author | martin.trojer@nokia.com |
Fri, 31 Jul 2009 15:01:17 +0100 | |
changeset 1 | 2fb8b9db1c86 |
permissions | -rw-r--r-- |
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.. _datamodel: |
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********** |
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Data model |
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********** |
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.. _objects: |
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Objects, values and types |
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========================= |
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.. index:: |
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single: object |
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single: data |
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:dfn:`Objects` are Python's abstraction for data. All data in a Python program |
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is represented by objects or by relations between objects. (In a sense, and in |
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conformance to Von Neumann's model of a "stored program computer," code is also |
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represented by objects.) |
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.. index:: |
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builtin: id |
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builtin: type |
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single: identity of an object |
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single: value of an object |
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single: type of an object |
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single: mutable object |
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single: immutable object |
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Every object has an identity, a type and a value. An object's *identity* never |
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changes once it has been created; you may think of it as the object's address in |
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memory. The ':keyword:`is`' operator compares the identity of two objects; the |
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:func:`id` function returns an integer representing its identity (currently |
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implemented as its address). An object's :dfn:`type` is also unchangeable. [#]_ |
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An object's type determines the operations that the object supports (e.g., "does |
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it have a length?") and also defines the possible values for objects of that |
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type. The :func:`type` function returns an object's type (which is an object |
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itself). The *value* of some objects can change. Objects whose value can |
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change are said to be *mutable*; objects whose value is unchangeable once they |
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are created are called *immutable*. (The value of an immutable container object |
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that contains a reference to a mutable object can change when the latter's value |
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is changed; however the container is still considered immutable, because the |
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collection of objects it contains cannot be changed. So, immutability is not |
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strictly the same as having an unchangeable value, it is more subtle.) An |
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object's mutability is determined by its type; for instance, numbers, strings |
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and tuples are immutable, while dictionaries and lists are mutable. |
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.. index:: |
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single: garbage collection |
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single: reference counting |
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single: unreachable object |
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Objects are never explicitly destroyed; however, when they become unreachable |
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they may be garbage-collected. An implementation is allowed to postpone garbage |
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collection or omit it altogether --- it is a matter of implementation quality |
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how garbage collection is implemented, as long as no objects are collected that |
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are still reachable. (Implementation note: the current implementation uses a |
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reference-counting scheme with (optional) delayed detection of cyclically linked |
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garbage, which collects most objects as soon as they become unreachable, but is |
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not guaranteed to collect garbage containing circular references. See the |
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documentation of the :mod:`gc` module for information on controlling the |
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collection of cyclic garbage.) |
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Note that the use of the implementation's tracing or debugging facilities may |
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keep objects alive that would normally be collectable. Also note that catching |
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an exception with a ':keyword:`try`...\ :keyword:`except`' statement may keep |
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objects alive. |
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Some objects contain references to "external" resources such as open files or |
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windows. It is understood that these resources are freed when the object is |
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garbage-collected, but since garbage collection is not guaranteed to happen, |
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such objects also provide an explicit way to release the external resource, |
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usually a :meth:`close` method. Programs are strongly recommended to explicitly |
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close such objects. The ':keyword:`try`...\ :keyword:`finally`' statement |
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provides a convenient way to do this. |
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.. index:: single: container |
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Some objects contain references to other objects; these are called *containers*. |
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Examples of containers are tuples, lists and dictionaries. The references are |
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part of a container's value. In most cases, when we talk about the value of a |
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container, we imply the values, not the identities of the contained objects; |
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however, when we talk about the mutability of a container, only the identities |
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of the immediately contained objects are implied. So, if an immutable container |
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(like a tuple) contains a reference to a mutable object, its value changes if |
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that mutable object is changed. |
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Types affect almost all aspects of object behavior. Even the importance of |
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object identity is affected in some sense: for immutable types, operations that |
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compute new values may actually return a reference to any existing object with |
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the same type and value, while for mutable objects this is not allowed. E.g., |
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after ``a = 1; b = 1``, ``a`` and ``b`` may or may not refer to the same object |
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with the value one, depending on the implementation, but after ``c = []; d = |
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[]``, ``c`` and ``d`` are guaranteed to refer to two different, unique, newly |
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created empty lists. (Note that ``c = d = []`` assigns the same object to both |
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``c`` and ``d``.) |
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.. _types: |
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The standard type hierarchy |
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=========================== |
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106 |
.. index:: |
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|
107 |
single: type |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
108 |
pair: data; type |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
109 |
pair: type; hierarchy |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
110 |
pair: extension; module |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
111 |
pair: C; language |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
112 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
113 |
Below is a list of the types that are built into Python. Extension modules |
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|
114 |
(written in C, Java, or other languages, depending on the implementation) can |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
115 |
define additional types. Future versions of Python may add types to the type |
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|
116 |
hierarchy (e.g., rational numbers, efficiently stored arrays of integers, etc.). |
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|
117 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
118 |
.. index:: |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
119 |
single: attribute |
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|
120 |
pair: special; attribute |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
121 |
triple: generic; special; attribute |
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|
122 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
123 |
Some of the type descriptions below contain a paragraph listing 'special |
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|
124 |
attributes.' These are attributes that provide access to the implementation and |
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|
125 |
are not intended for general use. Their definition may change in the future. |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
126 |
|
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127 |
None |
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|
128 |
.. index:: object: None |
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|
129 |
|
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|
130 |
This type has a single value. There is a single object with this value. This |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
131 |
object is accessed through the built-in name ``None``. It is used to signify the |
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|
132 |
absence of a value in many situations, e.g., it is returned from functions that |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
133 |
don't explicitly return anything. Its truth value is false. |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
134 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
135 |
NotImplemented |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
136 |
.. index:: object: NotImplemented |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
137 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
138 |
This type has a single value. There is a single object with this value. This |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
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|
139 |
object is accessed through the built-in name ``NotImplemented``. Numeric methods |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
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|
140 |
and rich comparison methods may return this value if they do not implement the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
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|
141 |
operation for the operands provided. (The interpreter will then try the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
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|
142 |
reflected operation, or some other fallback, depending on the operator.) Its |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
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|
143 |
truth value is true. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
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|
144 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
145 |
Ellipsis |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
146 |
.. index:: object: Ellipsis |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
147 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
148 |
This type has a single value. There is a single object with this value. This |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
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|
149 |
object is accessed through the built-in name ``Ellipsis``. It is used to |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
150 |
indicate the presence of the ``...`` syntax in a slice. Its truth value is |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
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|
151 |
true. |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
152 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
153 |
:class:`numbers.Number` |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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diff
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|
154 |
.. index:: object: numeric |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
155 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
156 |
These are created by numeric literals and returned as results by arithmetic |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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|
157 |
operators and arithmetic built-in functions. Numeric objects are immutable; |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
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|
158 |
once created their value never changes. Python numbers are of course strongly |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
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|
159 |
related to mathematical numbers, but subject to the limitations of numerical |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
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|
160 |
representation in computers. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
161 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
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|
162 |
Python distinguishes between integers, floating point numbers, and complex |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
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|
163 |
numbers: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
164 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
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|
165 |
:class:`numbers.Integral` |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
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|
166 |
.. index:: object: integer |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
167 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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diff
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|
168 |
These represent elements from the mathematical set of integers (positive and |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
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|
169 |
negative). |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
170 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
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|
171 |
There are three types of integers: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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diff
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|
172 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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diff
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|
173 |
Plain integers |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
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|
174 |
.. index:: |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
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|
175 |
object: plain integer |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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diff
changeset
|
176 |
single: OverflowError (built-in exception) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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diff
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|
177 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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diff
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|
178 |
These represent numbers in the range -2147483648 through 2147483647. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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diff
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|
179 |
(The range may be larger on machines with a larger natural word size, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
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|
180 |
but not smaller.) When the result of an operation would fall outside |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
181 |
this range, the result is normally returned as a long integer (in some |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
182 |
cases, the exception :exc:`OverflowError` is raised instead). For the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
183 |
purpose of shift and mask operations, integers are assumed to have a |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
184 |
binary, 2's complement notation using 32 or more bits, and hiding no |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
185 |
bits from the user (i.e., all 4294967296 different bit patterns |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
186 |
correspond to different values). |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
187 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
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|
188 |
Long integers |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
189 |
.. index:: object: long integer |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
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|
190 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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diff
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|
191 |
These represent numbers in an unlimited range, subject to available |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
192 |
(virtual) memory only. For the purpose of shift and mask operations, a |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
193 |
binary representation is assumed, and negative numbers are represented |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
194 |
in a variant of 2's complement which gives the illusion of an infinite |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
195 |
string of sign bits extending to the left. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
196 |
|
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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diff
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|
197 |
Booleans |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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diff
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|
198 |
.. index:: |
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Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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diff
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|
199 |
object: Boolean |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
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|
200 |
single: False |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
201 |
single: True |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
202 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
203 |
These represent the truth values False and True. The two objects |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
204 |
representing the values False and True are the only Boolean objects. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
205 |
The Boolean type is a subtype of plain integers, and Boolean values |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
206 |
behave like the values 0 and 1, respectively, in almost all contexts, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
207 |
the exception being that when converted to a string, the strings |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
208 |
``"False"`` or ``"True"`` are returned, respectively. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
209 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
210 |
.. index:: pair: integer; representation |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
211 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
212 |
The rules for integer representation are intended to give the most |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
213 |
meaningful interpretation of shift and mask operations involving negative |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
214 |
integers and the least surprises when switching between the plain and long |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
215 |
integer domains. Any operation, if it yields a result in the plain |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
216 |
integer domain, will yield the same result in the long integer domain or |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
217 |
when using mixed operands. The switch between domains is transparent to |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
218 |
the programmer. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
219 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
220 |
:class:`numbers.Real` (:class:`float`) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
221 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
222 |
object: floating point |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
223 |
pair: floating point; number |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
224 |
pair: C; language |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
225 |
pair: Java; language |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
226 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
227 |
These represent machine-level double precision floating point numbers. You are |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
228 |
at the mercy of the underlying machine architecture (and C or Java |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
229 |
implementation) for the accepted range and handling of overflow. Python does not |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
230 |
support single-precision floating point numbers; the savings in processor and |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
231 |
memory usage that are usually the reason for using these is dwarfed by the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
232 |
overhead of using objects in Python, so there is no reason to complicate the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
233 |
language with two kinds of floating point numbers. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
234 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
235 |
:class:`numbers.Complex` |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
236 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
237 |
object: complex |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
238 |
pair: complex; number |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
239 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
240 |
These represent complex numbers as a pair of machine-level double precision |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
241 |
floating point numbers. The same caveats apply as for floating point numbers. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
242 |
The real and imaginary parts of a complex number ``z`` can be retrieved through |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
243 |
the read-only attributes ``z.real`` and ``z.imag``. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
244 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
245 |
Sequences |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
246 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
247 |
builtin: len |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
248 |
object: sequence |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
249 |
single: index operation |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
250 |
single: item selection |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
251 |
single: subscription |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
252 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
253 |
These represent finite ordered sets indexed by non-negative numbers. The |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
254 |
built-in function :func:`len` returns the number of items of a sequence. When |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
255 |
the length of a sequence is *n*, the index set contains the numbers 0, 1, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
256 |
..., *n*-1. Item *i* of sequence *a* is selected by ``a[i]``. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
257 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
258 |
.. index:: single: slicing |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
259 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
260 |
Sequences also support slicing: ``a[i:j]`` selects all items with index *k* such |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
261 |
that *i* ``<=`` *k* ``<`` *j*. When used as an expression, a slice is a |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
262 |
sequence of the same type. This implies that the index set is renumbered so |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
263 |
that it starts at 0. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
264 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
265 |
.. index:: single: extended slicing |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
266 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
267 |
Some sequences also support "extended slicing" with a third "step" parameter: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
268 |
``a[i:j:k]`` selects all items of *a* with index *x* where ``x = i + n*k``, *n* |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
269 |
``>=`` ``0`` and *i* ``<=`` *x* ``<`` *j*. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
270 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
271 |
Sequences are distinguished according to their mutability: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
272 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
273 |
Immutable sequences |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
274 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
275 |
object: immutable sequence |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
276 |
object: immutable |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
277 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
278 |
An object of an immutable sequence type cannot change once it is created. (If |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
279 |
the object contains references to other objects, these other objects may be |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
280 |
mutable and may be changed; however, the collection of objects directly |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
281 |
referenced by an immutable object cannot change.) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
282 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
283 |
The following types are immutable sequences: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
284 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
285 |
Strings |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
286 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
287 |
builtin: chr |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
288 |
builtin: ord |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
289 |
object: string |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
290 |
single: character |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
291 |
single: byte |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
292 |
single: ASCII@ASCII |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
