author | Shane McErlean <shane.mcerlean@accenture.com> |
Fri, 27 Aug 2010 16:03:29 +0100 | |
changeset 102 | 5d2aacefd978 |
parent 1 | 2fb8b9db1c86 |
permissions | -rw-r--r-- |
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<!doctype HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"> |
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<html><head><title>Using the Open Scripting Architecture from Python</title></head> |
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<body> |
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<h1>Using the Open Scripting Architecture from Python</h1> |
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<hr> |
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<p><b>NOTE:</b> this document describes the OSA support that is shipped with |
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the core python distribution. Most users are better of with the more |
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userfriendly <a href="http://freespace.virgin.net/hamish.sanderson/appscript.html">appscript library</a>. |
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<p>OSA support in Python is still not 100% complete, but |
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there is already enough in place to allow you to do some nifty things |
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with other programs from your python program. </p> |
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<p> |
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In this example, we will look at a scriptable application, extract its |
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“AppleScript Dictionary,” generate a Python interface package from |
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the dictionary, and use that package to control the application. |
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The application we are going to script is Disk Copy, Apple's standard |
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utility for making copies of floppies, creating files that are mountable |
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as disk images, etc. |
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Because we want |
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to concentrate on the OSA details, we won’t bother with a real |
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user-interface for our application. </p> |
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<p> |
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<em>When we say “AppleScript” in this document we actually mean |
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“the Open Scripting Architecture.” There is nothing |
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AppleScript-specific in the Python implementation. Most of this document |
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focuses on the classic Mac OS; <a href="#osx">Mac OS X</a> users have some |
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additional tools.</em> |
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</p> |
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<h2>Python OSA architecture</h2> |
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<p>Open Scripting suites and inheritance can be modelled rather nicely |
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with Python packages, so we generate |
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a package for each application we want to script. Each suite defined in |
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the application becomes a module in the |
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package, and the package main module imports everything from all the |
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submodules and glues together all the classes (in Python terminology— |
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events in OSA terminology or verbs in AppleScript terminology). </p> |
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<p> |
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A suite in an OSA application can extend the functionality of a standard |
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suite. This is implemented in Python by importing everything from the |
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module that implements the standard suites and overriding anything that has |
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been extended. The standard suites live in the StdSuite package. </p> |
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<p> |
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This all sounds complicated, but the good news is that basic |
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scripting is actually pretty simple. You can do strange and wondrous things |
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with OSA scripting once you fully understand it. </p> |
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<h2>Creating the Python interface package</h2> |
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<p>There is a tool in the standard distribution that can automatically |
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generate the interface packages. This tool is called |
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<code>gensuitemodule.py</code>, and lives in <code>Mac:scripts</code>. |
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It looks through a file |
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for an ‘AETE’ or ‘AEUT’ resource, |
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the internal representation of the |
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AppleScript dictionary, and parses the resource to generate the suite |
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modules. |
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When we start <code>gensuitemodule</code>, it asks us for an input file; |
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for our example, |
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we point it to the Disk Copy executable. </p> |
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<p> |
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Next, <code>gensuitemodule</code> wants a folder where it will store the |
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package it is going to generate. |
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Note that this is the package folder, not the parent folder, so we |
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navigate to <code>Python:Mac:Demo:applescript</code>, create a folder |
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<code>Disk_Copy</code>, and select that. </p> |
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<p> |
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We next specify the folder from which <code>gensuitemodule</code> |
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should import the standard suites. Here, |
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we always select <code>Python:Mac:Lib:lib-scriptpackages:StdSuites</code>. (There is |
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one exception to this rule: when you are generating <code>StdSuites</code> itself |
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you select <code>_builtinSuites</code>.) |
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</p> |
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<p> |
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It starts parsing the AETE resource, and for |
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each AppleEvent suite it finds, <code>gensuitemodule.py</code> |
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prompts us for the filename of the |
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resulting python module. Remember to change folders for the first |
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module—you don't want to clutter up, say, the |
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Disk Copy folder |
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with your python |
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interfaces. If you want to skip a suite, press <code>cancel</code> and the process |
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continues with the next suite. </p> |
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<h3>Summary</h3> |
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<ol> |
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<li>Run <code>gensuitemodule</code>.</li> |
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<li>Select the application (or OSAX) for which you would like a Python interface.</li> |
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106 |
<li>Select the package folder where the interface modules should be |
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107 |
stored.</li> |
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108 |
|
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<li>Specify the folder <code>Python:Mac:Lib:lib-scriptpackages:StdSuites</code> |
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to import the standard suites (or <code>_builtinSuites</code> if you are |
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111 |
generating <code>StdSuites</code> itself). </li> |
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112 |
|
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<li>Save the generated suites (use <code>cancel</code> to skip a suite).</li> |
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114 |
|
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115 |
|
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116 |
</ol> |
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117 |
|
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118 |
|
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119 |
<h3>Notes</h3> |
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120 |
|
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121 |
|
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122 |
<ul> |
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123 |
|
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<li>The interface package may occasionally need some editing by hand. For example, |
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<code>gensuitemodule</code> does not handle all Python reserved words, so |
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126 |
if |
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one of the AppleScript verbs is a Python reserved word, a <code>SyntaxError</code> |
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may be raised when the package is imported. |
