email/pop3andsmtpmtm/smtpservermtm/test/data/imsk25.out
author hgs
Fri, 25 Jun 2010 15:47:40 +0530
changeset 37 518b245aa84c
parent 0 72b543305e3a
permissions -rw-r--r--
201025
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EHLO []
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RSET
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MAIL FROM:<test@psion9.demon.co.uk>
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RCPT TO:<recyclebin@lon-msgtest06.intra>
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RCPT TO:<recyclebin@lon-msgtest06.intra>
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RCPT TO:<recyclebin@lon-msgtest06.intra>
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DATA
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From: "SMTP Test1" <test@psion9.demon.co.uk>
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Reply-to: "SMTP Test1" <test@psion9.demon.co.uk>
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To: recyclebin@lon-msgtest06.intra
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Cc: recyclebin@lon-msgtest06.intra, recyclebin@lon-msgtest06.intra
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Subject: Test message No.9 
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Date: date-replacement-string-
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Message-ID: <message-id-replacement-string-1>
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X-Mailer: EPOC Email Version 2.10
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MIME-Version: 1.0
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Content-Language: i-default
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Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1
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Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
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This msg should be sent 4 times=20
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  -Send one msg to 'To' & 'Cc' recipients. In this case 'Bcc' recipients =
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  should not appear in the msg header.
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 -Send one Msg per 'Bcc' recipient, in each msg the header will show all =
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the 'To' & 'Cc'
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  recipients.  All 'Bcc' recipients should not appear in the header except =
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the one to=20
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  whom the mail is addressed to.
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End of message.
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.
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RSET
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MAIL FROM:<test@psion9.demon.co.uk>
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RCPT TO:<recyclebin@lon-msgtest06.intra>
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DATA
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From: "SMTP Test1" <test@psion9.demon.co.uk>
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Reply-to: "SMTP Test1" <test@psion9.demon.co.uk>
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To: recyclebin@lon-msgtest06.intra
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Cc: recyclebin@lon-msgtest06.intra, recyclebin@lon-msgtest06.intra
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Bcc: recyclebin@lon-msgtest06.intra
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Subject: Test message No.9 
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Date: date-replacement-string-
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Message-ID: <message-id-replacement-string-2>
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X-Mailer: EPOC Email Version 2.10
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MIME-Version: 1.0
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Content-Language: i-default
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Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1
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Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
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This msg should be sent 4 times=20
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  -Send one msg to 'To' & 'Cc' recipients. In this case 'Bcc' recipients =
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  should not appear in the msg header.
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 -Send one Msg per 'Bcc' recipient, in each msg the header will show all =
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the 'To' & 'Cc'
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  recipients.  All 'Bcc' recipients should not appear in the header except =
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the one to=20
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  whom the mail is addressed to.
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End of message.
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.
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RSET
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MAIL FROM:<test@psion9.demon.co.uk>
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RCPT TO:<recyclebin@lon-msgtest06.intra>
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DATA
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From: "SMTP Test1" <test@psion9.demon.co.uk>
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Reply-to: "SMTP Test1" <test@psion9.demon.co.uk>
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To: recyclebin@lon-msgtest06.intra
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Cc: recyclebin@lon-msgtest06.intra, recyclebin@lon-msgtest06.intra
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Bcc: recyclebin@lon-msgtest06.intra
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Subject: Test message No.9 
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Date: date-replacement-string-
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Message-ID: <message-id-replacement-string-3>
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X-Mailer: EPOC Email Version 2.10
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MIME-Version: 1.0
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Content-Language: i-default
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Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1
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Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
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This msg should be sent 4 times=20
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  should not appear in the msg header.
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 -Send one Msg per 'Bcc' recipient, in each msg the header will show all =
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the 'To' & 'Cc'
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  recipients.  All 'Bcc' recipients should not appear in the header except =
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the one to=20
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  whom the mail is addressed to.
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End of message.
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.
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RSET
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MAIL FROM:<test@psion9.demon.co.uk>
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RCPT TO:<recyclebin@lon-msgtest06.intra>
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DATA
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From: "SMTP Test1" <test@psion9.demon.co.uk>
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Reply-to: "SMTP Test1" <test@psion9.demon.co.uk>
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To: recyclebin@lon-msgtest06.intra
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Cc: recyclebin@lon-msgtest06.intra, recyclebin@lon-msgtest06.intra
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Bcc: recyclebin@lon-msgtest06.intra
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Subject: Test message No.9 
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Date: date-replacement-string-
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Message-ID: <message-id-replacement-string-4>
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X-Mailer: EPOC Email Version 2.10
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MIME-Version: 1.0
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Content-Language: i-default
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Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1
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Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
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This msg should be sent 4 times=20
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  should not appear in the msg header.
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 -Send one Msg per 'Bcc' recipient, in each msg the header will show all =
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the 'To' & 'Cc'
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  recipients.  All 'Bcc' recipients should not appear in the header except =
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the one to=20
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  whom the mail is addressed to.
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End of message.
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.