293 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
294 |
The items of a string are characters. There is no separate character type; a |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
295 |
character is represented by a string of one item. Characters represent (at |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
296 |
least) 8-bit bytes. The built-in functions :func:`chr` and :func:`ord` convert |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
297 |
between characters and nonnegative integers representing the byte values. Bytes |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
298 |
with the values 0-127 usually represent the corresponding ASCII values, but the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
299 |
interpretation of values is up to the program. The string data type is also |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
300 |
used to represent arrays of bytes, e.g., to hold data read from a file. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
301 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
302 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
303 |
single: ASCII@ASCII |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
304 |
single: EBCDIC |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
305 |
single: character set |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
306 |
pair: string; comparison |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
307 |
builtin: chr |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
308 |
builtin: ord |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
309 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
310 |
(On systems whose native character set is not ASCII, strings may use EBCDIC in |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
311 |
their internal representation, provided the functions :func:`chr` and |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
312 |
:func:`ord` implement a mapping between ASCII and EBCDIC, and string comparison |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
313 |
preserves the ASCII order. Or perhaps someone can propose a better rule?) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
314 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
315 |
Unicode |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
316 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
317 |
builtin: unichr |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
318 |
builtin: ord |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
319 |
builtin: unicode |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
320 |
object: unicode |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
321 |
single: character |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
322 |
single: integer |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
323 |
single: Unicode |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
324 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
325 |
The items of a Unicode object are Unicode code units. A Unicode code unit is |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
326 |
represented by a Unicode object of one item and can hold either a 16-bit or |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
327 |
32-bit value representing a Unicode ordinal (the maximum value for the ordinal |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
328 |
is given in ``sys.maxunicode``, and depends on how Python is configured at |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
329 |
compile time). Surrogate pairs may be present in the Unicode object, and will |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
330 |
be reported as two separate items. The built-in functions :func:`unichr` and |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
331 |
:func:`ord` convert between code units and nonnegative integers representing the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
332 |
Unicode ordinals as defined in the Unicode Standard 3.0. Conversion from and to |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
333 |
other encodings are possible through the Unicode method :meth:`encode` and the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
334 |
built-in function :func:`unicode`. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
335 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
336 |
Tuples |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
337 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
338 |
object: tuple |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
339 |
pair: singleton; tuple |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
340 |
pair: empty; tuple |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
341 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
342 |
The items of a tuple are arbitrary Python objects. Tuples of two or more items |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
343 |
are formed by comma-separated lists of expressions. A tuple of one item (a |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
344 |
'singleton') can be formed by affixing a comma to an expression (an expression |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
345 |
by itself does not create a tuple, since parentheses must be usable for grouping |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
346 |
of expressions). An empty tuple can be formed by an empty pair of parentheses. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
347 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
348 |
Mutable sequences |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
349 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
350 |
object: mutable sequence |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
351 |
object: mutable |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
352 |
pair: assignment; statement |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
353 |
single: delete |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
354 |
statement: del |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
355 |
single: subscription |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
356 |
single: slicing |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
357 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
358 |
Mutable sequences can be changed after they are created. The subscription and |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
359 |
slicing notations can be used as the target of assignment and :keyword:`del` |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
360 |
(delete) statements. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
361 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
362 |
There is currently a single intrinsic mutable sequence type: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
363 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
364 |
Lists |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
365 |
.. index:: object: list |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
366 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
367 |
The items of a list are arbitrary Python objects. Lists are formed by placing a |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
368 |
comma-separated list of expressions in square brackets. (Note that there are no |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
369 |
special cases needed to form lists of length 0 or 1.) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
370 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
371 |
.. index:: module: array |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
372 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
373 |
The extension module :mod:`array` provides an additional example of a mutable |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
374 |
sequence type. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
375 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
376 |
Set types |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
377 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
378 |
builtin: len |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
379 |
object: set type |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
380 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
381 |
These represent unordered, finite sets of unique, immutable objects. As such, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
382 |
they cannot be indexed by any subscript. However, they can be iterated over, and |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
383 |
the built-in function :func:`len` returns the number of items in a set. Common |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
384 |
uses for sets are fast membership testing, removing duplicates from a sequence, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
385 |
and computing mathematical operations such as intersection, union, difference, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
386 |
and symmetric difference. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
387 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
388 |
For set elements, the same immutability rules apply as for dictionary keys. Note |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
389 |
that numeric types obey the normal rules for numeric comparison: if two numbers |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
390 |
compare equal (e.g., ``1`` and ``1.0``), only one of them can be contained in a |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
391 |
set. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
392 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
393 |
There are currently two intrinsic set types: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
394 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
395 |
Sets |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
396 |
.. index:: object: set |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
397 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
398 |
These represent a mutable set. They are created by the built-in :func:`set` |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
399 |
constructor and can be modified afterwards by several methods, such as |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
400 |
:meth:`add`. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
401 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
402 |
Frozen sets |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
403 |
.. index:: object: frozenset |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
404 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
405 |
These represent an immutable set. They are created by the built-in |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
406 |
:func:`frozenset` constructor. As a frozenset is immutable and |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
407 |
:term:`hashable`, it can be used again as an element of another set, or as |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
408 |
a dictionary key. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
409 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
410 |
Mappings |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
411 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
412 |
builtin: len |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
413 |
single: subscription |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
414 |
object: mapping |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
415 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
416 |
These represent finite sets of objects indexed by arbitrary index sets. The |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
417 |
subscript notation ``a[k]`` selects the item indexed by ``k`` from the mapping |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
418 |
``a``; this can be used in expressions and as the target of assignments or |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
419 |
:keyword:`del` statements. The built-in function :func:`len` returns the number |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
420 |
of items in a mapping. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
421 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
422 |
There is currently a single intrinsic mapping type: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
423 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
424 |
Dictionaries |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
425 |
.. index:: object: dictionary |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
426 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
427 |
These represent finite sets of objects indexed by nearly arbitrary values. The |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
428 |
only types of values not acceptable as keys are values containing lists or |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
429 |
dictionaries or other mutable types that are compared by value rather than by |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
430 |
object identity, the reason being that the efficient implementation of |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
431 |
dictionaries requires a key's hash value to remain constant. Numeric types used |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
432 |
for keys obey the normal rules for numeric comparison: if two numbers compare |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
433 |
equal (e.g., ``1`` and ``1.0``) then they can be used interchangeably to index |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
434 |
the same dictionary entry. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
435 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
436 |
Dictionaries are mutable; they can be created by the ``{...}`` notation (see |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
437 |
section :ref:`dict`). |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
438 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
439 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
440 |
module: dbm |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
441 |
module: gdbm |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
442 |
module: bsddb |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
443 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
444 |
The extension modules :mod:`dbm`, :mod:`gdbm`, and :mod:`bsddb` provide |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
445 |
additional examples of mapping types. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
446 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
447 |
Callable types |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
448 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
449 |
object: callable |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
450 |
pair: function; call |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
451 |
single: invocation |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
452 |
pair: function; argument |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
453 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
454 |
These are the types to which the function call operation (see section |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
455 |
:ref:`calls`) can be applied: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
456 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
457 |
User-defined functions |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
458 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
459 |
pair: user-defined; function |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
460 |
object: function |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
461 |
object: user-defined function |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
462 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
463 |
A user-defined function object is created by a function definition (see |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
464 |
section :ref:`function`). It should be called with an argument list |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
465 |
containing the same number of items as the function's formal parameter |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
466 |
list. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
467 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
468 |
Special attributes: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
469 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
470 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+ |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
471 |
| Attribute | Meaning | | |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
472 |
+=======================+===============================+===========+ |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
473 |
| :attr:`func_doc` | The function's documentation | Writable | |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
474 |
| | string, or ``None`` if | | |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
475 |
| | unavailable | | |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
476 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+ |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
477 |
| :attr:`__doc__` | Another way of spelling | Writable | |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
478 |
| | :attr:`func_doc` | | |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
479 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+ |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
480 |
| :attr:`func_name` | The function's name | Writable | |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
481 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+ |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
482 |
| :attr:`__name__` | Another way of spelling | Writable | |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
483 |
| | :attr:`func_name` | | |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
484 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+ |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
485 |
| :attr:`__module__` | The name of the module the | Writable | |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
486 |
| | function was defined in, or | | |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
487 |
| | ``None`` if unavailable. | | |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
488 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+ |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
489 |
| :attr:`func_defaults` | A tuple containing default | Writable | |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
490 |
| | argument values for those | | |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
491 |
| | arguments that have defaults, | | |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
492 |
| | or ``None`` if no arguments | | |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
493 |
| | have a default value | | |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
494 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+ |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
495 |
| :attr:`func_code` | The code object representing | Writable | |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
496 |
| | the compiled function body. | | |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
497 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+ |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
498 |
| :attr:`func_globals` | A reference to the dictionary | Read-only | |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
499 |
| | that holds the function's | | |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
500 |
| | global variables --- the | | |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
501 |
| | global namespace of the | | |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
502 |
| | module in which the function | | |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
503 |
| | was defined. | | |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
504 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+ |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
505 |
| :attr:`func_dict` | The namespace supporting | Writable | |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
506 |
| | arbitrary function | | |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
507 |
| | attributes. | | |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
508 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+ |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
509 |
| :attr:`func_closure` | ``None`` or a tuple of cells | Read-only | |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
510 |
| | that contain bindings for the | | |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
511 |
| | function's free variables. | | |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
512 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+ |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
513 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
514 |
Most of the attributes labelled "Writable" check the type of the assigned value. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
515 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
516 |
.. versionchanged:: 2.4 |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
517 |
``func_name`` is now writable. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
518 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
519 |
Function objects also support getting and setting arbitrary attributes, which |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
520 |
can be used, for example, to attach metadata to functions. Regular attribute |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
521 |
dot-notation is used to get and set such attributes. *Note that the current |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
522 |
implementation only supports function attributes on user-defined functions. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
523 |
Function attributes on built-in functions may be supported in the future.* |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
524 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
525 |
Additional information about a function's definition can be retrieved from its |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
526 |
code object; see the description of internal types below. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
527 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
528 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
529 |
single: func_doc (function attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
530 |
single: __doc__ (function attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
531 |
single: __name__ (function attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
532 |
single: __module__ (function attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
533 |
single: __dict__ (function attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
534 |
single: func_defaults (function attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
535 |
single: func_closure (function attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
536 |
single: func_code (function attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
537 |
single: func_globals (function attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
538 |
single: func_dict (function attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
539 |
pair: global; namespace |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
540 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
541 |
User-defined methods |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
542 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
543 |
object: method |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
544 |
object: user-defined method |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
545 |
pair: user-defined; method |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
546 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
547 |
A user-defined method object combines a class, a class instance (or ``None``) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
548 |
and any callable object (normally a user-defined function). |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
549 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
550 |
Special read-only attributes: :attr:`im_self` is the class instance object, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
551 |
:attr:`im_func` is the function object; :attr:`im_class` is the class of |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
552 |
:attr:`im_self` for bound methods or the class that asked for the method for |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
553 |
unbound methods; :attr:`__doc__` is the method's documentation (same as |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
554 |
``im_func.__doc__``); :attr:`__name__` is the method name (same as |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
555 |
``im_func.__name__``); :attr:`__module__` is the name of the module the method |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
556 |
was defined in, or ``None`` if unavailable. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
557 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
558 |
.. versionchanged:: 2.2 |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
559 |
:attr:`im_self` used to refer to the class that defined the method. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
560 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
561 |
.. versionchanged:: 2.6 |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
562 |
For 3.0 forward-compatibility, :attr:`im_func` is also available as |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
563 |
:attr:`__func__`, and :attr:`im_self` as :attr:`__self__`. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
564 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
565 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
566 |
single: __doc__ (method attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
567 |
single: __name__ (method attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
568 |
single: __module__ (method attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
569 |
single: im_func (method attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
570 |
single: im_self (method attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
571 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
572 |
Methods also support accessing (but not setting) the arbitrary function |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
573 |
attributes on the underlying function object. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
574 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
575 |
User-defined method objects may be created when getting an attribute of a class |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
576 |
(perhaps via an instance of that class), if that attribute is a user-defined |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
577 |
function object, an unbound user-defined method object, or a class method |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
578 |
object. When the attribute is a user-defined method object, a new method object |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
579 |
is only created if the class from which it is being retrieved is the same as, or |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
580 |
a derived class of, the class stored in the original method object; otherwise, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
581 |
the original method object is used as it is. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
582 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
583 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
584 |
single: im_class (method attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
585 |
single: im_func (method attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
586 |
single: im_self (method attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
587 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
588 |
When a user-defined method object is created by retrieving a user-defined |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
589 |
function object from a class, its :attr:`im_self` attribute is ``None`` |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
590 |
and the method object is said to be unbound. When one is created by |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
591 |
retrieving a user-defined function object from a class via one of its |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
592 |
instances, its :attr:`im_self` attribute is the instance, and the method |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
593 |
object is said to be bound. In either case, the new method's |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
594 |
:attr:`im_class` attribute is the class from which the retrieval takes |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
595 |
place, and its :attr:`im_func` attribute is the original function object. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
596 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
597 |
.. index:: single: im_func (method attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
598 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
599 |
When a user-defined method object is created by retrieving another method object |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
600 |
from a class or instance, the behaviour is the same as for a function object, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
601 |
except that the :attr:`im_func` attribute of the new instance is not the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
602 |
original method object but its :attr:`im_func` attribute. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
603 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
604 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
605 |
