Symbian3/SDK/Source/GUID-80F2DEC8-152F-4681-A9D0-8EB776131313.dita
author Dominic Pinkman <dominic.pinkman@nokia.com>
Tue, 20 Jul 2010 12:00:49 +0100
changeset 13 48780e181b38
parent 8 ae94777fff8f
permissions -rw-r--r--
Week 28 contribution of SDK documentation content. See release notes for details. Fixes bugs Bug 1897 and Bug 1522.
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
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<!-- Copyright (c) 2007-2010 Nokia Corporation and/or its subsidiary(-ies) All rights reserved. -->
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<!-- This component and the accompanying materials are made available under the terms of the License 
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"Eclipse Public License v1.0" which accompanies this distribution, 
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and is available at the URL "http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html". -->
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<!-- Initial Contributors:
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    Nokia Corporation - initial contribution.
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Contributors: 
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-->
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<!DOCTYPE concept
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  PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DITA Concept//EN" "concept.dtd">
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<concept id="GUID-80F2DEC8-152F-4681-A9D0-8EB776131313" xml:lang="en"><title>String
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Conversions</title><shortdesc>In case the developer is developing applications where P.I.P.S.-based
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functionality is called from a Symbian/S60 application, the need for conversions
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between Symbian descriptors and different string types provided by P.I.P.S.
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is needed. </shortdesc><prolog><metadata><keywords/></metadata></prolog><conbody>
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<section id="GUID-A6479BB3-0176-4321-8D33-1465DCCAB049-GENID-1-10-1-13-1-1-5-1-3-1-7-1-10-1-3-1">       <title>Symbian
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descriptors and C strings compared</title>       <p>The main difference between
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Symbian descriptors and C strings is that the Symbian descriptors know how
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many characters are in a data array. A C string does not know its length,
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so when length is needed the NULL character that indicates the end of the
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string has to be scanned.  </p><p>Another difference arises with buffers.
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When C code reserves a buffer from the heap or stack, it has to keep the maximum
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length somewhere. Many C methods that alter the buffer contents do not respect
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the maximum size of the buffer and can override the reserved memory, causing
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unknown behavior. Some methods take the maximum length as a parameter but
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it is difficult to use those types in functions, since a pointer to an array
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and maximum length have to be passed separately. Buffer descriptors can tell
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the maximum length, and all the methods they provide respect the buffer limits.
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 </p><p>When using neutral descriptor types there is no need to worry about
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character widths. In a C program, the programmer has to explicitly specify
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which method to use, for example <codeph>strcat</codeph> or <codeph>wcscat</codeph>.</p><p>The
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table below contains a comparison of standard C string functions and Symbian
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counter parts:</p><table id="GUID-0580FD76-A651-4F23-81FF-4460DAF1992E">
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<tgroup cols="3"><colspec colname="col1"/><colspec colname="col2"/><colspec colname="col3"/>
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<tbody>
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<row>
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<entry><p><b>C function</b></p></entry>
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<entry><p><b>Symbian</b></p></entry>
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<entry><p><b>Description</b></p></entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><codeph>sprintf, swprintf</codeph></entry>
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<entry><codeph>TDes::Format</codeph></entry>
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<entry><p>Write formatted data to a string.</p></entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><codeph>strcat, wcscat, strncat, wcsncat </codeph></entry>
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<entry><codeph>TDes::Append</codeph></entry>
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<entry><p>Append a string to another. </p></entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><codeph>strcmp, strncmp, wcsncmp </codeph></entry>
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<entry><codeph>TDesC::Compare</codeph></entry>
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<entry><p>Compare strings lexicographically. </p></entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><codeph>strcpy, wcscpy strncpy, wcsncpy </codeph></entry>
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<entry><codeph>TDes::Copy </codeph></entry>
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<entry><p>Copy a string to another. </p></entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><codeph>strchr, wcschr</codeph></entry>
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<entry><codeph>TDesC::Locate </codeph></entry>
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<entry><p>Find a character in a string. </p></entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><codeph>strrchr, wcsrchr</codeph></entry>
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<entry><codeph>TDesC:: LocateReverse </codeph></entry>
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<entry><p>Scan the index of the first character from a string that does not