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RSET
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MAIL FROM:<test@psion9.demon.co.uk>
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RCPT TO:<recyclebin@lon-msgtest06.intra>
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DATA
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From: "SMTP Test1" <test@psion9.demon.co.uk>
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Reply-to: "SMTP Test1" <test@psion9.demon.co.uk>
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To: <recyclebin@lon-msgtest06.intra>
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Subject: Test message No.8 - Long message (206KB)
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Date: date-replacement-string-
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Message-ID: <message-id-replacement-string-5>
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X-Mailer: EPOC Email Version 2.10
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MIME-Version: 1.0
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Content-Language: i-default
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Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1
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Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
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INTRODUCTION
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1. The Industrial Revolution and its consequences have been a disaster for =
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the human race. They have=20
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greatly increased the life-expectancy of those of us who live in "advanced" =
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countries, but they have=20
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destabilized society, have made life unfulfilling, have subjected human =
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beings to indignities, have led to=20
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widespread psychological suffering (in the Third World to physical =
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suffering as well) and have inflicted=20
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severe damage on the natural world. The continued development of technology =
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will worsen the situation. It=20
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will certainly subject human beings to greater indignities and inflict =
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greater damage on the natural world, it=20
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will probably lead to greater social disruption and psychological =
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suffering, and it may lead to increased=20
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physical suffering even in "advanced" countries.=20
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2. The industrial-technological system may survive or it may break down. If =
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it survives, it MAY eventually=20
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achieve a low level of physical and psychological suffering, but only after =
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passing through a long and very=20
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painful period of adjustment and only at the cost of permanently reducing =
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human beings and many other=20
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living organisms to engineered products and mere cogs in the social =
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machine. Furthermore, if the system=20
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survives, the consequences will be inevitable: There is no way of reforming =
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or modifying the system so as=20
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to prevent it from depriving people of dignity and autonomy.=20
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3. If the system breaks down the consequences will still be very painful. =
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But the bigger the system grows=20
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the more disastrous the results of its breakdown will be, so if it is to =
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break down it had best break down=20
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sooner rather than later.=20
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4. We therefore advocate a revolution against the industrial system. This =
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revolution may or may not make=20
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use of violence: it may be sudden or it may be a relatively gradual process =
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spanning a few decades. We=20
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can't predict any of that. But we do outline in a very general way the =
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measures that those who hate the=20
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industrial system should take in order to prepare the way for a revolution =
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against that form of society. This=20
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is not to be a POLITICAL revolution. Its object will be to overthrow not =
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governments but the economic=20
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and technological basis of the present society.=20
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5. In this article we give attention to only some of the negative =
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developments that have grown out of the=20
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industrial-technological system. Other such developments we mention only =
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briefly or ignore altogether.=20
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This does not mean that we regard these other developments as unimportant. =
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For practical reasons we have=20
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to confine our discussion to areas that have received insufficient public =
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attention or in which we have=20
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something new to say. For example, since there are well-developed =
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environmental and wilderness=20
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movements, we have written very little about environmental degradation or =
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the destruction of wild nature,=20
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even though we consider these to be highly important.=20
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THE PSYCHOLOGY OF MODERN LEFTISM
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6. Almost everyone will agree that we live in a deeply troubled society. =
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One of the most widespread=20
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manifestations of the craziness of our world is leftism, so a discussion of =
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the psychology of leftism can=20
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serve as an introduction to the discussion of the problems of modern =
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society in general.=20
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7. But what is leftism? During the first half of the 20th century leftism =
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could have been practically=20
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identified with socialism. Today the movement is fragmented and it is not =
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clear who can properly be called=20
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a leftist. When we speak of leftists in this article we have in mind mainly =
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socialists, collectivists,=20
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"politically correct" types, feminists, gay and disability activists, =
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animal rights activists and the like. But=20
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not everyone who is associated with one of these movements is a leftist. =
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What we are trying to get at in=20
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discussing leftism is not so much a movement or an ideology as a =
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psychological type, or rather a collection=20
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of related types. Thus, what we mean by "leftism" will emerge more clearly =
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in the course of our discussion=20
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of leftist psychology (Also, see paragraphs 227-230.)=20
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8. Even so, our conception of leftism will remain a good deal less clear =
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than we would wish, but there=20
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doesn't seem to be any remedy for this. All we are trying to do is indicate =
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in a rough and approximate way=20
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the two psychological tendencies that we believe are the main driving force =
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of modern leftism. We by no=20
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means claim to be telling the WHOLE truth about leftist psychology. Also, =
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our discussion is meant to=20
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apply to modern leftism only. We leave open the question of the extent to =
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which our discussion could be=20
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applied to the leftists of the 19th and early 20th century.=20
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9. The two psychological tendencies that underlie modern leftism we call =
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"feelings of inferiority" and=20
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"oversocialization." Feelings of inferiority are characteristic of modern =
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leftism as a whole, while=20
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oversocialization is characteristic only of a certain segment of modern =
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leftism; but this segment is highly=20
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influential.=20
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FEELINGS OF INFERIORITY
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10. By "feelings of inferiority" we mean not only inferiority feelings in =
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the strictest sense but a whole=20
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spectrum of related traits: low self-esteem, feelings of powerlessness, =
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depressive tendencies, defeatism,=20
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guilt, self-hatred, etc. We argue that modern leftists tend to have such =
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feelings (possibly more or less=20
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repressed) and that these feelings are decisive in determining the =
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   271
direction of modern leftism.=20
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11. When someone interprets as derogatory almost anything that is said =
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diff changeset
   274
about him (or about groups with=20
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whom he identifies) we conclude that he has inferiority feelings or low =
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   276
self-esteem. This tendency is=20
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   277
pronounced among minority rights advocates, whether or not they belong to =
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the minority groups whose=20
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   279
rights they defend. They are hypersensitive about the words used to =
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   280
designate minorities. The terms=20
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   281
"negro," "oriental," "handicapped" or "chick" for an African, an Asian, a =
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   282
disabled person or a woman=20
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   283
originally had no derogatory connotation. "Broad" and "chick" were merely =
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   284
the feminine equivalents of=20
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   285
"guy," "dude" or "fellow." The negative connotations have been attached to =
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   286
these terms by the activists=20
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   287
themselves. Some animal rights advocates have gone so far as to reject the =
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   288
word "pet" and=20
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   289
insist on its replacement by "animal companion." Leftist anthropologists go =
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diff changeset
   290
to great lengths to avoid saying=20
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   291
anything about primitive peoples that could conceivably be interpreted as =
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   292
negative. They want to replace=20
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   293
the word "primitive" by "nonliterate." They seem almost paranoid about =
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   294
anything that might suggest that=20
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   295
any primitive culture is inferior to our own. (We do not mean to imply that =
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   296
primitive cultures ARE inferior=20
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   297
to ours. We merely point out the hypersensitivity of leftish =
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   298
anthropologists.)=20
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   299
hgs
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   300
12. Those who are most sensitive about "politically incorrect" terminology =
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   301
are not the average black=20
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diff changeset
   302
ghetto-dweller, Asian immigrant, abused woman or disabled person, but a =
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   303
minority of activists, many of=20
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   304
whom do not even belong to any "oppressed" group but come from privileged =
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diff changeset
   305
strata of society. Political=20
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   306
correctness has its stronghold among university professors, who have secure =
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diff changeset
   307
employment with comfortable=20
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salaries, and the majority of whom are heterosexual, white males from =
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   309
middle-class families.=20
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   311
13. Many leftists have an intense identification with the problems of =
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   312
groups that have an image of being=20
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   313
weak (women), defeated (American Indians), repellent (homosexuals), or =
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   314
otherwise inferior. The leftists=20
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diff changeset
   315
themselves feel that these groups are inferior. They would never admit it =
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parents: 0
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   316
to themselves that they have such=20
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   317
feelings, but it is precisely because they do see these groups as inferior =
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diff changeset
   318
that they identify with their=20
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diff changeset
   319
problems. (We do not suggest that women, Indians, etc., ARE inferior; we =
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   320
are only making a point about=20
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diff changeset
   321
leftist psychology).=20
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   322
hgs
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   323
14. Feminists are desperately anxious to prove that women are as strong as =
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   324
capable as men. Clearly they=20
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diff changeset
   325
are nagged by a fear that women may NOT be as strong and as capable as men. =
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parents: 0
diff changeset
   326
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   327
hgs
parents: 0
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   328
15. Leftists tend to hate anything that has an image of being strong, good =
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   329
and successful. They hate=20
hgs
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diff changeset
   330
America, they hate Western civilization, they hate white males, they hate =
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diff changeset
   331
rationality. The reasons that=20
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diff changeset
   332
leftists give for hating the West, etc. clearly do not correspond with =
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parents: 0
diff changeset
   333
their real motives. They SAY they hate=20
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   334
the West because it is warlike, imperialistic, sexist, ethnocentric and so =
hgs
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diff changeset
   335
forth, but where these same faults=20
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diff changeset
   336
appear in socialist countries or in primitive cultures, the leftist finds =
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   337
excuses for them, or at best he=20
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diff changeset
   338
GRUDGINGLY admits that they exist; whereas he ENTHUSIASTICALLY points out =
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   339
(and often greatly=20
hgs
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   340
exaggerates) these faults where they appear in Western civilization. Thus =
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   341
it is clear that these faults are not=20
hgs
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diff changeset
   342
the leftist's real motive for hating America and the West.