single: im_class (method attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
606 |
single: im_func (method attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
607 |
single: im_self (method attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
608 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
609 |
When a user-defined method object is created by retrieving a class method object |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
610 |
from a class or instance, its :attr:`im_self` attribute is the class itself (the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
611 |
same as the :attr:`im_class` attribute), and its :attr:`im_func` attribute is |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
612 |
the function object underlying the class method. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
613 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
614 |
When an unbound user-defined method object is called, the underlying function |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
615 |
(:attr:`im_func`) is called, with the restriction that the first argument must |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
616 |
be an instance of the proper class (:attr:`im_class`) or of a derived class |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
617 |
thereof. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
618 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
619 |
When a bound user-defined method object is called, the underlying function |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
620 |
(:attr:`im_func`) is called, inserting the class instance (:attr:`im_self`) in |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
621 |
front of the argument list. For instance, when :class:`C` is a class which |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
622 |
contains a definition for a function :meth:`f`, and ``x`` is an instance of |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
623 |
:class:`C`, calling ``x.f(1)`` is equivalent to calling ``C.f(x, 1)``. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
624 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
625 |
When a user-defined method object is derived from a class method object, the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
626 |
"class instance" stored in :attr:`im_self` will actually be the class itself, so |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
627 |
that calling either ``x.f(1)`` or ``C.f(1)`` is equivalent to calling ``f(C,1)`` |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
628 |
where ``f`` is the underlying function. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
629 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
630 |
Note that the transformation from function object to (unbound or bound) method |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
631 |
object happens each time the attribute is retrieved from the class or instance. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
632 |
In some cases, a fruitful optimization is to assign the attribute to a local |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
633 |
variable and call that local variable. Also notice that this transformation only |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
634 |
happens for user-defined functions; other callable objects (and all non-callable |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
635 |
objects) are retrieved without transformation. It is also important to note |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
636 |
that user-defined functions which are attributes of a class instance are not |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
637 |
converted to bound methods; this *only* happens when the function is an |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
638 |
attribute of the class. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
639 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
640 |
Generator functions |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
641 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
642 |
single: generator; function |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
643 |
single: generator; iterator |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
644 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
645 |
A function or method which uses the :keyword:`yield` statement (see section |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
646 |
:ref:`yield`) is called a :dfn:`generator |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
647 |
function`. Such a function, when called, always returns an iterator object |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
648 |
which can be used to execute the body of the function: calling the iterator's |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
649 |
:meth:`next` method will cause the function to execute until it provides a value |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
650 |
using the :keyword:`yield` statement. When the function executes a |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
651 |
:keyword:`return` statement or falls off the end, a :exc:`StopIteration` |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
652 |
exception is raised and the iterator will have reached the end of the set of |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
653 |
values to be returned. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
654 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
655 |
Built-in functions |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
656 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
657 |
object: built-in function |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
658 |
object: function |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
659 |
pair: C; language |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
660 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
661 |
A built-in function object is a wrapper around a C function. Examples of |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
662 |
built-in functions are :func:`len` and :func:`math.sin` (:mod:`math` is a |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
663 |
standard built-in module). The number and type of the arguments are |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
664 |
determined by the C function. Special read-only attributes: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
665 |
:attr:`__doc__` is the function's documentation string, or ``None`` if |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
666 |
unavailable; :attr:`__name__` is the function's name; :attr:`__self__` is |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
667 |
set to ``None`` (but see the next item); :attr:`__module__` is the name of |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
668 |
the module the function was defined in or ``None`` if unavailable. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
669 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
670 |
Built-in methods |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
671 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
672 |
object: built-in method |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
673 |
object: method |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
674 |
pair: built-in; method |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
675 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
676 |
This is really a different disguise of a built-in function, this time containing |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
677 |
an object passed to the C function as an implicit extra argument. An example of |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
678 |
a built-in method is ``alist.append()``, assuming *alist* is a list object. In |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
679 |
this case, the special read-only attribute :attr:`__self__` is set to the object |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
680 |
denoted by *list*. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
681 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
682 |
Class Types |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
683 |
Class types, or "new-style classes," are callable. These objects normally act |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
684 |
as factories for new instances of themselves, but variations are possible for |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
685 |
class types that override :meth:`__new__`. The arguments of the call are passed |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
686 |
to :meth:`__new__` and, in the typical case, to :meth:`__init__` to initialize |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
687 |
the new instance. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
688 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
689 |
Classic Classes |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
690 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
691 |
single: __init__() (object method) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
692 |
object: class |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
693 |
object: class instance |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
694 |
object: instance |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
695 |
pair: class object; call |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
696 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
697 |
Class objects are described below. When a class object is called, a new class |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
698 |
instance (also described below) is created and returned. This implies a call to |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
699 |
the class's :meth:`__init__` method if it has one. Any arguments are passed on |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
700 |
to the :meth:`__init__` method. If there is no :meth:`__init__` method, the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
701 |
class must be called without arguments. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
702 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
703 |
Class instances |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
704 |
Class instances are described below. Class instances are callable only when the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
705 |
class has a :meth:`__call__` method; ``x(arguments)`` is a shorthand for |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
706 |
``x.__call__(arguments)``. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
707 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
708 |
Modules |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
709 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
710 |
statement: import |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
711 |
object: module |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
712 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
713 |
Modules are imported by the :keyword:`import` statement (see section |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
714 |
:ref:`import`). A module object has a |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
715 |
namespace implemented by a dictionary object (this is the dictionary referenced |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
716 |
by the func_globals attribute of functions defined in the module). Attribute |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
717 |
references are translated to lookups in this dictionary, e.g., ``m.x`` is |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
718 |
equivalent to ``m.__dict__["x"]``. A module object does not contain the code |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
719 |
object used to initialize the module (since it isn't needed once the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
720 |
initialization is done). |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
721 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
722 |
Attribute assignment updates the module's namespace dictionary, e.g., ``m.x = |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
723 |
1`` is equivalent to ``m.__dict__["x"] = 1``. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
724 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
725 |
.. index:: single: __dict__ (module attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
726 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
727 |
Special read-only attribute: :attr:`__dict__` is the module's namespace as a |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
728 |
dictionary object. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
729 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
730 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
731 |
single: __name__ (module attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
732 |
single: __doc__ (module attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
733 |
single: __file__ (module attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
734 |
pair: module; namespace |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
735 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
736 |
Predefined (writable) attributes: :attr:`__name__` is the module's name; |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
737 |
:attr:`__doc__` is the module's documentation string, or ``None`` if |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
738 |
unavailable; :attr:`__file__` is the pathname of the file from which the module |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
739 |
was loaded, if it was loaded from a file. The :attr:`__file__` attribute is not |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
740 |
present for C modules that are statically linked into the interpreter; for |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
741 |
extension modules loaded dynamically from a shared library, it is the pathname |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
742 |
of the shared library file. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
743 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
744 |
Classes |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
745 |
Both class types (new-style classes) and class objects (old-style/classic |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
746 |
classes) are typically created by class definitions (see section |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
747 |
:ref:`class`). A class has a namespace implemented by a dictionary object. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
748 |
Class attribute references are translated to lookups in this dictionary, e.g., |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
749 |
``C.x`` is translated to ``C.__dict__["x"]`` (although for new-style classes |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
750 |
in particular there are a number of hooks which allow for other means of |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
751 |
locating attributes). When the attribute name is not found there, the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
752 |
attribute search continues in the base classes. For old-style classes, the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
753 |
search is depth-first, left-to-right in the order of occurrence in the base |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
754 |
class list. New-style classes use the more complex C3 method resolution |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
755 |
order which behaves correctly even in the presence of 'diamond' |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
756 |
inheritance structures where there are multiple inheritance paths |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
757 |
leading back to a common ancestor. Additional details on the C3 MRO used by |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
758 |
new-style classes can be found in the documentation accompanying the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
759 |
2.3 release at http://www.python.org/download/releases/2.3/mro/. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
760 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
761 |
.. XXX: Could we add that MRO doc as an appendix to the language ref? |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
762 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
763 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
764 |
object: class |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
765 |
object: class instance |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
766 |
object: instance |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
767 |
pair: class object; call |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
768 |
single: container |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
769 |
object: dictionary |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
770 |
pair: class; attribute |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
771 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
772 |
When a class attribute reference (for class :class:`C`, say) would yield a |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
773 |
user-defined function object or an unbound user-defined method object whose |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
774 |
associated class is either :class:`C` or one of its base classes, it is |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
775 |
transformed into an unbound user-defined method object whose :attr:`im_class` |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
776 |
attribute is :class:`C`. When it would yield a class method object, it is |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
777 |
transformed into a bound user-defined method object whose :attr:`im_class` |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
778 |
and :attr:`im_self` attributes are both :class:`C`. When it would yield a |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
779 |
static method object, it is transformed into the object wrapped by the static |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
780 |
method object. See section :ref:`descriptors` for another way in which |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
781 |
attributes retrieved from a class may differ from those actually contained in |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
782 |
its :attr:`__dict__` (note that only new-style classes support descriptors). |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
783 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
784 |
.. index:: triple: class; attribute; assignment |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
785 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
786 |
Class attribute assignments update the class's dictionary, never the dictionary |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
787 |
of a base class. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
788 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
789 |
.. index:: pair: class object; call |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
790 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
791 |
A class object can be called (see above) to yield a class instance (see below). |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
792 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
793 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
794 |
single: __name__ (class attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
795 |
single: __module__ (class attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
796 |
single: __dict__ (class attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
797 |
single: __bases__ (class attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
798 |
single: __doc__ (class attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
799 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
800 |
Special attributes: :attr:`__name__` is the class name; :attr:`__module__` is |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
801 |
the module name in which the class was defined; :attr:`__dict__` is the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
802 |
dictionary containing the class's namespace; :attr:`__bases__` is a tuple |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
803 |
(possibly empty or a singleton) containing the base classes, in the order of |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
804 |
their occurrence in the base class list; :attr:`__doc__` is the class's |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
805 |
documentation string, or None if undefined. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
806 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
807 |
Class instances |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
808 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
809 |
object: class instance |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
810 |
object: instance |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
811 |
pair: class; instance |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
812 |
pair: class instance; attribute |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
813 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
814 |
A class instance is created by calling a class object (see above). A class |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
815 |
instance has a namespace implemented as a dictionary which is the first place in |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
816 |
which attribute references are searched. When an attribute is not found there, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
817 |
and the instance's class has an attribute by that name, the search continues |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
818 |
with the class attributes. If a class attribute is found that is a user-defined |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
819 |
function object or an unbound user-defined method object whose associated class |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
820 |
is the class (call it :class:`C`) of the instance for which the attribute |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
821 |
reference was initiated or one of its bases, it is transformed into a bound |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
822 |
user-defined method object whose :attr:`im_class` attribute is :class:`C` and |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
823 |
whose :attr:`im_self` attribute is the instance. Static method and class method |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
824 |
objects are also transformed, as if they had been retrieved from class |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
825 |
:class:`C`; see above under "Classes". See section :ref:`descriptors` for |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
826 |
another way in which attributes of a class retrieved via its instances may |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
827 |
differ from the objects actually stored in the class's :attr:`__dict__`. If no |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
828 |
class attribute is found, and the object's class has a :meth:`__getattr__` |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
829 |
method, that is called to satisfy the lookup. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
830 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
831 |
.. index:: triple: class instance; attribute; assignment |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
832 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
833 |
Attribute assignments and deletions update the instance's dictionary, never a |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
834 |
class's dictionary. If the class has a :meth:`__setattr__` or |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
835 |
:meth:`__delattr__` method, this is called instead of updating the instance |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
836 |
dictionary directly. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
837 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
838 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
839 |
object: numeric |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
840 |
object: sequence |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
841 |
object: mapping |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
842 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
843 |
Class instances can pretend to be numbers, sequences, or mappings if they have |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
844 |
methods with certain special names. See section :ref:`specialnames`. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
845 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
846 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
847 |
single: __dict__ (instance attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
848 |
single: __class__ (instance attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
849 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
850 |
Special attributes: :attr:`__dict__` is the attribute dictionary; |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
851 |
:attr:`__class__` is the instance's class. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
852 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
853 |
Files |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
854 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
855 |
object: file |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
856 |
builtin: open |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
857 |
single: popen() (in module os) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
858 |
single: makefile() (socket method) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
859 |
single: sys.stdin |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
860 |
single: sys.stdout |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
861 |
single: sys.stderr |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
862 |
single: stdio |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
863 |
single: stdin (in module sys) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
864 |
single: stdout (in module sys) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
865 |
single: stderr (in module sys) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
866 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
867 |
A file object represents an open file. File objects are created by the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
868 |
:func:`open` built-in function, and also by :func:`os.popen`, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
869 |
:func:`os.fdopen`, and the :meth:`makefile` method of socket objects (and |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
870 |
perhaps by other functions or methods provided by extension modules). The |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
871 |
objects ``sys.stdin``, ``sys.stdout`` and ``sys.stderr`` are initialized to |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
872 |
file objects corresponding to the interpreter's standard input, output and |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
873 |
error streams. See :ref:`bltin-file-objects` for complete documentation of |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
874 |
file objects. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
875 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
876 |
Internal types |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
877 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
878 |
single: internal type |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
879 |
single: types, internal |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
880 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
881 |
A few types used internally by the interpreter are exposed to the user. Their |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
882 |
definitions may change with future versions of the interpreter, but they are |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
883 |
mentioned here for completeness. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
884 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
885 |
Code objects |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
886 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
887 |
single: bytecode |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
888 |
object: code |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
889 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
890 |
Code objects represent *byte-compiled* executable Python code, or :term:`bytecode`. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
891 |
The difference between a code object and a function object is that the function |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
892 |
object contains an explicit reference to the function's globals (the module in |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
893 |
which it was defined), while a code object contains no context; also the default |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
894 |
argument values are stored in the function object, not in the code object |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
895 |
(because they represent values calculated at run-time). Unlike function |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
896 |
objects, code objects are immutable and contain no references (directly or |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
897 |
indirectly) to mutable objects. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
898 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
899 |
Special read-only attributes: :attr:`co_name` gives the function name; |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
900 |