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Simply rename the class into something acceptable, if this happens; |
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130 |
take a look at how the |
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<code>print</code> verb is handled (automatically by <code>gensuitemodule</code>) |
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in the standard suites. But: f you need to edit your package this should be considered a |
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bug in gensuitemodule, so please report it so it can be fixed in future releases. |
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134 |
</li> |
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135 |
|
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136 |
|
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<li>If you want to re-create the StdSuite modules, |
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you should look in one of two places. With versions of AppleScript older than 1.4.0 |
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(which first shipped with OS 9.0), you will find the |
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AEUT resources in <code>System Folder:Extensions:Scripting |
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Additions:Dialects:English Dialect</code>. For newer versions, you will |
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find them in <code>System Folder:Extensions:Applescript</code>. |
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143 |
</li> |
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144 |
|
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<li>Since MacPython 2.0, this new structure, with packages |
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per application and submodules per suite, is used. Older MacPythons had a |
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single level of modules, with uncertain semantics. With the new structure, |
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it is possible for programs to override standard suites, as programs often do. |
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149 |
|
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150 |
</li> |
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151 |
|
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<li><code>Gensuitemodule.py</code> may ask you questions |
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like “Where is enum 'xyz ' declared?”. |
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This is either due to a misunderstanding on my part or (rather too commonly) |
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bugs in the AETE resources. Pressing <code>cancel</code> is usually the |
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right choice: it will cause the specific enum not to be treated as an enum |
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but as a “normal” type. As things like fsspecs and TEXT strings clearly are |
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not enumerators, this is correct. If someone understands what is really going on |
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159 |
here, please let me know.</li> |
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160 |
|
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161 |
</ul> |
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162 |
|
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163 |
|
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164 |
|
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<h2>The Python interface package contents</h2> |
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166 |
|
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167 |
<p> |
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168 |
Let’s glance at the |
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<a href="applescript/Disk_Copy">Disk_Copy</a> package just created. You |
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170 |
may want to open Script Editor alongside to see how it |
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interprets the dictionary. |
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172 |
</p> |
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173 |
|
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174 |
|
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175 |
<p> |
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176 |
The main package module is in <code>__init__.py</code>. |
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The only interesting bit is the <code>Disk_Copy</code> class, which |
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178 |
includes the event handling classes from the individual suites. It also |
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inherits <code>aetools.TalkTo</code>, which is a base class that handles all |
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details on how to start the program and talk to it, and a class variable |
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<code>_signature</code> which is the default application this class will talk |
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to (you can override this in various ways when you instantiate your class, see |
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<code>aetools.py</code> for details). |
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184 |
</p> |
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185 |
|
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186 |
<p> |
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187 |
The <a href="applescript/Disk_Copy/Special_Events.py">Special_Events</a> |
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module is a nice example of a suite module. |
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189 |
The <code>Special_Events_Events</code> class is the bulk of the code |
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190 |
generated. For each verb, it contains a method. Each method knows what |
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191 |
arguments the verb expects, and it makes use of keyword |
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192 |
arguments to present a palatable |
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193 |
interface to the python programmer. |
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194 |
|
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195 |
Notice that each method |
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196 |
calls some routines from <code>aetools</code>, an auxiliary module |
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living in <code>Mac:Lib</code>. |
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198 |
The other thing to notice is that each method calls |
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199 |
<code>self.send</code>. This comes from the <code>aetools.TalkTo</code> |
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baseclass. </p> |
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201 |
|
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202 |
|
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203 |
<p> |
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204 |
After the big class, there are a number of little class declarations. These |
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205 |
declarations are for the (AppleEvent) classes and properties in the suite. |
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They allow you to create object IDs, which can then be passed to the verbs. |
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207 |
For instance, |
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208 |
when scripting the popular email program Eudora, |
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you would use <code>mailbox("inbox").message(1).sender</code> |
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210 |
to get the name of the sender of the first message in mailbox |
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211 |
inbox. It is |
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also possible to specify this as <code>sender(message(1, mailbox("inbox")))</code>, |
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which is sometimes needed because these classes don’t always inherit correctly |
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from baseclasses, so you may have to use a class or property from another |
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suite. </p> |
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216 |
|
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<p> |
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Next we get the enumeration dictionaries, which allow you to pass |
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english names as arguments to verbs, so you don't have to bother with the 4-letter |
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type code. So, you can say |
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<code> |
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diskcopy.create(..., filesystem="Mac OS Standard") |
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</code> |
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as it is called in Script Editor, instead of the cryptic lowlevel |
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225 |
<code> |
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diskcopy.create(..., filesystem="Fhfs") |
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</code></p> |
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228 |
|
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<p> |
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Finally, we get the “table of contents” of the module, listing all |
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classes and such |
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by code, which is used by <code>gensuitemodule</code> itself: if you use this |
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suite as a base package in a later run this is how it knows what is defined in this |
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suite, and what the Python names are. |
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</p> |
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236 |
|
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<h3>Notes</h3> |
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|
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<ul> |
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|
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<li>The <code>aetools</code> module contains some other nifty |
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AppleEvent tools as well. Have a look at it sometime, there is (of |