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parents: 0
diff changeset
   343
 He hates America and the West because they are strong and successful. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   344
hgs
parents: 0
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   345
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   346
16. Words like "self-confidence," "self-reliance," "initiative", =
hgs
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diff changeset
   347
"enterprise," "optimism," etc. play little role=20
hgs
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diff changeset
   348
in the liberal and leftist vocabulary. The leftist is anti-individualistic, =
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parents: 0
diff changeset
   349
pro-collectivist. He wants society to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   350
solve everyone's needs for them, take care of them. He is not the sort of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   351
person who has an inner sense of=20
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parents: 0
diff changeset
   352
confidence in his own ability to solve his own problems and satisfy his own =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   353
needs. The leftist is=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   354
antagonistic to the concept of competition because, deep inside, he feels =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   355
like a loser.=20
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parents: 0
diff changeset
   356
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   357
17. Art forms that appeal to modern leftist intellectuals tend to focus on =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   358
sordidness, defeat and despair, or=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   359
else they take an orgiastic tone, throwing off rational control as if there =
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   360
were no hope of accomplishing=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   361
anything through rational calculation and all that was left was to immerse =
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parents: 0
diff changeset
   362
oneself in the sensations of the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   363
moment.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   364
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   365
18. Modern leftist philosophers tend to dismiss reason, science, objective =
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diff changeset
   366
reality and to insist that=20
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diff changeset
   367
everything is culturally relative. It is true that one can ask serious =
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diff changeset
   368
questions about the foundations of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   369
scientific knowledge and about how, if at all, the concept of objective =
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   370
reality can be defined. But it is=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   371
obvious that modern leftist philosophers are not simply cool-headed =
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parents: 0
diff changeset
   372
logicians systematically analyzing the=20
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diff changeset
   373
foundations of knowledge. They are deeply involved emotionally in their =
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   374
attack on truth and reality. They=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   375
attack these concepts because of their own psychological needs. For one =
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parents: 0
diff changeset
   376
thing, their attack is an outlet for=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   377
hostility, and, to the extent that it is successful, it satisfies the drive =
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parents: 0
diff changeset
   378
for power. More importantly, the leftist=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   379
hates science and rationality because=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   380
they classify certain beliefs as true (i.e., successful, superior) and =
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   381
other beliefs as false (i.e. failed, inferior).=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   382
The leftist's feelings of inferiority run so deep that he cannot tolerate =
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parents: 0
diff changeset
   383
any classification of some things as=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   384
successful or superior and other things as failed or inferior. This also =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   385
underlies the rejection by many=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   386
leftists of the concept of mental illness and of the utility of IQ tests. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   387
Leftists are antagonistic to genetic=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   388
explanations of human abilities or behavior because such explanations tend =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   389
to make some persons appear=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   390
superior or inferior to others. Leftists prefer to give society the credit =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   391
or blame for an individual's ability or=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   392
lack of it. Thus if a person is "inferior" it is not his fault, but =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   393
society's, because he has not been brought up=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   394
properly.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   395
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   396
19. The leftist is not typically the kind of person whose feelings of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   397
inferiority make him a braggart, an=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   398
egotist, a bully, a self-promoter, a ruthless competitor. This kind of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   399
person has not wholly lost faith in=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   400
himself. He has a deficit in his sense of power and self-worth, but he can =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   401
still conceive of himself as having=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   402
the capacity to be strong, and his efforts to make himself strong produce =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   403
his unpleasant behavior. [1] But=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   404
the leftist is too far gone for that. His feelings of inferiority are so =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   405
ingrained that he cannot conceive of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   406
himself as individually strong and valuable. Hence the collectivism of the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   407
leftist. He can feel strong only as=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   408
a member of a large organization or a mass movement with which he =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   409
identifies himself.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   410
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   411
20. Notice the masochistic tendency of leftist tactics. Leftists protest by =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   412
lying down in front of vehicles,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   413
they intentionally provoke police or racists to abuse them, etc. These =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   414
tactics may often be effective, but=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   415
many leftists use them not as a means to an end but because they PREFER =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   416
masochistic tactics. Self-hatred=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   417
is a leftist trait.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   418
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   419
21. Leftists may claim that their activism is motivated by compassion or by =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   420
moral principle, and moral=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   421
principle does play a role for the leftist of the oversocialized type. But =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   422
compassion and moral principle=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   423
cannot be the main motives for leftist activism. Hostility is too prominent =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   424
a component of leftist behavior;=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   425
so is the drive for power. Moreover, much leftist behavior is not =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   426
rationally calculated to be of benefit to the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   427
people whom the leftists claim to be trying to help. For example, if one =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   428
believes that affirmative action is=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   429
good for black people, does it make sense to demand affirmative action in =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   430
hostile or dogmatic terms?=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   431
Obviously it would be more productive to take a diplomatic and conciliatory =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   432
approach that would make at=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   433
least verbal and symbolic concessions to white people who think that =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   434
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   435
affirmative action discriminates against them. But leftist activists do not =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   436
take such an approach because it=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   437
would not satisfy their emotional needs. Helping black people is not their =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   438
real goal. Instead, race problems=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   439
serve as an excuse for them to express their own hostility and frustrated =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   440
need for power. In doing so they=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   441
actually harm black people, because the activists' hostile attitude toward =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   442
the white majority tends to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   443
intensify race hatred.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   444
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   445
22. If our society had no social problems at all, the leftists would have =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   446
to INVENT problems in order to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   447
provide themselves with an excuse for making a fuss.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   448
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   449
23. We emphasize that the foregoing does not pretend to be an accurate =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   450
description of everyone who might=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   451
be considered a leftist. It is only a rough indication of a general =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   452
tendency of leftism.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   453
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   454
OVERSOCIALIZATION
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   455
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   456
24. Psychologists use the term "socialization" to designate the process by =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   457
which children are trained to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   458
think and act as society demands. A person is said to be well socialized if =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   459
he believes in and obeys the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   460
moral code of his society and fits in well as a functioning part of that =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   461
society. It may seem senseless to say=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   462
that many leftists are over-socialized, since the leftist is perceived as a =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   463
rebel. Nevertheless, the position can=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   464
be defended. Many leftists are not such rebels as they seem.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   465
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   466
25. The moral code of our society is so demanding that no one can think, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   467
feel and act in a completely moral=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   468