:attr:`co_argcount` is the number of positional arguments (including arguments |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
901 |
with default values); :attr:`co_nlocals` is the number of local variables used |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
902 |
by the function (including arguments); :attr:`co_varnames` is a tuple containing |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
903 |
the names of the local variables (starting with the argument names); |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
904 |
:attr:`co_cellvars` is a tuple containing the names of local variables that are |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
905 |
referenced by nested functions; :attr:`co_freevars` is a tuple containing the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
906 |
names of free variables; :attr:`co_code` is a string representing the sequence |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
907 |
of bytecode instructions; :attr:`co_consts` is a tuple containing the literals |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
908 |
used by the bytecode; :attr:`co_names` is a tuple containing the names used by |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
909 |
the bytecode; :attr:`co_filename` is the filename from which the code was |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
910 |
compiled; :attr:`co_firstlineno` is the first line number of the function; |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
911 |
:attr:`co_lnotab` is a string encoding the mapping from bytecode offsets to |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
912 |
line numbers (for details see the source code of the interpreter); |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
913 |
:attr:`co_stacksize` is the required stack size (including local variables); |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
914 |
:attr:`co_flags` is an integer encoding a number of flags for the interpreter. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
915 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
916 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
917 |
single: co_argcount (code object attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
918 |
single: co_code (code object attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
919 |
single: co_consts (code object attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
920 |
single: co_filename (code object attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
921 |
single: co_firstlineno (code object attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
922 |
single: co_flags (code object attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
923 |
single: co_lnotab (code object attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
924 |
single: co_name (code object attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
925 |
single: co_names (code object attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
926 |
single: co_nlocals (code object attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
927 |
single: co_stacksize (code object attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
928 |
single: co_varnames (code object attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
929 |
single: co_cellvars (code object attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
930 |
single: co_freevars (code object attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
931 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
932 |
.. index:: object: generator |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
933 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
934 |
The following flag bits are defined for :attr:`co_flags`: bit ``0x04`` is set if |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
935 |
the function uses the ``*arguments`` syntax to accept an arbitrary number of |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
936 |
positional arguments; bit ``0x08`` is set if the function uses the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
937 |
``**keywords`` syntax to accept arbitrary keyword arguments; bit ``0x20`` is set |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
938 |
if the function is a generator. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
939 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
940 |
Future feature declarations (``from __future__ import division``) also use bits |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
941 |
in :attr:`co_flags` to indicate whether a code object was compiled with a |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
942 |
particular feature enabled: bit ``0x2000`` is set if the function was compiled |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
943 |
with future division enabled; bits ``0x10`` and ``0x1000`` were used in earlier |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
944 |
versions of Python. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
945 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
946 |
Other bits in :attr:`co_flags` are reserved for internal use. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
947 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
948 |
.. index:: single: documentation string |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
949 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
950 |
If a code object represents a function, the first item in :attr:`co_consts` is |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
951 |
the documentation string of the function, or ``None`` if undefined. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
952 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
953 |
Frame objects |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
954 |
.. index:: object: frame |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
955 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
956 |
Frame objects represent execution frames. They may occur in traceback objects |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
957 |
(see below). |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
958 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
959 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
960 |
single: f_back (frame attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
961 |
single: f_code (frame attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
962 |
single: f_globals (frame attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
963 |
single: f_locals (frame attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
964 |
single: f_lasti (frame attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
965 |
single: f_builtins (frame attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
966 |
single: f_restricted (frame attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
967 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
968 |
Special read-only attributes: :attr:`f_back` is to the previous stack frame |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
969 |
(towards the caller), or ``None`` if this is the bottom stack frame; |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
970 |
:attr:`f_code` is the code object being executed in this frame; :attr:`f_locals` |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
971 |
is the dictionary used to look up local variables; :attr:`f_globals` is used for |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
972 |
global variables; :attr:`f_builtins` is used for built-in (intrinsic) names; |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
973 |
:attr:`f_restricted` is a flag indicating whether the function is executing in |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
974 |
restricted execution mode; :attr:`f_lasti` gives the precise instruction (this |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
975 |
is an index into the bytecode string of the code object). |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
976 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
977 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
978 |
single: f_trace (frame attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
979 |
single: f_exc_type (frame attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
980 |
single: f_exc_value (frame attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
981 |
single: f_exc_traceback (frame attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
982 |
single: f_lineno (frame attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
983 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
984 |
Special writable attributes: :attr:`f_trace`, if not ``None``, is a function |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
985 |
called at the start of each source code line (this is used by the debugger); |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
986 |
:attr:`f_exc_type`, :attr:`f_exc_value`, :attr:`f_exc_traceback` represent the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
987 |
last exception raised in the parent frame provided another exception was ever |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
988 |
raised in the current frame (in all other cases they are None); :attr:`f_lineno` |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
989 |
is the current line number of the frame --- writing to this from within a trace |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
990 |
function jumps to the given line (only for the bottom-most frame). A debugger |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
991 |
can implement a Jump command (aka Set Next Statement) by writing to f_lineno. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
992 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
993 |
Traceback objects |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
994 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
995 |
object: traceback |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
996 |
pair: stack; trace |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
997 |
pair: exception; handler |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
998 |
pair: execution; stack |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
999 |
single: exc_info (in module sys) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1000 |
single: exc_traceback (in module sys) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1001 |
single: last_traceback (in module sys) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1002 |
single: sys.exc_info |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1003 |
single: sys.exc_traceback |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1004 |
single: sys.last_traceback |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1005 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1006 |
Traceback objects represent a stack trace of an exception. A traceback object |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1007 |
is created when an exception occurs. When the search for an exception handler |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1008 |
unwinds the execution stack, at each unwound level a traceback object is |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1009 |
inserted in front of the current traceback. When an exception handler is |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1010 |
entered, the stack trace is made available to the program. (See section |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1011 |
:ref:`try`.) It is accessible as ``sys.exc_traceback``, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1012 |
and also as the third item of the tuple returned by ``sys.exc_info()``. The |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1013 |
latter is the preferred interface, since it works correctly when the program is |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1014 |
using multiple threads. When the program contains no suitable handler, the stack |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1015 |
trace is written (nicely formatted) to the standard error stream; if the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1016 |
interpreter is interactive, it is also made available to the user as |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1017 |
``sys.last_traceback``. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1018 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1019 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1020 |
single: tb_next (traceback attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1021 |
single: tb_frame (traceback attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1022 |
single: tb_lineno (traceback attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1023 |
single: tb_lasti (traceback attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1024 |
statement: try |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1025 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1026 |
Special read-only attributes: :attr:`tb_next` is the next level in the stack |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1027 |
trace (towards the frame where the exception occurred), or ``None`` if there is |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1028 |
no next level; :attr:`tb_frame` points to the execution frame of the current |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1029 |
level; :attr:`tb_lineno` gives the line number where the exception occurred; |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1030 |
:attr:`tb_lasti` indicates the precise instruction. The line number and last |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1031 |
instruction in the traceback may differ from the line number of its frame object |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1032 |
if the exception occurred in a :keyword:`try` statement with no matching except |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1033 |
clause or with a finally clause. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1034 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1035 |
Slice objects |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1036 |
.. index:: builtin: slice |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1037 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1038 |
Slice objects are used to represent slices when *extended slice syntax* is used. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1039 |
This is a slice using two colons, or multiple slices or ellipses separated by |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1040 |
commas, e.g., ``a[i:j:step]``, ``a[i:j, k:l]``, or ``a[..., i:j]``. They are |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1041 |
also created by the built-in :func:`slice` function. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1042 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1043 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1044 |
single: start (slice object attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1045 |
single: stop (slice object attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1046 |
single: step (slice object attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1047 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1048 |
Special read-only attributes: :attr:`start` is the lower bound; :attr:`stop` is |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1049 |
the upper bound; :attr:`step` is the step value; each is ``None`` if omitted. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1050 |
These attributes can have any type. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1051 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1052 |
Slice objects support one method: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1053 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1054 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1055 |
.. method:: slice.indices(self, length) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1056 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1057 |
This method takes a single integer argument *length* and computes information |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1058 |
about the extended slice that the slice object would describe if applied to a |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1059 |
sequence of *length* items. It returns a tuple of three integers; respectively |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1060 |
these are the *start* and *stop* indices and the *step* or stride length of the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1061 |
slice. Missing or out-of-bounds indices are handled in a manner consistent with |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1062 |
regular slices. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1063 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1064 |
.. versionadded:: 2.3 |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1065 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1066 |
Static method objects |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1067 |
Static method objects provide a way of defeating the transformation of function |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1068 |
objects to method objects described above. A static method object is a wrapper |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1069 |
around any other object, usually a user-defined method object. When a static |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1070 |
method object is retrieved from a class or a class instance, the object actually |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1071 |
returned is the wrapped object, which is not subject to any further |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1072 |
transformation. Static method objects are not themselves callable, although the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1073 |
objects they wrap usually are. Static method objects are created by the built-in |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1074 |
:func:`staticmethod` constructor. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1075 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1076 |
Class method objects |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1077 |
A class method object, like a static method object, is a wrapper around another |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1078 |
object that alters the way in which that object is retrieved from classes and |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1079 |
class instances. The behaviour of class method objects upon such retrieval is |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1080 |
described above, under "User-defined methods". Class method objects are created |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1081 |
by the built-in :func:`classmethod` constructor. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1082 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1083 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1084 |
.. _newstyle: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1085 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1086 |
New-style and classic classes |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1087 |
============================= |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1088 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1089 |
Classes and instances come in two flavors: old-style (or classic) and new-style. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1090 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1091 |
Up to Python 2.1, old-style classes were the only flavour available to the user. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1092 |
The concept of (old-style) class is unrelated to the concept of type: if *x* is |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1093 |
an instance of an old-style class, then ``x.__class__`` designates the class of |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1094 |
*x*, but ``type(x)`` is always ``<type 'instance'>``. This reflects the fact |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1095 |
that all old-style instances, independently of their class, are implemented with |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1096 |
a single built-in type, called ``instance``. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1097 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1098 |
New-style classes were introduced in Python 2.2 to unify classes and types. A |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1099 |
new-style class is neither more nor less than a user-defined type. If *x* is an |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1100 |
instance of a new-style class, then ``type(x)`` is typically the same as |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1101 |
``x.__class__`` (although this is not guaranteed - a new-style class instance is |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1102 |
permitted to override the value returned for ``x.__class__``). |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1103 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1104 |
The major motivation for introducing new-style classes is to provide a unified |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1105 |
object model with a full meta-model. It also has a number of practical |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1106 |
benefits, like the ability to subclass most built-in types, or the introduction |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1107 |
of "descriptors", which enable computed properties. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1108 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1109 |
For compatibility reasons, classes are still old-style by default. New-style |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1110 |
classes are created by specifying another new-style class (i.e. a type) as a |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1111 |
parent class, or the "top-level type" :class:`object` if no other parent is |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1112 |
needed. The behaviour of new-style classes differs from that of old-style |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1113 |
classes in a number of important details in addition to what :func:`type` |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1114 |
returns. Some of these changes are fundamental to the new object model, like |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1115 |
the way special methods are invoked. Others are "fixes" that could not be |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1116 |
implemented before for compatibility concerns, like the method resolution order |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1117 |
in case of multiple inheritance. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1118 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1119 |
While this manual aims to provide comprehensive coverage of Python's class |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1120 |
mechanics, it may still be lacking in some areas when it comes to its coverage |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1121 |
of new-style classes. Please see http://www.python.org/doc/newstyle/ for |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1122 |
sources of additional information. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1123 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1124 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1125 |
single: class; new-style |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1126 |
single: class; classic |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1127 |
single: class; old-style |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1128 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1129 |
Old-style classes are removed in Python 3.0, leaving only the semantics of |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1130 |
new-style classes. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1131 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1132 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1133 |
.. _specialnames: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1134 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1135 |
Special method names |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1136 |
==================== |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1137 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1138 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1139 |
pair: operator; overloading |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1140 |
single: __getitem__() (mapping object method) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1141 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1142 |
A class can implement certain operations that are invoked by special syntax |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1143 |
(such as arithmetic operations or subscripting and slicing) by defining methods |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1144 |
with special names. This is Python's approach to :dfn:`operator overloading`, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1145 |
allowing classes to define their own behavior with respect to language |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1146 |
operators. For instance, if a class defines a method named :meth:`__getitem__`, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1147 |
and ``x`` is an instance of this class, then ``x[i]`` is roughly equivalent |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1148 |
to ``x.__getitem__(i)`` for old-style classes and ``type(x).__getitem__(x, i)`` |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1149 |
for new-style classes. Except where mentioned, attempts to execute an |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1150 |
operation raise an exception when no appropriate method is defined (typically |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1151 |
:exc:`AttributeError` or :exc:`TypeError`). |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1152 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1153 |
When implementing a class that emulates any built-in type, it is important that |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1154 |
the emulation only be implemented to the degree that it makes sense for the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1155 |
object being modelled. For example, some sequences may work well with retrieval |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1156 |
of individual elements, but extracting a slice may not make sense. (One example |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1157 |
of this is the :class:`NodeList` interface in the W3C's Document Object Model.) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1158 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1159 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1160 |
.. _customization: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1161 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1162 |
Basic customization |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1163 |
------------------- |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1164 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1165 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1166 |
.. method:: object.__new__(cls[, ...]) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1167 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1168 |
Called to create a new instance of class *cls*. :meth:`__new__` is a static |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1169 |
method (special-cased so you need not declare it as such) that takes the class |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1170 |
of which an instance was requested as its first argument. The remaining |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1171 |
arguments are those passed to the object constructor expression (the call to the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1172 |
class). The return value of :meth:`__new__` should be the new object instance |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1173 |
(usually an instance of *cls*). |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1174 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1175 |
Typical implementations create a new instance of the class by invoking the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1176 |
superclass's :meth:`__new__` method using ``super(currentclass, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1177 |
cls).__new__(cls[, ...])`` with appropriate arguments and then modifying the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1178 |
newly-created instance as necessary before returning it. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1179 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1180 |
If :meth:`__new__` returns an instance of *cls*, then the new instance's |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1181 |
:meth:`__init__` method will be invoked like ``__init__(self[, ...])``, where |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1182 |
*self* is the new instance and the remaining arguments are the same as were |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1183 |
passed to :meth:`__new__`. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1184 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1185 |
If :meth:`__new__` does not return an instance of *cls*, then the new instance's |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1186 |
:meth:`__init__` method will not be invoked. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1187 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1188 |
:meth:`__new__` is intended mainly to allow subclasses of immutable types (like |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1189 |
int, str, or tuple) to customize instance creation. It is also commonly |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1190 |