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exist in the alphabet array. </p></entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><codeph>strspn, wcsspn</codeph></entry>
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<entry><p>None </p></entry>
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<entry><p>Scan index of the first character from string that doesn't exist
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in alphabet array. </p></entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><codeph>strcspn, wcscspn</codeph></entry>
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<entry><p>None </p></entry>
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<entry><p>Scan the index of the first occurrence of a character in a string
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that belongs to the set of characters. </p></entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><codeph>strstr, wcsstr</codeph></entry>
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<entry><codeph>TDesC::Find </codeph></entry>
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<entry><p>Find a substring. </p></entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><codeph>strtok, wcstok</codeph></entry>
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<entry><codeph>TLex::</codeph></entry>
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<entry><p>Find the next token in a string. </p></entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><codeph>strlen, wcslen</codeph></entry>
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<entry><codeph>TDesC::Length</codeph></entry>
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<entry><p>Get the length of a string. </p></entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><codeph>strcoll, wcscoll</codeph></entry>
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<entry><codeph>TDesC::CompareC </codeph></entry>
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<entry><p>Compare strings using locale-specific information. </p></entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><codeph>strftime, wcsftime</codeph></entry>
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<entry><p>Using <codeph>TDes::Format</codeph> and <codeph>TTime </codeph></p></entry>
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<entry><p>Format a time string. </p></entry>
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</row>
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</tbody>
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</tgroup>
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</table>     </section>
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<section id="GUID-A6479BB3-0176-4321-8D33-1465DCCAB049-GENID-1-10-1-13-1-1-5-1-3-1-7-1-10-1-3-2">       <title>How
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to convert <codeph>TBuf16</codeph> to a <codeph>char</codeph> buffer</title> 
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     <p>A <codeph>TBuf16</codeph> buffer can be converted to a <codeph>char</codeph> buffer
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using the <codeph>wcstombs</codeph> API. The example below illustrates how
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the conversion can be done.</p><codeblock xml:space="preserve">#include &lt;e32base.h&gt;
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#include &lt;sys/types.h&gt;
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#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
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#include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;
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#include &lt;wchar.h&gt;
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#define SIZE 20
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_LIT(KData,"hello");
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int main (void)
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{
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    TBuf16&lt;SIZE&gt; buf(KData);
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    size_t ret;
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    char carray[SIZE];
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    ret = wcstombs(carray, (const wchar_t *)buf.PtrZ(), SIZE );
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    printf("TBuf converted to char buffer : %s\n",carray);
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    getchar();
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    return (1);
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}
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</codeblock>     </section>
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<section id="GUID-A6479BB3-0176-4321-8D33-1465DCCAB049-GENID-1-10-1-13-1-1-5-1-3-1-7-1-10-1-3-3">       <title>How
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to convert <codeph>TBuf8</codeph> to <codeph>wchar_t</codeph></title>    
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  <p>A <codeph>TBuf8</codeph> buffer can be converted to <codeph>wchar_t</codeph> using
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the <codeph>mbstowcs</codeph> API.</p><codeblock xml:space="preserve">#include &lt;e32base.h&gt;
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#include &lt;sys/types.h&gt;
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#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
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#include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;
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#include &lt;wchar.h&gt;
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#define SIZE 20
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 int main (void)
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 {
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     TBuf8&lt;SIZE&gt; buf(_L8("hello"));
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     size_t ret;
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     wchar_t warray[SIZE];
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     ret = mbstowcs(warray, (const char *)buf.PtrZ(), SIZE );
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     printf("TBuf8 converted to wchar buffer : %ls\n",warray);
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     getchar();
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     return (1);
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 }
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</codeblock>     </section>
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<section id="GUID-A6479BB3-0176-4321-8D33-1465DCCAB049-GENID-1-10-1-13-1-1-5-1-3-1-7-1-10-1-3-4">       <title>How
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to convert <codeph>TText16</codeph> to <codeph>char</codeph></title>     