way. For example, we are not supposed to hate anyone, yet almost everyone =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   469
hates somebody at some time=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   470
or other, whether he admits it to himself or not. Some people are so highly =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   471
socialized that the attempt to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   472
think, feel and act morally imposes a severe burden on them. In order to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   473
avoid feelings of guilt, they=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   474
continually have to deceive themselves about their own motives and find =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   475
moral explanations for feelings=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   476
and actions that in reality have a non-moral origin. We use the term =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   477
"oversocialized" to describe such=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   478
people. [2]=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   479
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   480
26. Oversocialization can lead to low self-esteem, a sense of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   481
powerlessness, defeatism, guilt, etc. One of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   482
the most important means by which our society socializes children is by =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   483
making them feel ashamed of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   484
behavior or speech that is contrary to society's expectations. If this is =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   485
overdone, or if a particular child is=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   486
especially susceptible to such feelings, he ends by feeling ashamed of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   487
HIMSELF. Moreover the thought=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   488
and the behavior of the oversocialized person are more restricted by =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   489
society's expectations than are those of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   490
the lightly socialized person. The majority of people engage in a =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   491
significant amount of naughty behavior.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   492
They lie, they commit petty thefts, they break traffic laws, they goof off =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   493
at work, they hate someone, they=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   494
say spiteful things or they use some underhanded trick to get ahead of the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   495
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   496
other guy. The oversocialized person cannot do these things, or if he does =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   497
do them he generates in himself=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   498
a sense of shame and self-hatred. The oversocialized person cannot even =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   499
experience, without guilt,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   500
thoughts or feelings that are contrary to the accepted morality; he cannot =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   501
think "unclean" thoughts. And=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   502
socialization is not just a matter of morality; we are socialized to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   503
confirm to many norms of behavior that=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   504
do not fall under the heading of morality. Thus the oversocialized person =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   505
is kept on a psychological leash=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   506
and spends his life running on rails that society has laid down for him. In =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   507
many oversocialized people this=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   508
results in a sense of constraint and powerlessness that can be a severe =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   509
hardship. We suggest that=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   510
oversocialization is among the more serious cruelties that human beings =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   511
inflict on one another.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   512
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   513
27. We argue that a very important and influential segment of the modern =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   514
left is oversocialized and that=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   515
their oversocialization is of great importance in determining the direction =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   516
of modern leftism. Leftists of the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   517
oversocialized type tend to be intellectuals or members of the upper-middle =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   518
class. Notice that university=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   519
intellectuals (3) constitute the most highly socialized segment of our =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   520
society and also the most left-wing=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   521
segment.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   522
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   523
28. The leftist of the oversocialized type tries to get off his =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   524
psychological leash and assert his autonomy by=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   525
rebelling. But usually he is not strong enough to rebel against the most =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   526
basic values of society. Generally=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   527
speaking, the goals of today's leftists are NOT in conflict with the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   528
accepted morality. On the contrary, the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   529
left takes an accepted moral principle, adopts it as its own, and then =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   530
accuses mainstream society of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   531
violating that principle. Examples: racial equality, equality of the sexes, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   532
helping poor people, peace as=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   533
opposed to war, nonviolence generally, freedom of expression, kindness to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   534
animals. More fundamentally,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   535
the duty of the individual to serve society and the duty of society to take =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   536
care of the individual. All these=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   537
have been deeply rooted values of our society (or at least of its middle =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   538
and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   539
upper classes (4) for a long time. These values are explicitly or =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   540
implicitly expressed or presupposed in most=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   541
of the material presented to us by the mainstream communications media and =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   542
the educational system.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   543
Leftists, especially those of the oversocialized type, usually do not rebel =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   544
against these principles but justify=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   545
their hostility to society by claiming (with some degree of truth) that =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   546
society is not living up to these=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   547
principles.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   548
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   549
29. Here is an illustration of the way in which the oversocialized leftist =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   550
shows his real attachment to the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   551
conventional attitudes of our society while pretending to be in rebellion =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   552
against it. Many leftists push for=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   553
affirmative action, for moving black people into high-prestige jobs, for =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   554
improved education in black=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   555
schools and more money for such schools; the way of life of the black =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   556
"underclass" they regard as a social=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   557
disgrace. They want to integrate the black man into the system, make him a =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   558
business executive, a lawyer, a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   559
scientist just like upper-middle-class white people. The leftists will =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   560
reply that the last thing they want is to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   561
make the black man into a copy of the white man; instead, they want to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   562
preserve African American culture.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   563
But in what does this preservation of African American culture consist? =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   564
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   565
It can hardly consist in anything more than eating black-style food, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   566
listening to black-style music, wearing=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   567
black-style clothing and going to a black-style church or mosque. In other =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   568
words, it can express itself only=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   569
in superficial matters. In all ESSENTIAL respects more leftists of the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   570
oversocialized type want to make the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   571
black man conform to white, middle-class ideals. They want to make him =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   572
study technical subjects, become=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   573
an executive or a scientist, spend his life climbing the status ladder to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   574
prove that black people are as good=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   575
as white. They want to make black fathers "responsible." they want black =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   576
gangs to become nonviolent, etc.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   577
But these are exactly the values of the industrial-technological system. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   578
The system couldn't care less what=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   579
kind of music a man listens to, what kind of clothes he wears or what =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   580
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   581
religion he believes in as long as he studies in school, holds a =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   582
respectable job, climbs the status ladder, is a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   583
"responsible" parent, is nonviolent and so forth. In effect, however much =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   584
he may deny it, the oversocialized=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   585
leftist wants to integrate the black man into the system and make him adopt =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   586
its values.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   587
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   588
30. We certainly do not claim that leftists, even of the oversocialized =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   589
type, NEVER rebel against the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   590
fundamental values of our society. Clearly they sometimes do. Some =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   591
oversocialized leftists have gone so=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   592
far as to rebel against one of modern society's most important principles =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   593
by engaging in physical violence.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   594
