Symbian3/PDK/Source/GUID-8A00E047-3DCE-5D02-9ECE-1396DC99DA4B.dita
author Dominic Pinkman <dominic.pinkman@nokia.com>
Fri, 11 Jun 2010 15:24:34 +0100
changeset 9 59758314f811
parent 5 f345bda72bc4
child 12 80ef3a206772
permissions -rw-r--r--
Week 23 contribution of PDK documentation content. See release notes for details. Fixes bugs Bug 2714, Bug 462.
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
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<!-- Copyright (c) 2007-2010 Nokia Corporation and/or its subsidiary(-ies) All rights reserved. -->
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<!-- This component and the accompanying materials are made available under the terms of the License 
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"Eclipse Public License v1.0" which accompanies this distribution, 
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and is available at the URL "http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html". -->
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<!-- Initial Contributors:
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    Nokia Corporation - initial contribution.
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Contributors: 
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-->
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<!DOCTYPE concept
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  PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DITA Concept//EN" "concept.dtd">
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<concept id="GUID-8A00E047-3DCE-5D02-9ECE-1396DC99DA4B" xml:lang="en"><title>Kernel
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Architecture 2 Architecture</title><shortdesc>The Kernel Architecture 2 component has a modular architecture
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that allows ports of it to be created for different phone hardware architectures.</shortdesc><prolog><metadata><keywords/></metadata></prolog><conbody>
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<p>The parts are: </p>
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<ul>
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<li id="GUID-C48A58F8-0EE9-5AFB-A855-BDC97AD259E1"><p> <i>Nanokernel</i>:
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this handles the most basic thread scheduling, synchronisation and timing
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functions. </p> </li>
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<li id="GUID-42EFCCA1-C585-5A72-B188-8B6B69B41400"><p> <i>Symbian platform
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kernel</i>: this provides the kernel functionality required by Symbian platform
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using services provided by the nanokernel. It contains the operating system
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objects for such things as threads, processes, chunks, and inter-process communication. </p> </li>
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<li id="GUID-290A7566-8CC8-538F-930D-62B85FF73E75"><p> <i>Memory model</i>:
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this provides per-process address spaces and inter-process data transfer,
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and governs how memory is allocated and mapped. It encapsulates access to
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the hardware Memory Management Unit (MMU), allowing the nanokernel and the
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Symbian platform kernel to be MMU-independent. </p> </li>
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<li id="GUID-5324322B-BC5E-5D08-BD9A-DA22EC41CFF4"><p> <i>Variant DLL</i>:
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this provides hardware dependent services required by the kernel, for example
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timer tick interrupts and Real Time Clock access. Systems based on an ASSP
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also have an ASSP DLL, which shares some of the variant DLLs responsibilities.
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Board Support Packages provides variant libraries for reference hardware. </p> </li>
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<li id="GUID-9B456964-8309-54FA-98C7-757D3A51958F"><p> <i>Extensions and device
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drivers</i>: these are used to control peripherals and provide the interface
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between peripherals and the rest of Symbian platform. </p> </li>
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</ul>
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<p>The following diagram shows how the place of the kernel between the low-level
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user side code, such as the user library, and the device hardware: </p>
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<fig id="GUID-9B3AF7EC-8339-5F92-B4BC-20DD3331F103">
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<title>           Kernel architectural relationships          </title>
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<image href="GUID-C842C016-0D1B-5462-8B04-49CFE941A964_d0e375243_href.jpg" placement="inline"/>
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</fig>
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<p>The implementation of these parts is split into code that is hardware independent,
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and code that is dependent on the hardware platform. Hardware dependent code
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is divided into a number of layers to aid its portability to new hardware.