overridden in custom metaclasses in order to customize class creation. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1191 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1192 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1193 |
.. method:: object.__init__(self[, ...]) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1194 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1195 |
.. index:: pair: class; constructor |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1196 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1197 |
Called when the instance is created. The arguments are those passed to the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1198 |
class constructor expression. If a base class has an :meth:`__init__` method, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1199 |
the derived class's :meth:`__init__` method, if any, must explicitly call it to |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1200 |
ensure proper initialization of the base class part of the instance; for |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1201 |
example: ``BaseClass.__init__(self, [args...])``. As a special constraint on |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1202 |
constructors, no value may be returned; doing so will cause a :exc:`TypeError` |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1203 |
to be raised at runtime. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1204 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1205 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1206 |
.. method:: object.__del__(self) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1207 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1208 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1209 |
single: destructor |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1210 |
statement: del |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1211 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1212 |
Called when the instance is about to be destroyed. This is also called a |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1213 |
destructor. If a base class has a :meth:`__del__` method, the derived class's |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1214 |
:meth:`__del__` method, if any, must explicitly call it to ensure proper |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1215 |
deletion of the base class part of the instance. Note that it is possible |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1216 |
(though not recommended!) for the :meth:`__del__` method to postpone destruction |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1217 |
of the instance by creating a new reference to it. It may then be called at a |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1218 |
later time when this new reference is deleted. It is not guaranteed that |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1219 |
:meth:`__del__` methods are called for objects that still exist when the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1220 |
interpreter exits. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1221 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1222 |
.. note:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1223 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1224 |
``del x`` doesn't directly call ``x.__del__()`` --- the former decrements |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1225 |
the reference count for ``x`` by one, and the latter is only called when |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1226 |
``x``'s reference count reaches zero. Some common situations that may |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1227 |
prevent the reference count of an object from going to zero include: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1228 |
circular references between objects (e.g., a doubly-linked list or a tree |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1229 |
data structure with parent and child pointers); a reference to the object |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1230 |
on the stack frame of a function that caught an exception (the traceback |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1231 |
stored in ``sys.exc_traceback`` keeps the stack frame alive); or a |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1232 |
reference to the object on the stack frame that raised an unhandled |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1233 |
exception in interactive mode (the traceback stored in |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1234 |
``sys.last_traceback`` keeps the stack frame alive). The first situation |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1235 |
can only be remedied by explicitly breaking the cycles; the latter two |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1236 |
situations can be resolved by storing ``None`` in ``sys.exc_traceback`` or |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1237 |
``sys.last_traceback``. Circular references which are garbage are |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1238 |
detected when the option cycle detector is enabled (it's on by default), |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1239 |
but can only be cleaned up if there are no Python-level :meth:`__del__` |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1240 |
methods involved. Refer to the documentation for the :mod:`gc` module for |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1241 |
more information about how :meth:`__del__` methods are handled by the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1242 |
cycle detector, particularly the description of the ``garbage`` value. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1243 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1244 |
.. warning:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1245 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1246 |
Due to the precarious circumstances under which :meth:`__del__` methods are |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1247 |
invoked, exceptions that occur during their execution are ignored, and a warning |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1248 |
is printed to ``sys.stderr`` instead. Also, when :meth:`__del__` is invoked in |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1249 |
response to a module being deleted (e.g., when execution of the program is |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1250 |
done), other globals referenced by the :meth:`__del__` method may already have |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1251 |
been deleted. For this reason, :meth:`__del__` methods should do the absolute |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1252 |
minimum needed to maintain external invariants. Starting with version 1.5, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1253 |
Python guarantees that globals whose name begins with a single underscore are |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1254 |
deleted from their module before other globals are deleted; if no other |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1255 |
references to such globals exist, this may help in assuring that imported |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1256 |
modules are still available at the time when the :meth:`__del__` method is |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1257 |
called. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1258 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1259 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1260 |
.. method:: object.__repr__(self) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1261 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1262 |
.. index:: builtin: repr |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1263 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1264 |
Called by the :func:`repr` built-in function and by string conversions (reverse |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1265 |
quotes) to compute the "official" string representation of an object. If at all |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1266 |
possible, this should look like a valid Python expression that could be used to |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1267 |
recreate an object with the same value (given an appropriate environment). If |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1268 |
this is not possible, a string of the form ``<...some useful description...>`` |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1269 |
should be returned. The return value must be a string object. If a class |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1270 |
defines :meth:`__repr__` but not :meth:`__str__`, then :meth:`__repr__` is also |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1271 |
used when an "informal" string representation of instances of that class is |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1272 |
required. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1273 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1274 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1275 |
pair: string; conversion |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1276 |
pair: reverse; quotes |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1277 |
pair: backward; quotes |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1278 |
single: back-quotes |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1279 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1280 |
This is typically used for debugging, so it is important that the representation |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1281 |
is information-rich and unambiguous. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1282 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1283 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1284 |
.. method:: object.__str__(self) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1285 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1286 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1287 |
builtin: str |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1288 |
statement: print |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1289 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1290 |
Called by the :func:`str` built-in function and by the :keyword:`print` |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1291 |
statement to compute the "informal" string representation of an object. This |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1292 |
differs from :meth:`__repr__` in that it does not have to be a valid Python |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1293 |
expression: a more convenient or concise representation may be used instead. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1294 |
The return value must be a string object. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1295 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1296 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1297 |
.. method:: object.__lt__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1298 |
object.__le__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1299 |
object.__eq__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1300 |
object.__ne__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1301 |
object.__gt__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1302 |
object.__ge__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1303 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1304 |
.. versionadded:: 2.1 |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1305 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1306 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1307 |
single: comparisons |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1308 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1309 |
These are the so-called "rich comparison" methods, and are called for comparison |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1310 |
operators in preference to :meth:`__cmp__` below. The correspondence between |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1311 |
operator symbols and method names is as follows: ``x<y`` calls ``x.__lt__(y)``, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1312 |
``x<=y`` calls ``x.__le__(y)``, ``x==y`` calls ``x.__eq__(y)``, ``x!=y`` and |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1313 |
``x<>y`` call ``x.__ne__(y)``, ``x>y`` calls ``x.__gt__(y)``, and ``x>=y`` calls |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1314 |
``x.__ge__(y)``. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1315 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1316 |
A rich comparison method may return the singleton ``NotImplemented`` if it does |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1317 |
not implement the operation for a given pair of arguments. By convention, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1318 |
``False`` and ``True`` are returned for a successful comparison. However, these |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1319 |
methods can return any value, so if the comparison operator is used in a Boolean |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1320 |
context (e.g., in the condition of an ``if`` statement), Python will call |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1321 |
:func:`bool` on the value to determine if the result is true or false. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1322 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1323 |
There are no implied relationships among the comparison operators. The truth |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1324 |
of ``x==y`` does not imply that ``x!=y`` is false. Accordingly, when |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1325 |
defining :meth:`__eq__`, one should also define :meth:`__ne__` so that the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1326 |
operators will behave as expected. See the paragraph on :meth:`__hash__` for |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1327 |
some important notes on creating :term:`hashable` objects which support |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1328 |
custom comparison operations and are usable as dictionary keys. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1329 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1330 |
There are no swapped-argument versions of these methods (to be used when the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1331 |
left argument does not support the operation but the right argument does); |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1332 |
rather, :meth:`__lt__` and :meth:`__gt__` are each other's reflection, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1333 |
:meth:`__le__` and :meth:`__ge__` are each other's reflection, and |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1334 |
:meth:`__eq__` and :meth:`__ne__` are their own reflection. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1335 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1336 |
Arguments to rich comparison methods are never coerced. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1337 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1338 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1339 |
.. method:: object.__cmp__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1340 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1341 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1342 |
builtin: cmp |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1343 |
single: comparisons |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1344 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1345 |
Called by comparison operations if rich comparison (see above) is not |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1346 |
defined. Should return a negative integer if ``self < other``, zero if |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1347 |
``self == other``, a positive integer if ``self > other``. If no |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1348 |
:meth:`__cmp__`, :meth:`__eq__` or :meth:`__ne__` operation is defined, class |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1349 |
instances are compared by object identity ("address"). See also the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1350 |
description of :meth:`__hash__` for some important notes on creating |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1351 |
:term:`hashable` objects which support custom comparison operations and are |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1352 |
usable as dictionary keys. (Note: the restriction that exceptions are not |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1353 |
propagated by :meth:`__cmp__` has been removed since Python 1.5.) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1354 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1355 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1356 |
.. method:: object.__rcmp__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1357 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1358 |
.. versionchanged:: 2.1 |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1359 |
No longer supported. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1360 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1361 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1362 |
.. method:: object.__hash__(self) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1363 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1364 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1365 |
object: dictionary |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1366 |
builtin: hash |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1367 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1368 |
Called for the key object for dictionary operations, and by the built-in |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1369 |
function :func:`hash`. Should return an integer usable as a hash value |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1370 |
for dictionary operations. The only required property is that objects which |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1371 |
compare equal have the same hash value; it is advised to somehow mix together |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1372 |
(e.g., using exclusive or) the hash values for the components of the object that |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1373 |
also play a part in comparison of objects. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1374 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1375 |
If a class does not define a :meth:`__cmp__` or :meth:`__eq__` method it |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1376 |
should not define a :meth:`__hash__` operation either; if it defines |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1377 |
:meth:`__cmp__` or :meth:`__eq__` but not :meth:`__hash__`, its instances |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1378 |
will not be usable as dictionary keys. If a class defines mutable objects |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1379 |
and implements a :meth:`__cmp__` or :meth:`__eq__` method, it should not |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1380 |
implement :meth:`__hash__`, since the dictionary implementation requires that |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1381 |
a key's hash value is immutable (if the object's hash value changes, it will |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1382 |
be in the wrong hash bucket). |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1383 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1384 |
User-defined classes have :meth:`__cmp__` and :meth:`__hash__` methods |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1385 |
by default; with them, all objects compare unequal (except with themselves) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1386 |
and ``x.__hash__()`` returns ``id(x)``. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1387 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1388 |
Classes which inherit a :meth:`__hash__` method from a parent class but |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1389 |
change the meaning of :meth:`__cmp__` or :meth:`__eq__` such that the hash |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1390 |
value returned is no longer appropriate (e.g. by switching to a value-based |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1391 |
concept of equality instead of the default identity based equality) can |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1392 |
explicitly flag themselves as being unhashable by setting |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1393 |
``__hash__ = None`` in the class definition. Doing so means that not only |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1394 |
will instances of the class raise an appropriate :exc:`TypeError` when |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1395 |
a program attempts to retrieve their hash value, but they will also be |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1396 |
correctly identified as unhashable when checking |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1397 |
``isinstance(obj, collections.Hashable)`` (unlike classes which define |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1398 |
their own :meth:`__hash__` to explicitly raise :exc:`TypeError`). |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1399 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1400 |
.. versionchanged:: 2.5 |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1401 |
:meth:`__hash__` may now also return a long integer object; the 32-bit |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1402 |
integer is then derived from the hash of that object. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1403 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1404 |
.. versionchanged:: 2.6 |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1405 |
:attr:`__hash__` may now be set to :const:`None` to explicitly flag |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1406 |
instances of a class as unhashable. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1407 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1408 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1409 |
.. method:: object.__nonzero__(self) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1410 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1411 |
.. index:: single: __len__() (mapping object method) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1412 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1413 |
Called to implement truth value testing, and the built-in operation ``bool()``; |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1414 |
should return ``False`` or ``True``, or their integer equivalents ``0`` or |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1415 |
``1``. When this method is not defined, :meth:`__len__` is called, if it is |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1416 |
defined (see below). If a class defines neither :meth:`__len__` nor |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1417 |
:meth:`__nonzero__`, all its instances are considered true. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1418 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1419 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1420 |
.. method:: object.__unicode__(self) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1421 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1422 |
.. index:: builtin: unicode |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1423 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1424 |
Called to implement :func:`unicode` builtin; should return a Unicode object. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1425 |
When this method is not defined, string conversion is attempted, and the result |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1426 |
of string conversion is converted to Unicode using the system default encoding. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1427 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1428 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1429 |
.. _attribute-access: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1430 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1431 |
Customizing attribute access |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1432 |
---------------------------- |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1433 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1434 |
The following methods can be defined to customize the meaning of attribute |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1435 |
access (use of, assignment to, or deletion of ``x.name``) for class instances. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1436 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1437 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1438 |
.. method:: object.__getattr__(self, name) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1439 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1440 |
Called when an attribute lookup has not found the attribute in the usual places |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1441 |
(i.e. it is not an instance attribute nor is it found in the class tree for |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1442 |
``self``). ``name`` is the attribute name. This method should return the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1443 |
(computed) attribute value or raise an :exc:`AttributeError` exception. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1444 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1445 |
.. index:: single: __setattr__() (object method) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1446 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1447 |
Note that if the attribute is found through the normal mechanism, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1448 |
:meth:`__getattr__` is not called. (This is an intentional asymmetry between |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1449 |
:meth:`__getattr__` and :meth:`__setattr__`.) This is done both for efficiency |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1450 |
reasons and because otherwise :meth:`__getattr__` would have no way to access |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1451 |
other attributes of the instance. Note that at least for instance variables, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1452 |
you can fake total control by not inserting any values in the instance attribute |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1453 |
dictionary (but instead inserting them in another object). See the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1454 |
:meth:`__getattribute__` method below for a way to actually get total control in |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1455 |
new-style classes. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1456 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1457 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1458 |
.. method:: object.__setattr__(self, name, value) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1459 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1460 |
Called when an attribute assignment is attempted. This is called instead of the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1461 |
normal mechanism (i.e. store the value in the instance dictionary). *name* is |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1462 |
the attribute name, *value* is the value to be assigned to it. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1463 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1464 |
.. index:: single: __dict__ (instance attribute) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1465 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1466 |
If :meth:`__setattr__` wants to assign to an instance attribute, it should not |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1467 |
simply execute ``self.name = value`` --- this would cause a recursive call to |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1468 |
itself. Instead, it should insert the value in the dictionary of instance |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1469 |
attributes, e.g., ``self.__dict__[name] = value``. For new-style classes, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1470 |
rather than accessing the instance dictionary, it should call the base class |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1471 |
method with the same name, for example, ``object.__setattr__(self, name, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1472 |
value)``. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1473 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1474 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1475 |
.. method:: object.__delattr__(self, name) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1476 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1477 |
Like :meth:`__setattr__` but for attribute deletion instead of assignment. This |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1478 |
should only be implemented if ``del obj.name`` is meaningful for the object. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1479 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1480 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1481 |
.. _new-style-attribute-access: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1482 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1483 |
More attribute access for new-style classes |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1484 |
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1485 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1486 |