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course) no documentation yet. |
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</li> |
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245 |
|
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<li>There are also some older object specifiers for standard objects in aetools. |
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You use these in the form <code>aetools.Word(10, |
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aetools.Document(1))</code>, where the corresponding AppleScript |
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terminology would be <code>word 10 of the first |
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document</code>. Examine |
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<code>aetools</code> and <code>aetools.TalkTo</code> |
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along with |
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the comments at the end of your suite module if you need to create |
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more than the standard object specifiers. |
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</li> |
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256 |
|
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257 |
</ul> |
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258 |
|
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259 |
|
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260 |
|
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261 |
|
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<h2>Using a Python suite module</h2> |
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263 |
|
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264 |
<p> |
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Now that we have created the suite module, we can use it in a Python script. |
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In older MacPython distributions this used to be a rather |
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complicated affair, but with the package scheme and with the application signature |
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known by the package it is very simple: you import the package and instantiate |
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the class, e.g. |
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<code> |
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271 |
talker = Disk_Copy.Disk_Copy(start=1) |
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</code> |
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You will usually specify the <code>start=1</code>: it will run the application if it is |
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not already running. |
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You may want to omit it if you want to talk to the application |
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only if it is already running, or if the application is something like the Finder. |
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Another way to ensure that the application is running is to call <code>talker._start()</code>. |
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</p> |
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279 |
|
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280 |
<p> |
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281 |
Looking at the sourcefile <a |
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282 |
href="applescript/makedisk.py">makedisk.py</a>, we see that it starts |
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with some imports. Naturally, one of these is the Python interface to Disk |
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Copy.</p> |
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285 |
|
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286 |
<p> |
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287 |
The main program itself is a wonder of simplicity: we create the |
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288 |
object (<code>talker</code>) that talks to Disk Copy, |
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create a disk, and mount it. The bulk of |
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the work is done by <code>talker</code> and the Python interface package we |
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just created.</p> |
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292 |
|
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293 |
<p> |
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The exception handling does warrant a few comments, though. Since |
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AppleScript is basically a connectionless RPC protocol, |
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nothing happens |
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when we create the <code>talker</code> object. Hence, if the destination application |
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is not running, we will not notice until we send our first |
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command (avoid this as described above). There is another thing to note about errors returned by |
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AppleScript calls: <code>MacOS.Error</code> is raised for |
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all of the errors that are known to be <code>OSErr</code>-type errors, |
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while |
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server generated errors raise <code>aetools.Error</code>. </p> |
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304 |
|
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<h2>Scripting Additions</h2> |
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306 |
|
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307 |
<p> |
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308 |
If you want to use any of the scripting additions (or OSAXen, in |
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everyday speech) from a Python program, you can use the same method |
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as for applications, i.e. run <code>gensuitemodule</code> on the |
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OSAX (commonly found in <code>System Folder:Scripting Additions</code> |
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or something similar). There is one minor gotcha: the application |
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signature to use is <code>MACS</code>. You will need to edit the main class |
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in the <code>__init__.py</code> file of the created package and change the value |
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of <code>_signature</code> to <code>MACS</code>, or use a subclass to the |
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same effect. |
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317 |
</p> |
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<p> |
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There are two minor points to watch out for when using <code>gensuitemodule</code> |
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on OSAXen: they appear all to define the class <code>System_Object_Suite</code>, |
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and a lot of them have the command set in multiple dialects. You have to |
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watch out for name conflicts and make sure you select a reasonable dialect |
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(some of the non-English dialects cause <code>gensuitemodule</code> to generate incorrect |
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Python code). </p> |
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Despite these difficulties, OSAXen offer a lot of possibilities. Take a |
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look at some of the OSAXen in the Scripting Additions folder, or |
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<A HREF="http://www.osaxen.com/index.php">download</A> some from the net. |
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<h2>Further Reading</h2> |
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|
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<p> |
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If you want to look at more involved examples of applescripting, look at the standard |
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modules <code>findertools</code> and <code>nsremote</code>, or (possibly better, as it |
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is more involved) <code>fullbuild</code> from the <code>Mac:scripts</code> folder. |
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</p> |
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|
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<h2><a name="alternatives">Alternatives</a></h2> |
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|
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<h3><a name="osx">Mac OS X</a></h3> |
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<p> |
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Under Mac OS X, the above still works, but with some new difficulties. |
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The application package structure can hide the ‘AETE’ or |
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‘AEUT’ resource from <code>gensuitemodule</code>, so that, |
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for example, it cannot generate an OSA interface to iTunes. Script |
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Editor gets at the dictionary of such programs using a ‘Get |
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AETE’ AppleEvent, if someone wants to donate code to use the same |
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method for gensuitemodule: by all means! |
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</p> |
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<p> |
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One alternative is available through the Unix command line version of python. |
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Apple has provided the <code>osacompile</code> and <code>osascript</code> tools, |
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which can be used to compile and execute scripts written in OSA languages. See the |
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man pages for more details. |
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</p> |
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</body> |
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</html> |