By their own account, violence is for them a form of "liberation." In other =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   595
words, by committing violence=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   596
they break through the psychological restraints that have been trained into =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   597
them. Because they are=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   598
oversocialized these restraints have been more confining for them than for =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   599
others; hence their need to break=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   600
free of them. But they usually justify their rebellion in terms of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   601
mainstream values. If they engage in=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   602
violence they claim to be fighting against racism or the like.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   603
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   604
31. We realize that many objections could be raised to the foregoing =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   605
thumb-nail sketch of leftist=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   606
psychology. The real situation is complex, and anything like a complete =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   607
description of it would take=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   608
several volumes even if the necessary data were available. We claim only to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   609
have indicated very roughly=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   610
the two most important tendencies in the psychology of modern leftism. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   611
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   612
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   613
32. The problems of the leftist are indicative of the problems of our =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   614
society as a whole. Low self-esteem,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   615
depressive tendencies and defeatism are not restricted to the left. Though =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   616
they are especially noticeable in=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   617
the left, they are widespread in our society. And today's society tries to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   618
socialize us to a greater extent than=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   619
any previous society. We are even told by experts how to eat, how to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   620
exercise, how to make love, how to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   621
raise our kids and so forth.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   622
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   623
THE POWER PROCESS
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   624
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   625
33. Human beings have a need (probably based in biology) for something that =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   626
we will call the "power=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   627
process." This is closely related to the need for power (which is widely =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   628
recognized) but is not quite the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   629
same thing. The power process has four elem ents. The three most clear-cut =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   630
of these we call goal, effort=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   631
and attainment of goal. (Everyone needs to have goals whose attainment =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   632
requires effort, and needs to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   633
succeed in attaining at least some of his goals.) The fourth element is =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   634
more difficult to define and may not=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   635
be necessary for everyone . We call it autonomy and will discuss it l ater =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   636
(paragraphs 42-44).=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   637
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   638
34. Consider the hypothetical case of a man who can have anything he wants =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   639
just by wishing for it. Such a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   640
man has power, but he will develop serious psychological problems. At first =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   641
he will have a lot of fun, but=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   642
by and by he will become acutely bor ed and demoralized. Eventually he may =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   643
becom e clinically=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   644
depressed. History shows that leisured aristocracies tend to become =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   645
decadent. This is not true of fighting=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   646
aristocracies that have to struggle to maintain their power. But leisured, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   647
secure aristocracies that have no=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   648
need to exert themselve s usually become bored, hedonistic and demor =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   649
alized, even though they have=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   650
power. This shows that power is not enough. One must have goals toward =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   651
which to exercise one's power.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   652
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   653
35. Everyone has goals; if nothing else, to obtain the physical necessities =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   654
of life: food, water and whatever=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   655
clothing and shelter are made necessary by the climate. But the leisured =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   656
aristocrat obtains these things=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   657
without effort. Hence his boredom and demoralization.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   658
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   659
36. Nonattainment of important goals results in death if the goals are =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   660
physical necessities, and in frustration=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   661
if nonattainment of the goals is compatible with survival. Consistent =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   662
failure to attain goals throughout life=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   663
results in defeatism, low se lf-esteem or depression.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   664
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   665
37. Thus, in order to avoid serious psychological problems, a human being =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   666
needs goals whose attainment=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   667
requires effort, and he must have a reasonable rate of success in attaining =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   668
his goals.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   669
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   670
SURROGATE ACTIVITIES
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   671
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   672
38. But not every leisured aristocrat becomes bored and demoralized. For =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   673
example, the emperor Hirohito,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   674
instead of sinking into decadent hedonism, devoted himself to marine =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   675
biology, a field in which he became=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   676
distinguished. When people do not have t o exert themselves to satisfy =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   677
their physical needs they often set=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   678
up artificial goals for themselves. In many cases they then pursue these =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   679
goals with the same energy and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   680
emotional involvement that they otherwise would have put into the search =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   681
for physical necessities. Thus the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   682
aristocrats of the Roman Empire had their literary pretentions; many =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   683
European aristocrats a few centuries=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   684
ago invested tremendous time and energy in hunting, though they certainly =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   685
didn't need the meat; other=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   686
aristocracies have competed for status through elaborate displays of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   687
wealth;=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   688
and a few aristocrats, like Hiroh ito, have turned to science.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   689
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   690
39. We use the term "surrogate activity" to designate an activity that is =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   691
directed toward an artificial goal=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   692
that people set up for themselves merely in order to have some goal to work =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   693
toward, or let us say, merely=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   694
for the sake of the "fulfillment" th at they get from pursuing the goal. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   695
Here is a rule of thumb for the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   696
identification of surrogate activities. Given a person who devotes much =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   697
time and energy to the pursuit of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   698
goal X, ask yourself this: If he had to devote most of his time and energy =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   699
to satisfying his biological needs,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   700
and if that effort required him to use his physical and mental facilities =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   701
in a varied and interesting way,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   702
would he feel seriously deprived because he did not attain goal X? If the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   703
answer is no, then the person's=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   704
pursuit of a goal X is a surrogate activity. Hirohito's studies=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   705
in marine biology clearly constituted a surrogate activity, since it is =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   706
pretty certain that if Hirohito had had=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   707
to spend his time working at interesting non-scientific tasks in order to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   708
obtain the necessities of life, he=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   709
would not have felt deprived because he didn't know all about the anatomy =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   710
and life-cycles of marine=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   711
animals. On the other hand the pursuit of sex and love (for example) is not =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   712
a surrogate activity, because=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   713
most people, even if their existence were otherwise satisfactory, would =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   714
feel deprived if they passed their=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   715
lives without ever having a relationship with a member of the opposite sex. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   716
(But pursuit of an excessive=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   717
amount of sex, more than one really needs, can be a surrogate activity.) =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   718
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   719
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   720
40. In modern industrial society only minimal effort is necessary to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   721
satisfy one's physical needs. It is=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   722
enough to go through a training program to acquire some petty technical =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   723