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The diagram below shows how the kernel source is split into four kernel layers: </p>
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<ul>
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<li id="GUID-6A229A4C-7FF8-55B8-8D1D-8B7AE098C7EE"><p>Independent </p> </li>
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<li id="GUID-D60D5310-1A2C-5A1A-BF45-BB0F05DD5AFB"><p>Platform </p> </li>
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<li id="GUID-94475D54-07DE-5F99-8A56-9C5EEBA32F5D"><p>Model </p> </li>
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<li id="GUID-9B564245-E1CB-5CFC-93EB-E0F257114532"><p>CPU </p> </li>
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<li id="GUID-7AB71CB5-5BF6-5F75-9C17-7EB2A9F9E40D"><p>and two peripheral layers:
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ASSP and Variant. </p> </li>
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</ul>
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<fig id="GUID-EBB913A8-1694-5C98-B38B-1387F850CDB4">
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<title>           Kernel source layers          </title>
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<image href="GUID-A480F734-9EDF-5E29-AC96-039B71B22AC3_d0e375282_href.png" placement="inline"/>
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</fig>
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<p>The following is a brief description of each layer and its purpose. </p>
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<section id="GUID-5317DC8F-56A2-4AF1-889D-D8E6F4925A0B"><title>Layer 1: Independent </title><p>This
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layer is about 60% of the total source code. It provides all the basic building
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blocks of both the nanokernel and the Symbian platform kernel. </p></section>
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<section id="GUID-4ABDF396-D282-4DDE-975F-7AEBBBE4C0E0"><title>Layer 2: Platform </title><p>This
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layer is concerned with executable images, whether on the emulator or real
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hardware. Only the memory model has code in this layer. It defines two platforms:
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the windows emulator and the real Symbian platform hardware. The windows emulator
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provides a single-process emulation of Symbian platform using the PC’s Win32
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API, for software development: the Symbian platform hardware starts as a program
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running Win32 DLLs and threads, and interfaces with Win32 services rather
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than hardware and devices. </p><p>Key differences between the hardware and
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the emulator are: </p><ul>
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<li id="GUID-109C7BE4-93C2-5848-8A4F-61474E240BAC"><p>The emulator runs in
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a single process, and Symbian platform processes are emulated within this.
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This means there is no memory protection between emulated Symbian platform
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processes. </p> </li>
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<li id="GUID-40B1A70F-1813-50ED-9EA0-9DE4C4067FFB"><p>The emulator file system
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maps Z: and C: to subdirectories on the user’s PC, so that programs running
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under the emulator do not interfere with the majority of the PC’s file system. </p> </li>
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<li id="GUID-6E52C610-8600-520F-9958-185C3BC97294"><p>Delayed function calls
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(DFCs) always run immediately on the emulator. </p> </li>
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</ul></section>
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<section id="GUID-AA29E2F8-D6B2-4C14-B983-3CF340BA17BA"><title>Layer 3: Model </title><p>This
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layer provides supports for the organisation of per process memory. Only the
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memory model has code at this level. There are three types of memory model
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supported: </p><ul>
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<li id="GUID-38ACBEB0-C5E9-5F6A-BA8F-F6E0BD4EBA90"><p> <i>Moving</i>: a single
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page directory is used and page directory entries are moved between the home
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and run sections at address space switch time. This is intended for ARMv4
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and ARMv5 CPUs. </p> </li>
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<li id="GUID-18792718-FE86-566F-A82D-7B090AC48007"><p> <i>Multiple</i>: one
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page directory per process. This is intended for ARMv6 CPUs. </p> </li>
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<li id="GUID-41AB60A6-4A73-5807-9A1E-A48FAC8EB157"><p> <i>Single</i>: a single
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address space for the whole system. This can be used either for MMU-less CPUs
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or to allow incremental porting to a new MMU-aware CPU. </p> </li>
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</ul></section>
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<section id="GUID-AD70D1A5-E777-4FF3-B247-4F2E94C1D3C7"> <title>Layer 4: CPU</title><p>This
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layer provides code which differs according to the processor the OS is running
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on. The nanokernel, memory model and Symbian platform kernel all have code
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in this layer. This is the layer where assembly code belongs. Current possibilities
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for the CPU layer are X86 (real X86 port to PC hardware), ARM (devices) and
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Win32 (for the emulator). </p><p>The nanokernel in this layer contains most
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of the realisation of the core CPU architecture, such as the exception/interrupt
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handling, context-switching mechanism, etc. It also contains some functionality
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which is conceptually part of the independent layer, but has been assembler
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coded for improved performance, for instance, DFC handling and timer handling
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on ARM-based hardware. </p><p>The bottom layer of the memory model is both
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CPU-specific as well as specific to the type of memory model. It presents
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interfaces used by the lower layers (ASSP and variant), and by the memory
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model and independent layer. </p></section>
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<section id="GUID-7BA28980-E4B2-4777-AB38-C25DD0B277A3"><title>Layers 5 and
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6: ASSP/Variant </title><p>The variant provides the hardware specific implementation
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of the control functions expected by the nanokernel and Symbian platform kernel. </p><p>For
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some hardware, it may be appropriate to separate support for a particular
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ASSP (Application Specific Standard Product), an off-the-shelf integrated
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CPU part, so that multiple variants can be produced using the ASSP. </p></section>
1
25a17d01db0c Addition of the PDK content and example code for Documentation_content according to Feature bug 1607 and bug 1608
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</conbody></concept>