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<concept id="GUID-60BF8840-CB87-5A39-A46E-76F8D4EDB50C" xml:lang="en"><title>How

to implement two-phase construction</title><shortdesc>This doccument illustrates two-phase construction with example

code.</shortdesc><prolog><metadata><keywords/></metadata></prolog><conbody>

<p>The example code shown below illustrates the provision of cleanup stack

support for <codeph>CBase</codeph> -derived classes, and specifically details

the motivation behind using a two-phase construction strategy for creating

compound objects. It presents two implementations of a <codeph>CCompound</codeph> class,

one which uses the usual C++ construction strategy, and a second which uses

two-phase construction. </p>

<section id="GUID-4219D886-CBB9-4AEC-9B45-7F31BAEE4689"><title>Example classes</title> <p>This section will use the following

classes as examples.</p> <p><codeph>CSimple</codeph> is a simple class whose

members do not refer to external resources:</p> <codeblock id="GUID-ED0CC311-9A9D-5325-81F9-D9D75EF6A69A" xml:space="preserve">class CSimple : public CBase

    {

public: 

    CSimple(TInt); 

    void Display();

private:

    TInt iVal;

    };</codeblock> <p><codeph>CCompound</codeph> owns other objects:</p> <codeblock id="GUID-2621235F-B455-5909-8622-D4562506A51A" xml:space="preserve">class CCompound : public CBase

    {

public:

    void Display();

    ~CCompound();

    static CCompound* NewL(TInt aVal);

    static CCompound* NewLC(TInt aVal); 

protected:

    CCompound(TInt aVal);

    void ConstructL();

private:

    TInt iVal;

    CSimple* iChild;

    };</codeblock> <p>Note that the constructor is <codeph>protected</codeph>,

so that <codeph>CCompound</codeph> objects can only be created through the

public static <codeph>NewL()</codeph> and <codeph>NewLC()</codeph> functions.</p> </section>

<section id="GUID-057A405E-3A7B-4C01-887E-38E97A3860C2"><title>Incorrect construction allowing a memory leak</title> <p>First

consider what would happen if the <codeph>CSimple</codeph> object owned by

the <codeph>CCompound</codeph> were allocated and constructed by the <codeph>CCompound</codeph>'s

constructor, for example:</p> <codeblock id="GUID-1A336A31-5C82-5712-8038-D14F70AB03E7" xml:space="preserve">CCompound::CCompound(TInt aVal)

    {

    iVal=aVal;

    iChild = new (ELeave) CSimple(aVal);  

    }</codeblock> <p>The problem with this approach is that, if the <codeph>new</codeph> in

the <codeph>CCompound</codeph>'s constructor leaves, then:</p> <ul>

<li id="GUID-FC0C62D4-207D-5A1E-9FE6-967358FF4832"><p>memory has already been

allocated for the <codeph>CCompound</codeph> object</p> </li>

<li id="GUID-F51CD3ED-2968-500F-89B5-ADD103CF8981"><p>because of the leave,

there is no valid pointer for the partially-constructed <codeph>CCompound</codeph> object</p> </li>

<li id="GUID-7464BB53-FA84-5D6D-BF43-EB527EDA98DB"><p>without a valid pointer,

there is no way to clean up the <codeph>CCompound</codeph> object</p> </li>

</ul> </section>

<section id="GUID-261B247A-A683-4F29-93CE-DE1EFC3EBD71"><title>Two-phase construction</title> <p>The solution is to allocate

the <codeph>CCompound</codeph> object first, push a pointer to the clean-up

stack, and then complete its construction. Any construction which might leave

must be performed after the partially-constructed <codeph>CCompound</codeph> object's

address has been pushed to the clean-up stack.</p> <ol id="GUID-02F5717B-1797-5C0F-B4DF-131DA5509226">

<li id="GUID-C83A43D7-48D7-553D-9EF2-B2E7783D0D74"><p>Push the object to the

clean-up stack after it has been allocated.</p> </li>

<li id="GUID-5D99B96E-405D-533A-98FE-885AA60C0862"><p>Call the <codeph>ConstructL()</codeph> function

to complete construction. </p> </li>

</ol> <p><b>NewLC()

example</b> </p> <codeblock id="GUID-46969146-4CE4-52F9-BF2D-9569CDAFF737" xml:space="preserve">// NewLC with two stage construction

CCompound* CCompound::NewLC(TInt aVal) 

    { 

    // get new, leave if can't

    CCompound* self=new (ELeave) CCompound(aVal);

    // push onto cleanup stack in case self->ConstructL leaves

    CleanupStack::PushL(self);

    // complete construction with second phase constructor

    self->ConstructL();

    return self;

    }</codeblock> <p>Now the <codeph>ConstructL()</codeph> function is defined

instead of the C++ constructor. It performs essentially the same functions

as the C++ constructor in the single-phase case:</p> <p><b>ConstructL() example</b> </p> <codeblock id="GUID-CA730E71-CE47-54E0-A4CF-A3CAC2FC560B" xml:space="preserve">void CCompound::ConstructL() 

    { 

    // NB. function may leave, as creating a new CSimple object

    // may leave.

    iChild = new (ELeave) CSimple (iVal);  

    }</codeblock> <p><b>NewL()

example</b> </p> <p>Implement <codeph>NewL()</codeph> by doing a <codeph>NewLC()</codeph>,

followed by popping the pushed pointer from the cleanup stack:</p> <codeblock id="GUID-883DDCC5-8234-5319-B39E-A57C95A27882" xml:space="preserve">CCompound* CCompound::NewL(TInt aVal) 

    {

    CCompound* self=NewLC(aVal);

    CleanupStack::Pop();

    return self;

    }</codeblock> <p><b>Note</b> </p> <ul>

<li id="GUID-E12FC4FE-9ED0-560A-9282-F8BE4238CE7D"><p>Two-stage construction

for a class could be avoided by including a <codeph>CleanupStack::PushL(this)</codeph> at

the start of the class's C++ constructor. This would achieve the same effect

as using <codeph>ConstructL()</codeph>. However if the class is to be used

as a base class, the constructor of any classes derived from it will incur

the overhead of one push and pop in the constructor called at each level in

the inheritance hierarchy, rather than one pop and push in its own <codeph>NewLC()</codeph>.</p> </li>

</ul> </section>

</conbody></concept>