skill, then come to work on time=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   724
and exert very modest effort needed to hold a job. The only requirements =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   725
are a moderate amount of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   726
intelligence, and most of all, simple OBEDIENCE. If one has those, society =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   727
takes care of one from cradle=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   728
to grave. (Yes, there is an underclass that cannot take physical =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   729
necessities for granted, but we are speaking=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   730
here of mainstream society.) Thus it is not surprising that modern society =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   731
is full of surrogate activities.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   732
These include scientific work, athletic achievement, humanitarian work, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   733
artistic and literary creation,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   734
climbing the corporate ladder, acquisition of money and material goods far =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   735
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   736
beyond the point at which they cease to give any additional physical =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   737
satisfaction, and social activism when=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   738
it addresses issues that are not important for the activist personally, as =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   739
in the case of white activists who=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   740
work for the rights of nonwhite minorities. These are not always pure =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   741
surrogate activities, since for many=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   742
people they may be motivated in part by needs other than the need to have =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   743
some goal to pursue. Scientific=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   744
work may be motivated in part by a drive for prestige, artistic creation by =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   745
a need to express feelings,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   746
militant social activism by hostility. But for most people who pursue them, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   747
these activities are in large part=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   748
surrogate activities. For example, the majority of scientists will probably =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   749
agree that the "fulfillment" they=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   750
get from their work is more important than the money and prestige they =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   751
earn.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   752
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   753
41. For many if not most people, surrogate activities are less satisfying =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   754
than the pursuit of real goals ( that=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   755
is, goals that people would want to attain even if their need for the power =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   756
process were already fulfilled).=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   757
One indication of this is the fact that, in many or most cases, people who =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   758
are deeply involved in surrogate=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   759
activities are never satisfied, never at rest. Thus the money-maker =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   760
constantly strives for more and more=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   761
wealth. The scientist no sooner solves one problem than he moves on to the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   762
next. The long-distance runner=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   763
drives himself to run always farther and faster. Many people who pursue =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   764
surrogate activities will say that=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   765
they get far more fulfillment from these activities than they do from the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   766
"mundane" business of satisfying=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   767
their biological needs, but that it is because in our society the effort =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   768
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   769
needed to satisfy the biological needs has been reduced to triviality. More =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   770
importantly, in our society=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   771
people do not satisfy their biological needs AUTONOMOUSLY but by =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   772
functioning as parts of an immense=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   773
social machine. In contrast, people generally have a great deal of autonomy =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   774
in pursuing their surrogate=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   775
activities. have a great deal of autonomy in pursuing their surrogate =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   776
activities.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   777
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   778
AUTONOMY
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   779
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   780
42. Autonomy as a part of the power process may not be necessary for every =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   781
individual. But most people=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   782
need a greater or lesser degree of autonomy in working toward their goals. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   783
Their efforts must be=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   784
undertaken on their own initiative and must be under their own direction =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   785
and control. Yet most people do=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   786
not have to exert this initiative, direction and control as single =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   787
individuals. It is usually enough to act as a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   788
member of a SMALL group. Thus if half a dozen people discuss a goal among =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   789
themselves and make a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   790
successful joint effort to attain that goal, their need for the power =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   791
process will be served. But if they work=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   792
under rigid orders handed down from above that leave them no room for =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   793
autonomous decision and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   794
initiative, then their need for the power process will not be served. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   795
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   796
The same is true when decisions are made on a collective bases if the group =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   797
making the collective decision=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   798
is so large that the role of each individual is insignificant [5]=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   799
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   800
43. It is true that some individuals seem to have little need for autonomy. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   801
Either their drive for power is=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   802
weak or they satisfy it by identifying themselves with some powerful =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   803
organization to which they belong.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   804
And then there are unthinking, animal types who seem to be satisfied with a =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   805
purely physical sense of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   806
power(the good combat soldier, who gets his sense of power by developing =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   807
fighting skills that he is quite=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   808
content to use in blind obedience to his superiors).=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   809
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   810
44. But for most people it is through the power process-having a goal, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   811
making an AUTONOMOUS effort=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   812
and attaining t the goal-that self-esteem, self-confidence and a sense of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   813
power are acquired. When one does=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   814
not have adequate opportunity to go throughout the power process the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   815
consequences are (depending on the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   816
individual and on the way the power process is disrupted) boredom, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   817
demoralization, low self-esteem,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   818
inferiority feelings, defeatism, depression, anxiety, guilt, frustration, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   819
hostility, spouse or child abuse,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   820
insatiable hedonism, abnormal sexual behavior, sleep disorders, eating =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   821
disorders, etc. [6]=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   822
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   823
SOURCES OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   824
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   825
45. Any of the foregoing symptoms can occur in any society, but in modern =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   826
industrial society they are=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   827
present on a massive scale. We aren't the first to mention that the world =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   828
today seems to be going crazy.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   829
This sort of thing is not normal for human societies. There is good reason =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   830
to believe that primitive man=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   831
suffered from less stress and frustration and was better satisfied with his =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   832
way of life than modern man is. It=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   833
is true that not all was sweetness and light in primitive societies. Abuse =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   834
of women and common among the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   835
Australian aborigines, transexuality was fairly common among some of the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   836
American Indian tribes. But is=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   837
does appear that GENERALLY SPEAKING the kinds of problems that we have =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   838
listed in the preceding=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   839
paragraph were far less common among primitive peoples than they are in =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   840
modern society.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   841
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   842
46. We attribute the social and psychological problems of modern society to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   843
the fact that that society=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   844
requires people to live under conditions radically different from those =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   845
under which the human race evolved=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   846
and to behave in ways that conflict with the patterns of behavior that the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   847
human race developed while=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   848
living under the earlier conditions. It is clear from what we have already =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   849
written that we consider lack of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   850
opportunity to properly experience the power process as the most important =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   851