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 <p>The <codeph>wcstombs</codeph> API can be used to convert a <codeph>TText16</codeph> buffer
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to a <codeph>char</codeph> buffer. This is one of the examples of converting
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from a Symbian data type to a C data type.</p><codeblock xml:space="preserve">#include &lt;e32def.h&gt;
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#include &lt;sys/types.h&gt;
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#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
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#include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;
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#include &lt;wchar.h&gt;
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#define SIZE 32
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int main (void)
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{
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   TText arr[SIZE] = L"abcdef";
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   char carray[SIZE];
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   size_t ret;
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   ret = wcstombs(carray, (const wchar_t *)arr, SIZE);
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   printf("TText converted to char buffer : %s",carray);
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   getchar();
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   return (1);
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}
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</codeblock>     </section>
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<section id="GUID-A6479BB3-0176-4321-8D33-1465DCCAB049-GENID-1-10-1-13-1-1-5-1-3-1-7-1-10-1-3-5">       <title>How
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to convert a <codeph>char</codeph> array and a <codeph>wide char</codeph> array</title> 
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     <p>To use both <codeph>char</codeph> and <codeph>wide char</codeph> pointers
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or array in the program, the user must convert buffers from a <codeph>char</codeph> to
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a <codeph>wide char</codeph> and vice versa. Wide character APIs provide methods
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to: </p><ul>
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<li><p>convert a <codeph>char</codeph> array to a <codeph>wide char</codeph> array</p></li>
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<li><p>convert a <codeph>wide char</codeph> array to a <codeph>char</codeph> array </p></li>
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</ul><p><b>Converting a <codeph>char</codeph> array to a <codeph>wide char</codeph> array</b></p><p>The <codeph>mbstowcs</codeph> API
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can be used to convert a <codeph>char</codeph> array to a <codeph>wide char</codeph> array.</p><codeblock xml:space="preserve">#include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;
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#include &lt;wchar.h&gt;
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#define ARRAY_SIZE 32
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int main(void)
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{
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   char *carray = "char array";
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   wchar_t warray[ARRAY_SIZE];
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   size_t ret;
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   ret = mbstowcs(warray, (const char *)carray, ARRAY_SIZE);
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   wprintf(L"character array contents : %s\n",carray);
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   wprintf(L"wide char array contents : %ls\n",warray);
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   getwchar();
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   return (1);
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}
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</codeblock><p><b>Converting a <codeph>wide char</codeph> array to a <codeph>char</codeph> array </b></p><p>The <codeph>wcstombs</codeph> API
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can be used to convert a <codeph>wide char</codeph> array to a <codeph>char</codeph> array. </p><codeblock xml:space="preserve">#include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;
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#include &lt;wchar.h&gt;
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#define ARRAY_SIZE 32
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int main(void)
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{
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   wchar_t *warray = L"wide array";
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   char carray[ARRAY_SIZE];
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   size_t ret;
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   ret = wcstombs(carray, (const wchar_t *)warray, ARRAY_SIZE);
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   wprintf(L"wide char array contents : %ls\n",warray);
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   wprintf(L"character array contents : %s\n",carray);
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   getwchar();
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   return (1);
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}
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</codeblock>     </section>
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<section id="GUID-A6479BB3-0176-4321-8D33-1465DCCAB049-GENID-1-10-1-13-1-1-5-1-3-1-7-1-10-1-3-6">       <title>How
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to declare a <codeph>wide-char</codeph> string</title>       <p>To declare
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a <codeph>wide-char</codeph> string, prefix the string with 'L'
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[Capital L].  </p><codeblock xml:space="preserve">#include &lt;wchar.h&gt;
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int main(void)
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{
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     wchar_t *wptr = L"This is a wide char string";
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     wprintf(L"%ls\n",wptr);
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     getwchar(); 
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}
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</codeblock>     </section>
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</conbody></concept>