>
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parents:
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   123
 
    re&#62; /^\d?\d(jan|feb|mar|apr|may|jun|jul|aug|sep|oct|nov|dec)\d\d$/
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parents:
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   124
 
  data&#62; 25jun04\P\D
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parents:
diff changeset 
   125
 
   0: 25jun04
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parents:
diff changeset 
   126
 
  data&#62; 23dec3\P\D
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parents:
diff changeset 
   127
 
  Partial match: 23dec3
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parents:
diff changeset 
   128
 
  data&#62; 3ju\P\D
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parents:
diff changeset 
   129
 
  Partial match: 3ju
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   130
 
  data&#62; 3juj\P\D
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parents:
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   131
 
  No match
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   132
 
  data&#62; j\P\D
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   133
 
  No match
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parents:
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   134
 
</pre>
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parents:
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   135
 
Notice that in this case the portion of the string that was matched is made
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   136
 
available.
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   137
 
</P>
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   138
 
<br><a name="SEC4" href="#TOC1">MULTI-SEGMENT MATCHING WITH pcre_dfa_exec()</a><br>
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   139
 
<P>
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   140
 
When a partial match has been found using <b>pcre_dfa_exec()</b>, it is possible
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   141
 
to continue the match by providing additional subject data and calling
7f656887cf89 First submission to Symbian Foundation staging server.
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parents:
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   142
 
<b>pcre_dfa_exec()</b> again with the same compiled regular expression, this
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parents:
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   143
 
time setting the PCRE_DFA_RESTART option. You must also pass the same working
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   144
 
space as before, because this is where details of the previous partial match
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   145
 
are stored. Here is an example using <b>pcretest</b>, using the \R escape
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parents:
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   146
 
sequence to set the PCRE_DFA_RESTART option (\P and \D are as above):
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parents:
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   147
 
<pre>
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   148
 
    re&#62; /^\d?\d(jan|feb|mar|apr|may|jun|jul|aug|sep|oct|nov|dec)\d\d$/
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   149
 
  data&#62; 23ja\P\D
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   150
 
  Partial match: 23ja
7f656887cf89 First submission to Symbian Foundation staging server.
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parents:
diff changeset 
   151
 
  data&#62; n05\R\D
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   152
 
   0: n05
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   153
 
</pre>
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   154
 
The first call has "23ja" as the subject, and requests partial matching; the
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   155
 
second call has "n05" as the subject for the continued (restarted) match.
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parents:
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   156
 
Notice that when the match is complete, only the last part is shown; PCRE does
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   157
 
not retain the previously partially-matched string. It is up to the calling
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   158
 
program to do that if it needs to.
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parents:
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   159
 
</P>
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   160
 
<P>
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parents:
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   161
 
You can set PCRE_PARTIAL with PCRE_DFA_RESTART to continue partial matching
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parents:
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   162
 
over multiple segments. This facility can be used to pass very long subject
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parents:
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   163
 
strings to <b>pcre_dfa_exec()</b>. However, some care is needed for certain
7f656887cf89 First submission to Symbian Foundation staging server.
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   164
 
types of pattern.
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parents:
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   165
 
</P>
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   166
 
<P>
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   167
 
1. If the pattern contains tests for the beginning or end of a line, you need
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   168
 
to pass the PCRE_NOTBOL or PCRE_NOTEOL options, as appropriate, when the
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   169
 
subject string for any call does not contain the beginning or end of a line.
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   170
 
</P>
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   171
 
<P>
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   172
 
2. If the pattern contains backward assertions (including \b or \B), you need
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parents:
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   173
 
to arrange for some overlap in the subject strings to allow for this. For
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parents:
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   174
 
example, you could pass the subject in chunks that are 500 bytes long, but in
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   175
 
a buffer of 700 bytes, with the starting offset set to 200 and the previous 200
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parents:
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   176
 
bytes at the start of the buffer.
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diff changeset 
   177
 
</P>
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parents:
diff changeset 
   178
 
<P>
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   179
 
3. Matching a subject string that is split into multiple segments does not
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   180
 
always produce exactly the same result as matching over one single long string.
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parents:
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   181
 
The difference arises when there are multiple matching possibilities, because a
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parents:
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   182
 
partial match result is given only when there are no completed matches in a
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parents:
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   183
 
call to <b>pcre_dfa_exec()</b>. This means that as soon as the shortest match has
7f656887cf89 First submission to Symbian Foundation staging server.
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parents:
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   184
 
been found, continuation to a new subject segment is no longer possible.
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parents:
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   185
 
Consider this <b>pcretest</b> example:
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parents:
diff changeset 
   186
 