of the abnormal conditions to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   852
which modern society subjects people. But it is not the only one. Before =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   853
dealing with disruption of the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   854
power process as a source of social problems we will discuss some of the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   855
other sources.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   856
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   857
47. Among the abnormal conditions present in modern industrial society are =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   858
excessive density of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   859
population, isolation of man from nature, excessive rapidity of social =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   860
change and the break-down of natural=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   861
small-scale communities such as the extended family, the village or the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   862
tribe.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   863
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   864
48. It is well known that crowding increases stress and aggression. The =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   865
degree of crowding that exists=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   866
today and the isolation of man from nature are consequences of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   867
technological progress. All pre-industrial=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   868
societies were predominantly rural. The industrial Revolution vastly =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   869
increased the size of cities and the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   870
proportion of the population that lives in them, and modern agricultural =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   871
technology has made it possible for=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   872
the Earth to support a far denser population than it ever did before. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   873
(Also, technology exacerbates the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   874
effects of crowding because it puts increased disruptive powers in people's =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   875
hands. For example, a variety of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   876
noise-making devices: power mowers, radios, motorcycles, etc. If the use of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   877
these devices is unrestricted,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   878
people who want peace and quiet are frustrated by the noise.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   879
If their use is restricted, people who use the devices are frustrated by =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   880
the regulations... But if these=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   881
machines had never been invented there would have been no conflict and no =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   882
frustration generated by=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   883
them.)=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   884
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   885
49. For primitive societies the natural world (which usually changes only =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   886
slowly) provided a stable=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   887
framework and therefore a sense of security. In the modern world it is =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   888
human society that dominates nature=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   889
rather than the other way around, and modern society changes very rapidly =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   890
owing to technological change.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   891
Thus there is no stable framework.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   892
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   893
50. The conservatives are fools: They whine about the decay of traditional =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   894
values, yet they enthusiastically=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   895
support technological progress and economic growth. Apparently it never =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   896
occurs to them that you can't=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   897
make rapid, drastic changes in the technology and the economy of a society =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   898
with out causing rapid changes=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   899
in all other aspects of the society as well, and that such rapid changes =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   900
inevitably break down traditional=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   901
values.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   902
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   903
51.The breakdown of traditional values to some extent implies the breakdown =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   904
of the bonds that hold=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   905
together traditional small-scale social groups. The disintegration of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   906
small-scale social groups is also=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   907
promoted by the fact that modern conditions often require or tempt =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   908
individuals to move to new locations,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   909
separating themselves from their communities. Beyond that, a technological =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   910
society HAS TO weaken=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   911
family ties and local communities if it is to function efficiently. In =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   912
modern society an individual's loyalty=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   913
must be first to the system and only secondarily to a small-scale =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   914
community, because if the internal=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   915
loyalties of small-scale small-scale communities were stronger than loyalty =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   916
to the system, such=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   917
communities would pursue their own advantage at the expense of the system. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   918
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   919
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   920
52. Suppose that a public official or a corporation executive appoints his =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   921
cousin, his friend or his co-
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   922
religionist to a position rather than appointing the person best qualified =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   923
for the job. He has permitted=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   924
personal loyalty to supersede his loyalty to the system, and that is =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   925
"nepotism" or "discrimination," both of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   926
which are terrible sins in modern society. Would-be industrial societies =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   927
that have done a poor job of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   928
subordinating personal or local loyalties to loyalty to the system are =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   929
usually very inefficient. (Look at Latin=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   930
America.) Thus an advanced industrial society can tolerate only those =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   931
small-scale communities that are=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   932
emasculated, tamed and made into tools of the system. [7]=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   933
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   934
53. Crowding, rapid change and the breakdown of communities have been =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   935
widely recognized as sources of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   936
social problems. but we do not believe they are enough to account for the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   937
extent of the problems that are=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   938
seen today.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   939
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   940
54. A few pre-industrial cities were very large and crowded, yet their =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   941
inhabitants do not seem to have=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   942
suffered from psychological problems to the same extent as modern man. In =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   943
America today there still are=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   944
uncrowded rural areas, and we find there the same problems as in urban =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   945
areas, though the problems tend to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   946
be less acute in the rural areas. Thus crowding does not seem to be the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   947
decisive factor.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   948
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   949
55. On the growing edge of the American frontier during the 19th century, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   950
the mobility of the population=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   951
probably broke down extended families and small-scale social groups to at =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   952
least the same extent as these=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   953
are broken down today. In fact, many nuclear families lived by choice in =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   954
such isolation, having no=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   955
neighbors within several miles, that they belonged to no community at all, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   956
yet they do not seem to have=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   957
developed problems as a result.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   958
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   959
56.Furthermore, change in American frontier society was very rapid and =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   960
deep. A man might be born and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   961
raised in a log cabin, outside the reach of law and order and fed largely =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   962
on wild meat; and by the time he=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   963
arrived at old age he might be working at a regular job and living in an =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   964
ordered community with effective=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   965
law enforcement. This was a deeper change that that which typically occurs =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   966
in the life of a modern=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   967
individual, yet it does not seem to have led to psychological problems. In =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   968
fact, 19th century American=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   969
society had an optimistic and self-confident tone, quite unlike that of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   970
today's society. [8]=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   971
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   972
57. The difference, we argue, is that modern man has the sense (largely =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   973
justified) that change is IMPOSED=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   974
on him, whereas the 19th century frontiersman had the sense (also largely =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   975
justified) that he created change=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   976
himself, by his own choice. Thus a pioneer settled on a piece of land of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   977
his own choosing and made it into=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   978
a farm through his own effort. In those days an entire county might have =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   979
only a couple of hundred=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   980
inhabitants and was a far more isolated and autonomous entity than a modern =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   981
