Symbian3/SDK/Source/GUID-B1D63E7B-81EB-5F75-96C3-789E5C3E4C03.dita
author Dominic Pinkman <dominic.pinkman@nokia.com>
Tue, 20 Jul 2010 12:00:49 +0100
changeset 13 48780e181b38
parent 8 ae94777fff8f
permissions -rw-r--r--
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
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<!-- Copyright (c) 2007-2010 Nokia Corporation and/or its subsidiary(-ies) All rights reserved. -->
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<!-- This component and the accompanying materials are made available under the terms of the License 
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"Eclipse Public License v1.0" which accompanies this distribution, 
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and is available at the URL "http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html". -->
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<!-- Initial Contributors:
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    Nokia Corporation - initial contribution.
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Contributors: 
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-->
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<!DOCTYPE concept
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  PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DITA Concept//EN" "concept.dtd">
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<concept id="GUID-B1D63E7B-81EB-5F75-96C3-789E5C3E4C03" xml:lang="en"><title>How to
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construct and manipulate a doubly linked list</title><shortdesc>This document describes how to construct and use a doubly linked
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list.</shortdesc><prolog><metadata><keywords/></metadata></prolog><conbody>
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<p>The following code fragments show how a doubly linked list can be constructed
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and manipulated. The list consists of <codeph>CItem</codeph> objects. In this
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example, a <codeph>CItem</codeph> object can contain an item of text implemented
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as an <codeph>HBufC</codeph>. The <codeph>CItem</codeph> objects can form
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elements of a doubly linked list using the <codeph>iDlink</codeph> data member
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as the link object. </p>
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<p>The class is declared as:</p>
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<codeblock id="GUID-F98B0D2C-486A-59C5-B487-A0F1D7D022FD" xml:space="preserve">class CItem : public CBase
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    {
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public  :
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    static CItem* NewL(const TDesC&amp; aText);
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    static CItem* NewLC(const TDesC&amp; aText); 
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    virtual       ~CItem();
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public   :
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    static const  TInt iOffset;
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private  :
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    void          ConstructL(const TDesC&amp; aText);
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private  :
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    TDblQueLink  iDlink;
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    HBufC*       iText;
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    friend class CXy;
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    };</codeblock>
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<p>The <codeph>CItem</codeph> member functions are implemented as:</p>
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<codeblock id="GUID-1DAC73DB-A599-5BAC-AAB5-707BA89B8382" xml:space="preserve">const TInt CItem::iOffset = _FOFF(CItem,iDlink);</codeblock>
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<codeblock id="GUID-6FEA34D4-0937-56E3-ACA5-3912E1595511" xml:space="preserve">CItem* CItem::NewLC(const TDesC&amp; aText)
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    {
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    CItem* self = new (ELeave) CItem;
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    CleanupStack::PushL(self);
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    self-&gt;ConstructL(aText);
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    return self;
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    }</codeblock>
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<codeblock id="GUID-75110620-3EDC-5B4D-84EB-C4D6C78BF2F9" xml:space="preserve">CItem* CItem::NewL(const TDesC&amp; aText)
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    {
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    CItem* self = CItem::NewLC(aText);
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    CleanupStack::Pop();
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    return self;
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    }</codeblock>
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<codeblock id="GUID-8EABC406-6C95-5139-9A97-AB467D526019" xml:space="preserve">void CItem::ConstructL(const TDesC&amp; aText)
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    {
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    iText    = aText.AllocL();
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    }</codeblock>
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<codeblock id="GUID-235AC477-3C7E-52E2-B85B-57C404C8BC08" xml:space="preserve">CItem::~CItem()
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    {
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    delete (iText);
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    }</codeblock>
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<p>As part of its construction process, a <codeph>CItem</codeph> constructs
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an <codeph>HBufC</codeph> of the correct length and copies the content of
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the descriptor parameter into it.</p>
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<p>A <codeph>CXy</codeph> object maintains the list by:</p>
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<ul>
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<li id="GUID-048EFEF6-B2EC-5333-A835-BC735C334220"><p> creating <codeph>CItem</codeph> objects
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and adding them into the list</p> </li>
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<li id="GUID-310AB703-85C5-5DFC-8AB6-2A0938095134"><p>removing <codeph>CItem</codeph> objects
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from the list and then destroying them</p> </li>
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</ul>
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<p>The class is declared as:</p>
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<codeblock id="GUID-F5CF044D-650A-5446-9713-BE84362FD793" xml:space="preserve">class CXy : public CBase
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    {
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public :
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    CXy();
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    virtual ~CXy();
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    void    DoItems();