The following methods only apply to new-style classes. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1487 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1488 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1489 |
.. method:: object.__getattribute__(self, name) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1490 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1491 |
Called unconditionally to implement attribute accesses for instances of the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1492 |
class. If the class also defines :meth:`__getattr__`, the latter will not be |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1493 |
called unless :meth:`__getattribute__` either calls it explicitly or raises an |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1494 |
:exc:`AttributeError`. This method should return the (computed) attribute value |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1495 |
or raise an :exc:`AttributeError` exception. In order to avoid infinite |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1496 |
recursion in this method, its implementation should always call the base class |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1497 |
method with the same name to access any attributes it needs, for example, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1498 |
``object.__getattribute__(self, name)``. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1499 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1500 |
.. note:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1501 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1502 |
This method may still be bypassed when looking up special methods as the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1503 |
result of implicit invocation via language syntax or builtin functions. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1504 |
See :ref:`new-style-special-lookup`. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1505 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1506 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1507 |
.. _descriptors: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1508 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1509 |
Implementing Descriptors |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1510 |
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1511 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1512 |
The following methods only apply when an instance of the class containing the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1513 |
method (a so-called *descriptor* class) appears in the class dictionary of |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1514 |
another new-style class, known as the *owner* class. In the examples below, "the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1515 |
attribute" refers to the attribute whose name is the key of the property in the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1516 |
owner class' ``__dict__``. Descriptors can only be implemented as new-style |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1517 |
classes themselves. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1518 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1519 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1520 |
.. method:: object.__get__(self, instance, owner) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1521 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1522 |
Called to get the attribute of the owner class (class attribute access) or of an |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1523 |
instance of that class (instance attribute access). *owner* is always the owner |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1524 |
class, while *instance* is the instance that the attribute was accessed through, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1525 |
or ``None`` when the attribute is accessed through the *owner*. This method |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1526 |
should return the (computed) attribute value or raise an :exc:`AttributeError` |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1527 |
exception. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1528 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1529 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1530 |
.. method:: object.__set__(self, instance, value) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1531 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1532 |
Called to set the attribute on an instance *instance* of the owner class to a |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1533 |
new value, *value*. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1534 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1535 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1536 |
.. method:: object.__delete__(self, instance) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1537 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1538 |
Called to delete the attribute on an instance *instance* of the owner class. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1539 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1540 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1541 |
.. _descriptor-invocation: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1542 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1543 |
Invoking Descriptors |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1544 |
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1545 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1546 |
In general, a descriptor is an object attribute with "binding behavior", one |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1547 |
whose attribute access has been overridden by methods in the descriptor |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1548 |
protocol: :meth:`__get__`, :meth:`__set__`, and :meth:`__delete__`. If any of |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1549 |
those methods are defined for an object, it is said to be a descriptor. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1550 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1551 |
The default behavior for attribute access is to get, set, or delete the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1552 |
attribute from an object's dictionary. For instance, ``a.x`` has a lookup chain |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1553 |
starting with ``a.__dict__['x']``, then ``type(a).__dict__['x']``, and |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1554 |
continuing through the base classes of ``type(a)`` excluding metaclasses. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1555 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1556 |
However, if the looked-up value is an object defining one of the descriptor |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1557 |
methods, then Python may override the default behavior and invoke the descriptor |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1558 |
method instead. Where this occurs in the precedence chain depends on which |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1559 |
descriptor methods were defined and how they were called. Note that descriptors |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1560 |
are only invoked for new style objects or classes (ones that subclass |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1561 |
:class:`object()` or :class:`type()`). |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1562 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1563 |
The starting point for descriptor invocation is a binding, ``a.x``. How the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1564 |
arguments are assembled depends on ``a``: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1565 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1566 |
Direct Call |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1567 |
The simplest and least common call is when user code directly invokes a |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1568 |
descriptor method: ``x.__get__(a)``. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1569 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1570 |
Instance Binding |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1571 |
If binding to a new-style object instance, ``a.x`` is transformed into the call: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1572 |
``type(a).__dict__['x'].__get__(a, type(a))``. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1573 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1574 |
Class Binding |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1575 |
If binding to a new-style class, ``A.x`` is transformed into the call: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1576 |
``A.__dict__['x'].__get__(None, A)``. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1577 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1578 |
Super Binding |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1579 |
If ``a`` is an instance of :class:`super`, then the binding ``super(B, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1580 |
obj).m()`` searches ``obj.__class__.__mro__`` for the base class ``A`` |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1581 |
immediately preceding ``B`` and then invokes the descriptor with the call: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1582 |
``A.__dict__['m'].__get__(obj, A)``. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1583 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1584 |
For instance bindings, the precedence of descriptor invocation depends on the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1585 |
which descriptor methods are defined. Normally, data descriptors define both |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1586 |
:meth:`__get__` and :meth:`__set__`, while non-data descriptors have just the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1587 |
:meth:`__get__` method. Data descriptors always override a redefinition in an |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1588 |
instance dictionary. In contrast, non-data descriptors can be overridden by |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1589 |
instances. [#]_ |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1590 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1591 |
Python methods (including :func:`staticmethod` and :func:`classmethod`) are |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1592 |
implemented as non-data descriptors. Accordingly, instances can redefine and |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1593 |
override methods. This allows individual instances to acquire behaviors that |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1594 |
differ from other instances of the same class. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1595 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1596 |
The :func:`property` function is implemented as a data descriptor. Accordingly, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1597 |
instances cannot override the behavior of a property. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1598 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1599 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1600 |
.. _slots: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1601 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1602 |
__slots__ |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1603 |
^^^^^^^^^ |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1604 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1605 |
By default, instances of both old and new-style classes have a dictionary for |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1606 |
attribute storage. This wastes space for objects having very few instance |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1607 |
variables. The space consumption can become acute when creating large numbers |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1608 |
of instances. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1609 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1610 |
The default can be overridden by defining *__slots__* in a new-style class |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1611 |
definition. The *__slots__* declaration takes a sequence of instance variables |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1612 |
and reserves just enough space in each instance to hold a value for each |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1613 |
variable. Space is saved because *__dict__* is not created for each instance. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1614 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1615 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1616 |
.. data:: __slots__ |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1617 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1618 |
This class variable can be assigned a string, iterable, or sequence of strings |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1619 |
with variable names used by instances. If defined in a new-style class, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1620 |
*__slots__* reserves space for the declared variables and prevents the automatic |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1621 |
creation of *__dict__* and *__weakref__* for each instance. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1622 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1623 |
.. versionadded:: 2.2 |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1624 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1625 |
Notes on using *__slots__* |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1626 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1627 |
* When inheriting from a class without *__slots__*, the *__dict__* attribute of |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1628 |
that class will always be accessible, so a *__slots__* definition in the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1629 |
subclass is meaningless. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1630 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1631 |
* Without a *__dict__* variable, instances cannot be assigned new variables not |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1632 |
listed in the *__slots__* definition. Attempts to assign to an unlisted |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1633 |
variable name raises :exc:`AttributeError`. If dynamic assignment of new |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1634 |
variables is desired, then add ``'__dict__'`` to the sequence of strings in the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1635 |
*__slots__* declaration. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1636 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1637 |
.. versionchanged:: 2.3 |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1638 |
Previously, adding ``'__dict__'`` to the *__slots__* declaration would not |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1639 |
enable the assignment of new attributes not specifically listed in the sequence |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1640 |
of instance variable names. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1641 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1642 |
* Without a *__weakref__* variable for each instance, classes defining |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1643 |
*__slots__* do not support weak references to its instances. If weak reference |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1644 |
support is needed, then add ``'__weakref__'`` to the sequence of strings in the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1645 |
*__slots__* declaration. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1646 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1647 |
.. versionchanged:: 2.3 |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1648 |
Previously, adding ``'__weakref__'`` to the *__slots__* declaration would not |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1649 |
enable support for weak references. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1650 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1651 |
* *__slots__* are implemented at the class level by creating descriptors |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1652 |
(:ref:`descriptors`) for each variable name. As a result, class attributes |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1653 |
cannot be used to set default values for instance variables defined by |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1654 |
*__slots__*; otherwise, the class attribute would overwrite the descriptor |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1655 |
assignment. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1656 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1657 |
* If a class defines a slot also defined in a base class, the instance variable |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1658 |
defined by the base class slot is inaccessible (except by retrieving its |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1659 |
descriptor directly from the base class). This renders the meaning of the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1660 |
program undefined. In the future, a check may be added to prevent this. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1661 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1662 |
* The action of a *__slots__* declaration is limited to the class where it is |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1663 |
defined. As a result, subclasses will have a *__dict__* unless they also define |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1664 |
*__slots__*. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1665 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1666 |
* Nonempty *__slots__* does not work for classes derived from "variable-length" |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1667 |
built-in types such as :class:`long`, :class:`str` and :class:`tuple`. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1668 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1669 |
* Any non-string iterable may be assigned to *__slots__*. Mappings may also be |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1670 |
used; however, in the future, special meaning may be assigned to the values |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1671 |
corresponding to each key. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1672 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1673 |
* *__class__* assignment works only if both classes have the same *__slots__*. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1674 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1675 |
.. versionchanged:: 2.6 |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1676 |
Previously, *__class__* assignment raised an error if either new or old class |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1677 |
had *__slots__*. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1678 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1679 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1680 |
.. _metaclasses: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1681 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1682 |
Customizing class creation |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1683 |
-------------------------- |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1684 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1685 |
By default, new-style classes are constructed using :func:`type`. A class |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1686 |
definition is read into a separate namespace and the value of class name is |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1687 |
bound to the result of ``type(name, bases, dict)``. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1688 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1689 |
When the class definition is read, if *__metaclass__* is defined then the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1690 |
callable assigned to it will be called instead of :func:`type`. This allows |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1691 |
classes or functions to be written which monitor or alter the class creation |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1692 |
process: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1693 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1694 |
* Modifying the class dictionary prior to the class being created. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1695 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1696 |
* Returning an instance of another class -- essentially performing the role of a |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1697 |
factory function. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1698 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1699 |
These steps will have to be performed in the metaclass's :meth:`__new__` method |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1700 |
-- :meth:`type.__new__` can then be called from this method to create a class |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1701 |
with different properties. This example adds a new element to the class |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1702 |
dictionary before creating the class:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1703 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1704 |
class metacls(type): |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1705 |
def __new__(mcs, name, bases, dict): |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1706 |
dict['foo'] = 'metacls was here' |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1707 |
return type.__new__(mcs, name, bases, dict) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1708 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1709 |
You can of course also override other class methods (or add new methods); for |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1710 |
example defining a custom :meth:`__call__` method in the metaclass allows custom |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1711 |
behavior when the class is called, e.g. not always creating a new instance. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1712 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1713 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1714 |
.. data:: __metaclass__ |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1715 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1716 |
This variable can be any callable accepting arguments for ``name``, ``bases``, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1717 |
and ``dict``. Upon class creation, the callable is used instead of the built-in |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1718 |
:func:`type`. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1719 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1720 |
.. versionadded:: 2.2 |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1721 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1722 |
The appropriate metaclass is determined by the following precedence rules: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1723 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1724 |
* If ``dict['__metaclass__']`` exists, it is used. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1725 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1726 |
* Otherwise, if there is at least one base class, its metaclass is used (this |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1727 |
looks for a *__class__* attribute first and if not found, uses its type). |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1728 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1729 |
* Otherwise, if a global variable named __metaclass__ exists, it is used. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1730 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1731 |
* Otherwise, the old-style, classic metaclass (types.ClassType) is used. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1732 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1733 |
The potential uses for metaclasses are boundless. Some ideas that have been |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1734 |
explored including logging, interface checking, automatic delegation, automatic |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1735 |
property creation, proxies, frameworks, and automatic resource |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1736 |
locking/synchronization. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1737 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1738 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1739 |
.. _callable-types: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1740 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1741 |
Emulating callable objects |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1742 |
-------------------------- |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1743 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1744 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1745 |
.. method:: object.__call__(self[, args...]) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1746 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1747 |
.. index:: pair: call; instance |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1748 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1749 |
Called when the instance is "called" as a function; if this method is defined, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1750 |
``x(arg1, arg2, ...)`` is a shorthand for ``x.__call__(arg1, arg2, ...)``. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1751 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1752 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1753 |
.. _sequence-types: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1754 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1755 |
Emulating container types |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1756 |
------------------------- |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1757 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1758 |
The following methods can be defined to implement container objects. Containers |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1759 |
usually are sequences (such as lists or tuples) or mappings (like dictionaries), |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1760 |
but can represent other containers as well. The first set of methods is used |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1761 |
either to emulate a sequence or to emulate a mapping; the difference is that for |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1762 |
a sequence, the allowable keys should be the integers *k* for which ``0 <= k < |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1763 |
N`` where *N* is the length of the sequence, or slice objects, which define a |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1764 |
range of items. (For backwards compatibility, the method :meth:`__getslice__` |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1765 |
(see below) can also be defined to handle simple, but not extended slices.) It |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1766 |
is also recommended that mappings provide the methods :meth:`keys`, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1767 |
:meth:`values`, :meth:`items`, :meth:`has_key`, :meth:`get`, :meth:`clear`, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1768 |
:meth:`setdefault`, :meth:`iterkeys`, :meth:`itervalues`, :meth:`iteritems`, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1769 |
:meth:`pop`, :meth:`popitem`, :meth:`copy`, and :meth:`update` behaving similar |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1770 |
to those for Python's standard dictionary objects. The :mod:`UserDict` module |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1771 |
provides a :class:`DictMixin` class to help create those methods from a base set |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1772 |
of :meth:`__getitem__`, :meth:`__setitem__`, :meth:`__delitem__`, and |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1773 |
:meth:`keys`. Mutable sequences should provide methods :meth:`append`, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1774 |
:meth:`count`, :meth:`index`, :meth:`extend`, :meth:`insert`, :meth:`pop`, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1775 |
:meth:`remove`, :meth:`reverse` and :meth:`sort`, like Python standard list |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1776 |
objects. Finally, sequence types should implement addition (meaning |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1777 |
concatenation) and multiplication (meaning repetition) by defining the methods |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1778 |
:meth:`__add__`, :meth:`__radd__`, :meth:`__iadd__`, :meth:`__mul__`, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1779 |
:meth:`__rmul__` and :meth:`__imul__` described below; they should not define |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1780 |
:meth:`__coerce__` or other numerical operators. It is recommended that both |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1781 |
mappings and sequences implement the :meth:`__contains__` method to allow |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1782 |
efficient use of the ``in`` operator; for mappings, ``in`` should be equivalent |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1783 |
of :meth:`has_key`; for sequences, it should search through the values. It is |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1784 |