<pre>
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parents:
diff changeset 
   187
 
    re&#62; /dog(sbody)?/
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parents:
diff changeset 
   188
 
  data&#62; do\P\D
7f656887cf89 First submission to Symbian Foundation staging server.
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parents:
diff changeset 
   189
 
  Partial match: do
7f656887cf89 First submission to Symbian Foundation staging server.
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parents:
diff changeset 
   190
 
  data&#62; gsb\R\P\D
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parents:
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   191
 
   0: g
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   192
 
  data&#62; dogsbody\D
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parents:
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   193
 
   0: dogsbody
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parents:
diff changeset 
   194
 
   1: dog
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   195
 
</pre>
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parents:
diff changeset 
   196
 
The pattern matches the words "dog" or "dogsbody". When the subject is
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parents:
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   197
 
presented in several parts ("do" and "gsb" being the first two) the match stops
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parents:
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   198
 
when "dog" has been found, and it is not possible to continue. On the other
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parents:
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   199
 
hand, if "dogsbody" is presented as a single string, both matches are found.
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parents:
diff changeset 
   200
 
</P>
7f656887cf89 First submission to Symbian Foundation staging server.
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parents:
diff changeset 
   201
 
<P>
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parents:
diff changeset 
   202
 
Because of this phenomenon, it does not usually make sense to end a pattern
7f656887cf89 First submission to Symbian Foundation staging server.
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parents:
diff changeset 
   203
 
that is going to be matched in this way with a variable repeat.
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parents:
diff changeset 
   204
 
</P>
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parents:
diff changeset 
   205
 
<P>
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parents:
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   206
 
4. Patterns that contain alternatives at the top level which do not all
7f656887cf89 First submission to Symbian Foundation staging server.
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parents:
diff changeset 
   207
 
start with the same pattern item may not work as expected. For example,
7f656887cf89 First submission to Symbian Foundation staging server.
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parents:
diff changeset 
   208
 
consider this pattern:
7f656887cf89 First submission to Symbian Foundation staging server.
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parents:
diff changeset 
   209
 
<pre>
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parents:
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   210
 
  1234|3789
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parents:
diff changeset 
   211
 
</pre>
7f656887cf89 First submission to Symbian Foundation staging server.
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parents:
diff changeset 
   212
 
If the first part of the subject is "ABC123", a partial match of the first
7f656887cf89 First submission to Symbian Foundation staging server.
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parents:
diff changeset 
   213
 
alternative is found at offset 3. There is no partial match for the second
7f656887cf89 First submission to Symbian Foundation staging server.
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parents:
diff changeset 
   214
 
alternative, because such a match does not start at the same point in the
7f656887cf89 First submission to Symbian Foundation staging server.
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parents:
diff changeset 
   215
 
subject string. Attempting to continue with the string "789" does not yield a
7f656887cf89 First submission to Symbian Foundation staging server.
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parents:
diff changeset 
   216
 
match because only those alternatives that match at one point in the subject
7f656887cf89 First submission to Symbian Foundation staging server.
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parents:
diff changeset 
   217
 
are remembered. The problem arises because the start of the second alternative
7f656887cf89 First submission to Symbian Foundation staging server.
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parents:
diff changeset 
   218
 
matches within the first alternative. There is no problem with anchored
7f656887cf89 First submission to Symbian Foundation staging server.
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parents:
diff changeset 
   219
 
patterns or patterns such as:
7f656887cf89 First submission to Symbian Foundation staging server.
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parents:
diff changeset 
   220
 
<pre>
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parents:
diff changeset 
   221
 
  1234|ABCD
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parents:
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   222
 
</pre>
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parents:
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   223
 
where no string can be a partial match for both alternatives.
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parents:
diff changeset 
   224
 
</P>
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parents:
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   225
 
<br><a name="SEC5" href="#TOC1">AUTHOR</a><br>
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parents:
diff changeset 
   226
 
<P>
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parents:
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   227
 
Philip Hazel
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   228
 
<br>
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   229
 
University Computing Service
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parents:
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   230
 
<br>
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   231
 
Cambridge CB2 3QH, England.
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parents:
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   232
 
<br>
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   233
 
</P>
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   234
 
<br><a name="SEC6" href="#TOC1">REVISION</a><br>
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parents:
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   235
 
<P>
7f656887cf89 First submission to Symbian Foundation staging server.
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parents:
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   236
 
Last updated: 04 June 2007
7f656887cf89 First submission to Symbian Foundation staging server.
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parents:
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   237
 
<br>
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parents:
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   238
 
Copyright &copy; 1997-2007 University of Cambridge.
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parents:
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   239
 
<br>
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   240
 
<p>
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parents:
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   241
 
Return to the <a href="index.html">PCRE index page</a>.
7f656887cf89 First submission to Symbian Foundation staging server.
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parents:
diff changeset 
   242
 
</p>
FCL/sf/os/fshell