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    TBool   AddItem(const TDesC&amp; anItem,TItemPos aPos);
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private :
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    TDblQue&lt;CItem&gt;     iHdr; 
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    TDblQueIter&lt;CItem&gt; iIter;
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    };</codeblock>
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<p>Here, the list header, <codeph>iHdr</codeph>, and the iterator, <codeph>iIter</codeph>,
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are declared as data members of the class and are constructed when the <codeph>CXy</codeph> object
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is constructed. A C++ constructor must be supplied so that <codeph>iIter</codeph> can
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be properly constructed. (<codeph>TDblQueIter</codeph> has no default constructor).</p>
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<p>Specifically:</p>
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<ul>
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<li id="GUID-36B75BBC-B6EA-5717-9E88-8C1FFB4F9119"><p><codeph>AddItem()</codeph> constructs
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a new <codeph>CItem</codeph> and adds it to the list, either after the current
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item or at the end of the list.</p> </li>
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<li id="GUID-B85DEE50-218E-5CC9-B60D-D6EA2176643F"><p><codeph>DoItems()</codeph> scans
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through the list, removing and destroying each element from the list.</p> </li>
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</ul>
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<p>The <codeph>CXy</codeph> member functions are implemented as:</p>
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<codeblock id="GUID-910891C0-DBEF-592F-8CA3-FC354DE16B3E" xml:space="preserve">CXy::CXy()
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    : iHdr(CItem::iOffset),iIter(iHdr) //construct header &amp; iterator
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    {}</codeblock>
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<codeblock id="GUID-C471B1FC-05A6-56AD-B3D6-C65FB045B864" xml:space="preserve">CXy::~CXy()
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    {
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    CItem*  anyitem;
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   101
    
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    iIter.SetToFirst();
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    while ((anyitem = iIter++) != NULL)
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        {
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        anyitem-&gt;iDlink.Deque();
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        delete anyitem;
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        };
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    }</codeblock>
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<p>Before destroying a <codeph>CXy</codeph> object, the list is destroyed.
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This is achieved using the iterator. The iterator pointer is set to point
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to each element in turn, removing that element from the list before destroying
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it.</p>
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<p>Once the iterator has reached the end of the list, the operator<codeph>++</codeph> returns <codeph>NULL</codeph>.</p>
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<p>The destruction process is safe if the list is empty; the statement <codeph>iter.SetToFirst()</codeph> is
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harmless, the operator<codeph>++</codeph> returns <codeph>NULL</codeph> and
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execution of the body of the <codeph>while</codeph> loop never happens.</p>
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<codeblock id="GUID-8E2FD32B-B8FF-5F37-9C66-20695B296079" xml:space="preserve">TBool CXy::AddItem(const TDesC&amp; aText,TItemPos aPos)
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    {
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    CItem* newitem;
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   120
    
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    TRAPD(leavecode,newitem = CItem::NewL(aText));
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    if (leavecode != KErrNone)
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        return EFalse;              // Cannot create a CItem</codeblock>
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<codeblock id="GUID-6A38CF3D-9547-562D-BB4C-F53938943D15" xml:space="preserve">    switch (aPos)
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        {
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    case EAtEnd:
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        iHdr.AddLast(*newitem);     // Add at back of list
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        return ETrue;
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    case EAfterCurrent:
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        CItem* currentitem = iIter; 
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        if (currentitem)
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            {
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            newitem-&gt;iDlink.Enque(&amp;currentitem-&gt;iDlink);
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            iIter.Set(*newitem);
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            }
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        else
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            {
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            iHdr.AddFirst(*newitem);
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            iIter.SetToFirst();    
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            }
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        return ETrue;
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        }
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   144
                
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    return EFalse;
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        }</codeblock>
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<p>This member function creates a new <codeph>CItem</codeph> and then, depending
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on the value of <codeph>aPos</codeph>, either adds it at the back of the list
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or after the current element. <codeph>TItemPos</codeph> is just an enumeration
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taking the enumerators <codeph>EAtEnd</codeph> and <codeph>EAfterCurrent</codeph>.</p>
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<p>The statement:</p>
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<codeblock id="GUID-FBCE5C8F-D42A-50E6-BA1E-A6B2887AF0C1" xml:space="preserve">newitem-&gt;iDlink.Enque(&amp;currentitem-&gt;iDlink);</codeblock>
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<p>inserts the newly created <codeph>CItem</codeph> with pointer <codeph>newitem</codeph>, <i>after</i> the
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existing item with pointer <codeph>currentitem</codeph>.</p>