further recommended that both mappings and sequences implement the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1785 |
:meth:`__iter__` method to allow efficient iteration through the container; for |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1786 |
mappings, :meth:`__iter__` should be the same as :meth:`iterkeys`; for |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1787 |
sequences, it should iterate through the values. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1788 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1789 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1790 |
.. method:: object.__len__(self) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1791 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1792 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1793 |
builtin: len |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1794 |
single: __nonzero__() (object method) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1795 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1796 |
Called to implement the built-in function :func:`len`. Should return the length |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1797 |
of the object, an integer ``>=`` 0. Also, an object that doesn't define a |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1798 |
:meth:`__nonzero__` method and whose :meth:`__len__` method returns zero is |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1799 |
considered to be false in a Boolean context. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1800 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1801 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1802 |
.. method:: object.__getitem__(self, key) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1803 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1804 |
.. index:: object: slice |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1805 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1806 |
Called to implement evaluation of ``self[key]``. For sequence types, the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1807 |
accepted keys should be integers and slice objects. Note that the special |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1808 |
interpretation of negative indexes (if the class wishes to emulate a sequence |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1809 |
type) is up to the :meth:`__getitem__` method. If *key* is of an inappropriate |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1810 |
type, :exc:`TypeError` may be raised; if of a value outside the set of indexes |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1811 |
for the sequence (after any special interpretation of negative values), |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1812 |
:exc:`IndexError` should be raised. For mapping types, if *key* is missing (not |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1813 |
in the container), :exc:`KeyError` should be raised. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1814 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1815 |
.. note:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1816 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1817 |
:keyword:`for` loops expect that an :exc:`IndexError` will be raised for illegal |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1818 |
indexes to allow proper detection of the end of the sequence. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1819 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1820 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1821 |
.. method:: object.__setitem__(self, key, value) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1822 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1823 |
Called to implement assignment to ``self[key]``. Same note as for |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1824 |
:meth:`__getitem__`. This should only be implemented for mappings if the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1825 |
objects support changes to the values for keys, or if new keys can be added, or |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1826 |
for sequences if elements can be replaced. The same exceptions should be raised |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1827 |
for improper *key* values as for the :meth:`__getitem__` method. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1828 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1829 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1830 |
.. method:: object.__delitem__(self, key) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1831 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1832 |
Called to implement deletion of ``self[key]``. Same note as for |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1833 |
:meth:`__getitem__`. This should only be implemented for mappings if the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1834 |
objects support removal of keys, or for sequences if elements can be removed |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1835 |
from the sequence. The same exceptions should be raised for improper *key* |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1836 |
values as for the :meth:`__getitem__` method. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1837 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1838 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1839 |
.. method:: object.__iter__(self) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1840 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1841 |
This method is called when an iterator is required for a container. This method |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1842 |
should return a new iterator object that can iterate over all the objects in the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1843 |
container. For mappings, it should iterate over the keys of the container, and |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1844 |
should also be made available as the method :meth:`iterkeys`. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1845 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1846 |
Iterator objects also need to implement this method; they are required to return |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1847 |
themselves. For more information on iterator objects, see :ref:`typeiter`. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1848 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1849 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1850 |
.. method:: object.__reversed__(self) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1851 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1852 |
Called (if present) by the :func:`reversed` builtin to implement |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1853 |
reverse iteration. It should return a new iterator object that iterates |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1854 |
over all the objects in the container in reverse order. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1855 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1856 |
If the :meth:`__reversed__` method is not provided, the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1857 |
:func:`reversed` builtin will fall back to using the sequence protocol |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1858 |
(:meth:`__len__` and :meth:`__getitem__`). Objects should normally |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1859 |
only provide :meth:`__reversed__` if they do not support the sequence |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1860 |
protocol and an efficient implementation of reverse iteration is possible. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1861 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1862 |
.. versionadded:: 2.6 |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1863 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1864 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1865 |
The membership test operators (:keyword:`in` and :keyword:`not in`) are normally |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1866 |
implemented as an iteration through a sequence. However, container objects can |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1867 |
supply the following special method with a more efficient implementation, which |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1868 |
also does not require the object be a sequence. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1869 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1870 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1871 |
.. method:: object.__contains__(self, item) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1872 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1873 |
Called to implement membership test operators. Should return true if *item* is |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1874 |
in *self*, false otherwise. For mapping objects, this should consider the keys |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1875 |
of the mapping rather than the values or the key-item pairs. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1876 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1877 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1878 |
.. _sequence-methods: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1879 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1880 |
Additional methods for emulation of sequence types |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1881 |
-------------------------------------------------- |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1882 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1883 |
The following optional methods can be defined to further emulate sequence |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1884 |
objects. Immutable sequences methods should at most only define |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1885 |
:meth:`__getslice__`; mutable sequences might define all three methods. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1886 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1887 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1888 |
.. method:: object.__getslice__(self, i, j) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1889 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1890 |
.. deprecated:: 2.0 |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1891 |
Support slice objects as parameters to the :meth:`__getitem__` method. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1892 |
(However, built-in types in CPython currently still implement |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1893 |
:meth:`__getslice__`. Therefore, you have to override it in derived |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1894 |
classes when implementing slicing.) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1895 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1896 |
Called to implement evaluation of ``self[i:j]``. The returned object should be |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1897 |
of the same type as *self*. Note that missing *i* or *j* in the slice |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1898 |
expression are replaced by zero or ``sys.maxint``, respectively. If negative |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1899 |
indexes are used in the slice, the length of the sequence is added to that |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1900 |
index. If the instance does not implement the :meth:`__len__` method, an |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1901 |
:exc:`AttributeError` is raised. No guarantee is made that indexes adjusted this |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1902 |
way are not still negative. Indexes which are greater than the length of the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1903 |
sequence are not modified. If no :meth:`__getslice__` is found, a slice object |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1904 |
is created instead, and passed to :meth:`__getitem__` instead. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1905 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1906 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1907 |
.. method:: object.__setslice__(self, i, j, sequence) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1908 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1909 |
Called to implement assignment to ``self[i:j]``. Same notes for *i* and *j* as |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1910 |
for :meth:`__getslice__`. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1911 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1912 |
This method is deprecated. If no :meth:`__setslice__` is found, or for extended |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1913 |
slicing of the form ``self[i:j:k]``, a slice object is created, and passed to |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1914 |
:meth:`__setitem__`, instead of :meth:`__setslice__` being called. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1915 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1916 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1917 |
.. method:: object.__delslice__(self, i, j) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1918 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1919 |
Called to implement deletion of ``self[i:j]``. Same notes for *i* and *j* as for |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1920 |
:meth:`__getslice__`. This method is deprecated. If no :meth:`__delslice__` is |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1921 |
found, or for extended slicing of the form ``self[i:j:k]``, a slice object is |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1922 |
created, and passed to :meth:`__delitem__`, instead of :meth:`__delslice__` |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1923 |
being called. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1924 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1925 |
Notice that these methods are only invoked when a single slice with a single |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1926 |
colon is used, and the slice method is available. For slice operations |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1927 |
involving extended slice notation, or in absence of the slice methods, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1928 |
:meth:`__getitem__`, :meth:`__setitem__` or :meth:`__delitem__` is called with a |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1929 |
slice object as argument. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1930 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1931 |
The following example demonstrate how to make your program or module compatible |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1932 |
with earlier versions of Python (assuming that methods :meth:`__getitem__`, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1933 |
:meth:`__setitem__` and :meth:`__delitem__` support slice objects as |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1934 |
arguments):: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1935 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1936 |
class MyClass: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1937 |
... |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1938 |
def __getitem__(self, index): |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1939 |
... |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1940 |
def __setitem__(self, index, value): |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1941 |
... |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1942 |
def __delitem__(self, index): |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1943 |
... |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1944 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1945 |
if sys.version_info < (2, 0): |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1946 |
# They won't be defined if version is at least 2.0 final |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1947 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1948 |
def __getslice__(self, i, j): |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1949 |
return self[max(0, i):max(0, j):] |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1950 |
def __setslice__(self, i, j, seq): |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1951 |
self[max(0, i):max(0, j):] = seq |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1952 |
def __delslice__(self, i, j): |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1953 |
del self[max(0, i):max(0, j):] |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1954 |
... |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1955 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1956 |
Note the calls to :func:`max`; these are necessary because of the handling of |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1957 |
negative indices before the :meth:`__\*slice__` methods are called. When |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1958 |
negative indexes are used, the :meth:`__\*item__` methods receive them as |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1959 |
provided, but the :meth:`__\*slice__` methods get a "cooked" form of the index |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1960 |
values. For each negative index value, the length of the sequence is added to |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1961 |
the index before calling the method (which may still result in a negative |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1962 |
index); this is the customary handling of negative indexes by the built-in |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1963 |
sequence types, and the :meth:`__\*item__` methods are expected to do this as |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1964 |
well. However, since they should already be doing that, negative indexes cannot |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1965 |
be passed in; they must be constrained to the bounds of the sequence before |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1966 |
being passed to the :meth:`__\*item__` methods. Calling ``max(0, i)`` |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1967 |
conveniently returns the proper value. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1968 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1969 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1970 |
.. _numeric-types: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1971 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1972 |
Emulating numeric types |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1973 |
----------------------- |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1974 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1975 |
The following methods can be defined to emulate numeric objects. Methods |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1976 |
corresponding to operations that are not supported by the particular kind of |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1977 |
number implemented (e.g., bitwise operations for non-integral numbers) should be |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1978 |
left undefined. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1979 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1980 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1981 |
.. method:: object.__add__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1982 |
object.__sub__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1983 |
object.__mul__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1984 |
object.__floordiv__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1985 |
object.__mod__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1986 |
object.__divmod__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1987 |
object.__pow__(self, other[, modulo]) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1988 |
object.__lshift__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1989 |
object.__rshift__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1990 |
object.__and__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1991 |
object.__xor__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1992 |
object.__or__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1993 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1994 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1995 |
builtin: divmod |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1996 |
builtin: pow |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1997 |
builtin: pow |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1998 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1999 |
These methods are called to implement the binary arithmetic operations (``+``, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2000 |
``-``, ``*``, ``//``, ``%``, :func:`divmod`, :func:`pow`, ``**``, ``<<``, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2001 |
``>>``, ``&``, ``^``, ``|``). For instance, to evaluate the expression |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2002 |
``x + y``, where *x* is an instance of a class that has an :meth:`__add__` |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2003 |
method, ``x.__add__(y)`` is called. The :meth:`__divmod__` method should be the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2004 |
equivalent to using :meth:`__floordiv__` and :meth:`__mod__`; it should not be |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2005 |
related to :meth:`__truediv__` (described below). Note that :meth:`__pow__` |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2006 |
should be defined to accept an optional third argument if the ternary version of |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2007 |
the built-in :func:`pow` function is to be supported. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2008 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2009 |
If one of those methods does not support the operation with the supplied |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2010 |
arguments, it should return ``NotImplemented``. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2011 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2012 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2013 |
.. method:: object.__div__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2014 |
object.__truediv__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2015 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2016 |
The division operator (``/``) is implemented by these methods. The |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2017 |
:meth:`__truediv__` method is used when ``__future__.division`` is in effect, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2018 |
otherwise :meth:`__div__` is used. If only one of these two methods is defined, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2019 |
the object will not support division in the alternate context; :exc:`TypeError` |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2020 |
will be raised instead. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2021 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2022 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2023 |
.. method:: object.__radd__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2024 |
object.__rsub__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2025 |
object.__rmul__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2026 |
object.__rdiv__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2027 |
object.__rtruediv__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2028 |
object.__rfloordiv__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2029 |
object.__rmod__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2030 |
object.__rdivmod__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2031 |
object.__rpow__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2032 |
object.__rlshift__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2033 |
object.__rrshift__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2034 |
object.__rand__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2035 |
object.__rxor__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2036 |
object.__ror__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2037 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2038 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2039 |
builtin: divmod |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2040 |
builtin: pow |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2041 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2042 |
These methods are called to implement the binary arithmetic operations (``+``, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2043 |
``-``, ``*``, ``/``, ``%``, :func:`divmod`, :func:`pow`, ``**``, ``<<``, ``>>``, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2044 |
``&``, ``^``, ``|``) with reflected (swapped) operands. These functions are |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2045 |
only called if the left operand does not support the corresponding operation and |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2046 |
the operands are of different types. [#]_ For instance, to evaluate the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2047 |
expression ``x - y``, where *y* is an instance of a class that has an |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2048 |
:meth:`__rsub__` method, ``y.__rsub__(x)`` is called if ``x.__sub__(y)`` returns |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2049 |
*NotImplemented*. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2050 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2051 |
.. index:: builtin: pow |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2052 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2053 |
Note that ternary :func:`pow` will not try calling :meth:`__rpow__` (the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2054 |
coercion rules would become too complicated). |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2055 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2056 |
.. note:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2057 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2058 |
If the right operand's type is a subclass of the left operand's type and that |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2059 |
subclass provides the reflected method for the operation, this method will be |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2060 |
called before the left operand's non-reflected method. This behavior allows |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2061 |
subclasses to override their ancestors' operations. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2062 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2063 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2064 |
.. method:: object.__iadd__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2065 |
object.__isub__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2066 |
object.__imul__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2067 |
object.__idiv__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2068 |
object.__itruediv__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2069 |
object.__ifloordiv__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2070 |
object.__imod__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2071 |
object.__ipow__(self, other[, modulo]) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2072 |
object.__ilshift__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2073 |
object.__irshift__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2074 |
object.__iand__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2075 |
object.__ixor__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2076 |
object.__ior__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2077 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2078 |
These methods are called to implement the augmented arithmetic operations |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2079 |
(``+=``, ``-=``, ``*=``, ``/=``, ``//=``, ``%=``, ``**=``, ``<<=``, ``>>=``, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2080 |
``&=``, ``^=``, ``|=``). These methods should attempt to do the operation |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2081 |
in-place (modifying *self*) and return the result (which could be, but does |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2082 |
not have to be, *self*). If a specific method is not defined, the augmented |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2083 |
operation falls back to the normal methods. For instance, to evaluate the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2084 |
expression ``x += y``, where *x* is an instance of a class that has an |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2085 |
:meth:`__iadd__` method, ``x.__iadd__(y)`` is called. If *x* is an instance |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2086 |
of a class that does not define a :meth:`__iadd__` method, ``x.__add__(y)`` |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2087 |
and ``y.__radd__(x)`` are considered, as with the evaluation of ``x + y``. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2088 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2089 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2090 |
.. method:: object.__neg__(self) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2091 |
object.__pos__(self) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2092 |
object.__abs__(self) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2093 |
object.__invert__(self) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2094 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2095 |
.. index:: builtin: abs |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2096 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2097 |
Called to implement the unary arithmetic operations (``-``, ``+``, :func:`abs` |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2098 |
and ``~``). |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2099 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2100 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2101 |
.. method:: object.__complex__(self) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2102 |
object.__int__(self) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2103 |
object.__long__(self) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2104 |
object.__float__(self) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2105 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2106 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2107 |
builtin: complex |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2108 |
builtin: int |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2109 |
builtin: long |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2110 |
builtin: float |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2111 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2112 |
Called to implement the built-in functions :func:`complex`, :func:`int`, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2113 |
:func:`long`, and :func:`float`. Should return a value of the appropriate type. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2114 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2115 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2116 |
.. method:: object.__oct__(self) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2117 |
object.__hex__(self) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2118 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2119 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2120 |
builtin: oct |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2121 |
builtin: hex |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2122 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2123 |
Called to implement the built-in functions :func:`oct` and :func:`hex`. Should |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2124 |
return a string value. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2125 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2126 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2127 |
.. method:: object.__index__(self) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2128 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2129 |
Called to implement :func:`operator.index`. Also called whenever Python needs |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2130 |
an integer object (such as in slicing). Must return an integer (int or long). |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2131 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2132 |
.. versionadded:: 2.5 |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2133 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2134 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2135 |
.. method:: object.__coerce__(self, other) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2136 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2137 |
Called to implement "mixed-mode" numeric arithmetic. Should either return a |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2138 |
2-tuple containing *self* and *other* converted to a common numeric type, or |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2139 |
``None`` if conversion is impossible. When the common type would be the type of |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2140 |
``other``, it is sufficient to return ``None``, since the interpreter will also |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2141 |
ask the other object to attempt a coercion (but sometimes, if the implementation |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2142 |
of the other type cannot be changed, it is useful to do the conversion to the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2143 |
other type here). A return value of ``NotImplemented`` is equivalent to |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2144 |
returning ``None``. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2145 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2146 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2147 |
.. _coercion-rules: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2148 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2149 |
Coercion rules |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2150 |
-------------- |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2151 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2152 |
This section used to document the rules for coercion. As the language has |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2153 |
evolved, the coercion rules have become hard to document precisely; documenting |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2154 |
what one version of one particular implementation does is undesirable. Instead, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2155 |
here are some informal guidelines regarding coercion. In Python 3.0, coercion |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2156 |
will not be supported. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2157 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2158 |
* |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2159 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2160 |
If the left operand of a % operator is a string or Unicode object, no coercion |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2161 |
takes place and the string formatting operation is invoked instead. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2162 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2163 |
* |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2164 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2165 |
It is no longer recommended to define a coercion operation. Mixed-mode |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2166 |
operations on types that don't define coercion pass the original arguments to |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2167 |
the operation. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2168 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2169 |
* |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2170 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2171 |
New-style classes (those derived from :class:`object`) never invoke the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2172 |
:meth:`__coerce__` method in response to a binary operator; the only time |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2173 |
:meth:`__coerce__` is invoked is when the built-in function :func:`coerce` is |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2174 |
called. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2175 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2176 |
* |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2177 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2178 |
For most intents and purposes, an operator that returns ``NotImplemented`` is |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2179 |
treated the same as one that is not implemented at all. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2180 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2181 |
* |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2182 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2183 |
Below, :meth:`__op__` and :meth:`__rop__` are used to signify the generic method |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2184 |
names corresponding to an operator; :meth:`__iop__` is used for the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2185 |
corresponding in-place operator. For example, for the operator '``+``', |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2186 |
:meth:`__add__` and :meth:`__radd__` are used for the left and right variant of |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2187 |
the binary operator, and :meth:`__iadd__` for the in-place variant. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2188 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2189 |
* |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2190 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2191 |
For objects *x* and *y*, first ``x.__op__(y)`` is tried. If this is not |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2192 |
implemented or returns ``NotImplemented``, ``y.__rop__(x)`` is tried. If this |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2193 |
is also not implemented or returns ``NotImplemented``, a :exc:`TypeError` |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2194 |
exception is raised. But see the following exception: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2195 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2196 |
* |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2197 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2198 |
Exception to the previous item: if the left operand is an instance of a built-in |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2199 |
type or a new-style class, and the right operand is an instance of a proper |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2200 |
subclass of that type or class and overrides the base's :meth:`__rop__` method, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2201 |
the right operand's :meth:`__rop__` method is tried *before* the left operand's |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2202 |
:meth:`__op__` method. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2203 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2204 |
This is done so that a subclass can completely override binary operators. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2205 |
Otherwise, the left operand's :meth:`__op__` method would always accept the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2206 |
right operand: when an instance of a given class is expected, an instance of a |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2207 |
subclass of that class is always acceptable. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2208 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2209 |
* |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2210 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2211 |
When either operand type defines a coercion, this coercion is called before that |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2212 |
type's :meth:`__op__` or :meth:`__rop__` method is called, but no sooner. If |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2213 |
the coercion returns an object of a different type for the operand whose |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2214 |
coercion is invoked, part of the process is redone using the new object. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2215 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2216 |
* |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2217 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2218 |
When an in-place operator (like '``+=``') is used, if the left operand |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2219 |
implements :meth:`__iop__`, it is invoked without any coercion. When the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2220 |
operation falls back to :meth:`__op__` and/or :meth:`__rop__`, the normal |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2221 |
coercion rules apply. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2222 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2223 |
* |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2224 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2225 |
In ``x + y``, if *x* is a sequence that implements sequence concatenation, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2226 |
sequence concatenation is invoked. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2227 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2228 |
* |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2229 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2230 |
In ``x * y``, if one operator is a sequence that implements sequence |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2231 |
repetition, and the other is an integer (:class:`int` or :class:`long`), |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2232 |
sequence repetition is invoked. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2233 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2234 |
* |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2235 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2236 |
Rich comparisons (implemented by methods :meth:`__eq__` and so on) never use |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2237 |
coercion. Three-way comparison (implemented by :meth:`__cmp__`) does use |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2238 |
coercion under the same conditions as other binary operations use it. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2239 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2240 |
* |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2241 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2242 |
In the current implementation, the built-in numeric types :class:`int`, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2243 |
:class:`long` and :class:`float` do not use coercion; the type :class:`complex` |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2244 |
however does use it. The difference can become apparent when subclassing these |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2245 |
types. Over time, the type :class:`complex` may be fixed to avoid coercion. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2246 |
All these types implement a :meth:`__coerce__` method, for use by the built-in |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2247 |
:func:`coerce` function. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2248 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2249 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2250 |
.. _context-managers: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2251 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2252 |
With Statement Context Managers |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2253 |
------------------------------- |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2254 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2255 |
.. versionadded:: 2.5 |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2256 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2257 |
A :dfn:`context manager` is an object that defines the runtime context to be |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2258 |
established when executing a :keyword:`with` statement. The context manager |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2259 |
handles the entry into, and the exit from, the desired runtime context for the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2260 |
execution of the block of code. Context managers are normally invoked using the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2261 |
:keyword:`with` statement (described in section :ref:`with`), but can also be |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2262 |
used by directly invoking their methods. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2263 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2264 |
.. index:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2265 |
statement: with |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2266 |
single: context manager |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2267 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2268 |
Typical uses of context managers include saving and restoring various kinds of |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2269 |
global state, locking and unlocking resources, closing opened files, etc. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2270 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2271 |
For more information on context managers, see :ref:`typecontextmanager`. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2272 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2273 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2274 |
.. method:: object.__enter__(self) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2275 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2276 |
Enter the runtime context related to this object. The :keyword:`with` statement |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2277 |
will bind this method's return value to the target(s) specified in the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2278 |
:keyword:`as` clause of the statement, if any. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2279 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2280 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2281 |
.. method:: object.__exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2282 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2283 |
Exit the runtime context related to this object. The parameters describe the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2284 |
exception that caused the context to be exited. If the context was exited |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2285 |
without an exception, all three arguments will be :const:`None`. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2286 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2287 |
If an exception is supplied, and the method wishes to suppress the exception |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2288 |
(i.e., prevent it from being propagated), it should return a true value. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2289 |
Otherwise, the exception will be processed normally upon exit from this method. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2290 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2291 |
Note that :meth:`__exit__` methods should not reraise the passed-in exception; |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2292 |
this is the caller's responsibility. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2293 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2294 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2295 |
.. seealso:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2296 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2297 |
:pep:`0343` - The "with" statement |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2298 |
The specification, background, and examples for the Python :keyword:`with` |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2299 |
statement. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2300 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2301 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2302 |
.. _old-style-special-lookup: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2303 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2304 |
Special method lookup for old-style classes |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2305 |
------------------------------------------- |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2306 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2307 |
For old-style classes, special methods are always looked up in exactly the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2308 |
same way as any other method or attribute. This is the case regardless of |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2309 |
whether the method is being looked up explicitly as in ``x.__getitem__(i)`` |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2310 |
or implicitly as in ``x[i]``. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2311 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2312 |
This behaviour means that special methods may exhibit different behaviour |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2313 |
for different instances of a single old-style class if the appropriate |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2314 |
special attributes are set differently:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2315 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2316 |
>>> class C: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2317 |
... pass |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2318 |
... |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2319 |
>>> c1 = C() |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2320 |
>>> c2 = C() |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2321 |
>>> c1.__len__ = lambda: 5 |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2322 |
>>> c2.__len__ = lambda: 9 |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2323 |
>>> len(c1) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2324 |
5 |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2325 |
>>> len(c2) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2326 |
9 |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2327 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2328 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2329 |
.. _new-style-special-lookup: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2330 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2331 |
Special method lookup for new-style classes |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2332 |
------------------------------------------- |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2333 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2334 |
For new-style classes, implicit invocations of special methods are only guaranteed |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2335 |
to work correctly if defined on an object's type, not in the object's instance |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2336 |
dictionary. That behaviour is the reason why the following code raises an |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2337 |
exception (unlike the equivalent example with old-style classes):: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2338 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2339 |
>>> class C(object): |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2340 |
... pass |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2341 |
... |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2342 |
>>> c = C() |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2343 |
>>> c.__len__ = lambda: 5 |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2344 |
>>> len(c) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2345 |
Traceback (most recent call last): |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2346 |
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2347 |
TypeError: object of type 'C' has no len() |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2348 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2349 |
The rationale behind this behaviour lies with a number of special methods such |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2350 |
as :meth:`__hash__` and :meth:`__repr__` that are implemented by all objects, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2351 |
including type objects. If the implicit lookup of these methods used the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2352 |
conventional lookup process, they would fail when invoked on the type object |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2353 |
itself:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2354 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2355 |
>>> 1 .__hash__() == hash(1) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2356 |
True |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2357 |
>>> int.__hash__() == hash(int) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2358 |
Traceback (most recent call last): |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2359 |
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2360 |
TypeError: descriptor '__hash__' of 'int' object needs an argument |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2361 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2362 |
Incorrectly attempting to invoke an unbound method of a class in this way is |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2363 |
sometimes referred to as 'metaclass confusion', and is avoided by bypassing |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2364 |
the instance when looking up special methods:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2365 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2366 |
>>> type(1).__hash__(1) == hash(1) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2367 |
True |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2368 |
>>> type(int).__hash__(int) == hash(int) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2369 |
True |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2370 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2371 |
In addition to bypassing any instance attributes in the interest of |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2372 |
correctness, implicit special method lookup may also bypass the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2373 |
:meth:`__getattribute__` method even of the object's metaclass:: |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2374 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2375 |
>>> class Meta(type): |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2376 |
... def __getattribute__(*args): |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2377 |
... print "Metaclass getattribute invoked" |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2378 |
... return type.__getattribute__(*args) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2379 |
... |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2380 |
>>> class C(object): |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2381 |
... __metaclass__ = Meta |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2382 |
... def __len__(self): |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2383 |
... return 10 |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2384 |
... def __getattribute__(*args): |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2385 |
... print "Class getattribute invoked" |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2386 |
... return object.__getattribute__(*args) |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2387 |
... |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2388 |
>>> c = C() |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2389 |
>>> c.__len__() # Explicit lookup via instance |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2390 |
Class getattribute invoked |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2391 |
10 |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2392 |
>>> type(c).__len__(c) # Explicit lookup via type |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2393 |
Metaclass getattribute invoked |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2394 |
10 |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2395 |
>>> len(c) # Implicit lookup |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2396 |
10 |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2397 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2398 |
Bypassing the :meth:`__getattribute__` machinery in this fashion |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2399 |
provides significant scope for speed optimisations within the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2400 |
interpreter, at the cost of some flexibility in the handling of |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2401 |
special methods (the special method *must* be set on the class |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2402 |
object itself in order to be consistently invoked by the interpreter). |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2403 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2404 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2405 |
.. rubric:: Footnotes |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2406 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2407 |
.. [#] It *is* possible in some cases to change an object's type, under certain |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2408 |
controlled conditions. It generally isn't a good idea though, since it can |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2409 |
lead to some very strange behaviour if it is handled incorrectly. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2410 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2411 |
.. [#] A descriptor can define any combination of :meth:`__get__`, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2412 |
:meth:`__set__` and :meth:`__delete__`. If it does not define :meth:`__get__`, |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2413 |
then accessing the attribute even on an instance will return the descriptor |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2414 |
object itself. If the descriptor defines :meth:`__set__` and/or |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2415 |
:meth:`__delete__`, it is a data descriptor; if it defines neither, it is a |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2416 |
non-data descriptor. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2417 |
|
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2418 |
.. [#] For operands of the same type, it is assumed that if the non-reflected method |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2419 |
(such as :meth:`__add__`) fails the operation is not supported, which is why the |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2420 |
reflected method is not called. |
2fb8b9db1c86
Initial QEMU (symbian-qemu-0.9.1-12) import
martin.trojer@nokia.com
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2421 |