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<p>Note also that the statement:</p>
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<codeblock id="GUID-F875FA76-2768-5713-8462-44610B17F35A" xml:space="preserve">CItem* currentitem = iIter; 
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</codeblock>
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<p>implicitly uses the conversion operator <codeph>T*()</codeph> where, in
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general, <codeph>T</codeph> is the class forming elements of the list. In
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this specific example, the conversion operator returns a pointer to the current
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element, of type <codeph>CItem</codeph>, in the list. Immediately after construction
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of the iterator <codeph>iIter</codeph>, the value of <codeph>currentitem</codeph> is <codeph>NULL</codeph>.</p>
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<codeblock id="GUID-96C01CEC-29F5-537B-9E44-531A313D8796" xml:space="preserve">void CXy::DoItems()
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    {
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    CItem* currentitem;
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    iIter.SetToFirst();
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    while((currentitem = iIter++) != NULL)
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        {
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        // do something with the text;
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        currentitem-&gt;iDlink.Deque();
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        delete currentitem;
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        };
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    }</codeblock>
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<p>The <codeph>DoItems()</codeph> member function iterates through the whole
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list, removing each <codeph>CItem</codeph> object in turn before destroying
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it. This member function could be modified to include extra functionality
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before the removal and destruction of the <codeph>CItem</codeph> element.</p>
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<p>If the list is empty on entry to this function, the <codeph>iter.SetToFirst()</codeph> statement
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is safe, <codeph>currentitem</codeph> is <codeph>NULL</codeph> on the first
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execution of the <codeph>while</codeph> condition and the body of the <codeph>while</codeph> loop
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is never executed.</p>
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<p>Executing the code:</p>
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<codeblock id="GUID-081282AE-93D7-59FB-93A7-93D7E1F2080C" xml:space="preserve">    {
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    _LIT(KTxtOne,"one");
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    _LIT(KTxtTwo,"two");
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    _LIT(KTxtThree",three");
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    _LIT(KTxtFour,"four");
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    _LIT(KTxtFive,"five");
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    _LIT(KTxtSix,"six");
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    CXy* items;
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    items = new CXy;
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    items-&gt;AddItem(KTxtone,EAfterCurrent);
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    items-&gt;AddItem(KTxttwo,EAtEnd);
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    items-&gt;AddItem(KTxtthree,EAfterCurrent);
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    items-&gt;AddItem(KTxtfour,EAtEnd);
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    items-&gt;AddItem(KTxtfive,EAfterCurrent);
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    items-&gt;AddItem(KTxtsix,EAtEnd);
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    ...
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</codeblock>
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<p>results in the construction of a doubly linked list of <codeph>CItem</codeph> objects
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each containing a pointer to an <codeph>HBufC</codeph> descriptor containing
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the text as shown:</p>
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<fig id="GUID-10DC05B0-64A2-52D0-ABC6-ACD231F402C4">
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<title/>
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<image href="GUID-03AC137D-173A-558C-A2F3-9522870AC43C_d0e219247_href.png" placement="inline"/>
8
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</fig>
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<p>The following code destroys the list elements and the <codeph>CXy</codeph> object
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containing the list header and iterator:</p>
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<codeblock id="GUID-37EF4182-834F-51BF-9250-61B479BFD3D1" xml:space="preserve">    ...
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    items-&gt;DoItems();
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    delete items;
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    }</codeblock>
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<p>There are a number of other possible ways to proceed, depending on the
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precise needs of an application. In the previous example, the list header
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and the iterator are declared as members of the class.</p>
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<p>Some situations may demand that a list be created, used and destroyed within
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the scope of a member function. Because list headers and iterators are “<codeph>T</codeph> ”
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types, they can be declared on the stack; for example:</p>
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<codeblock id="GUID-E29EDC0D-C7DE-5E35-B39F-DA63110DF630" xml:space="preserve">void CXy::SomeFunction();
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    {
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    TDblQue&lt;CItem&gt;     iHdr(CItem::iOffset); 
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    TDblQueIter&lt;CItem&gt; iIter(iHdr);
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    // the body of the function
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    //
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    }
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</codeblock>
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<p>The list header and the iterator go out of scope at the end of the function
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and are destroyed. Unless the list elements themselves are “<codeph>T</codeph> ”
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types and exist on the stack, make sure that they are explicitly destroyed
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before the function terminates.</p>
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</conbody></concept>