county is. Hence the pioneer=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   982
farmer participated as a member of a relatively small group in the creation =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   983
of a new, ordered community.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   984
One may well question whether the creation of this community was an =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   985
improvement, but at any rate it=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   986
satisfied the pioneer's need for the power process.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   987
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   988
58. It would be possible to give other examples of societies in which there =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   989
has been rapid change and/or=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   990
lack of close community ties without he kind of massive behavioral =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   991
aberration that is seen in today's=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   992
industrial society. We contend that the most important cause of social and =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   993
psychological problems in=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   994
modern society is the fact that people have insufficient opportunity to go =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   995
through the power process in a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   996
normal way. We don't mean to say that modern society is the only one in =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   997
which the power process has been=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   998
disrupted. Probably most if not all civilized societies have interfered =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
   999
with the power ' process to a greater or=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1000
lesser extent. But in modern industrial society the problem has become =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1001
particularly acute. Leftism, at least=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1002
in its recent=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1003
(mid-to-late -20th century) form, is in part a symptom of deprivation with =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1004
respect to the power process.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1005
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1006
DISRUPTION OF THE POWER PROCESS IN MODERN SOCIETY
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1007
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1008
59. We divide human drives into three groups: (1) those drives that can be =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1009
satisfied with minimal effort; (2)=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1010
those that can be satisfied but only at the cost of serious effort; (3) =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1011
those that cannot be adequately satisfied=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1012
no matter how much effort one makes. The power process is the process of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1013
satisfying the drives of the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1014
second group. The more drives there are in the third group, the more there =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1015
is frustration, anger, eventually=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1016
defeatism, depression, etc.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1017
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1018
60. In modern industrial society natural human drives tend to be pushed =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1019
into the first and third groups, and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1020
the second group tends to consist increasingly of artificially created =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1021
drives.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1022
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1023
61. In primitive societies, physical necessities generally fall into group =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1024
2: They can be obtained, but only at=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1025
the cost of serious effort. But modern society tends to guaranty the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1026
physical necessities to everyone [9] in=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1027
exchange for only minimal effort, hence physical needs are pushed into =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1028
group 1. (There may be=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1029
disagreement about whether the effort needed to hold a job is "minimal"; =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1030
but usually, in lower- to middle-
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1031
level jobs, whatever effort is required is merely that of obedience. You =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1032
sit or stand where you are told to sit=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1033
or stand and do what you are told to do in the way you are told to do it. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1034
Seldom do you have to exert=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1035
yourself seriously, and in any case you have hardly any autonomy in work, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1036
so that the need for the power=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1037
process is not well served.)=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1038
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1039
62. Social needs, such as sex, love and status, often remain in group 2 in =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1040
modern society, depending on the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1041
situation of the individual. [10] But, except for people who have a =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1042
particularly strong drive for status, the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1043
effort required to fulfill the social drives is insufficient to satisfy =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1044
adequately the need for the power process.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1045
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1046
63. So certain artificial needs have been created that fall into group 2, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1047
hence serve the need for the power=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1048
process. Advertising and marketing techniques have been developed that make =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1049
many people feel they need=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1050
things that their grandparents never desired or even dreamed of. It =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1051
requires serious effort to earn enough=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1052
money to satisfy these artificial needs, hence they fall into group 2. (But =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1053
see paragraphs 80-82.) Modern=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1054
man must satisfy his need for the power process largely through pursuit of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1055
the artificial needs created by=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1056
the advertising and marketing industry [11], and through surrogate =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1057
activities.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1058
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1059
64. It seems that for many people, maybe the majority, these artificial =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1060
forms of the power process are=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1061
insufficient. A theme that appears repeatedly in the writings of the social =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1062
critics of the second half of the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1063
20th century is the sense of purposelessness that afflicts many people in =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1064
modern society. (This=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1065
purposelessness is often called by other names such as "anomic" or =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1066
"middle-class vacuity.") We suggest=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1067
that the so-called "identity crisis" is actually a search for a sense of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1068
purpose, often for commitment to a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1069
suitable surrogate activity. It may be that existentialism is in large part =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1070
a response to the purposelessness of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1071
modern life. [12] Very widespread in modern society is the search for =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1072
"fulfillment." But we think that for=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1073
the majority of people an activity whose main goal is fulfillment=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1074
(that is, a surrogate activity) does not bring completely satisfactory =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1075
fulfillment. In other words, it does not=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1076
fully satisfy the need for the power process. (See paragraph 41.) That need =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1077
can be fully satisfied only=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1078
through activities that have some external goal, such as physical =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1079
necessities, sex, love, status, revenge, etc.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1080
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1081
65. Moreover, where goals are pursued through earning money, climbing the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1082
status ladder or functioning=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1083
as part of the system in some other way, most people are not in a position =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1084
to pursue their goals=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1085
AUTONOMOUSLY. Most workers are someone else's employee as, as we pointed =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1086
out in paragraph 61,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1087
must spend their days doing what they are told to do in the way they are =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1088
told to do it. Even most people=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1089
who are in business for themselves have only limited autonomy. It is a =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1090
chronic complaint of small-business=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1091
persons and entrepreneurs that their hands are tied by excessive government =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1092
regulation. Some of these=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1093
regulations are doubtless unnecessary, but for the most part government =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1094
regulations are essential and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1095
inevitable parts of our extremely complex society. A large portion of small =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1096
business today operates on the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1097
franchise system.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1098
It was reported in the Wall Street Journal a few years ago that many of the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1099
franchise-granting companies=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1100
require applicants for franchises to take a personality test that is =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1101
designed to EXCLUDE those who have=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1102
creativity and initiative, because such persons are not sufficiently docile =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1103
to go along obediently with the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1104
franchise system. This excludes from small business many of the people who =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1105
most need autonomy.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1106
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1107
66. Today people live more by virtue of what the system does FOR them or TO =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1108
them than by virtue of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1109
what they do for themselves. And what they do for themselves is done more =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1110
and more along channels laid=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1111
down by the system. Opportunities tend to be those that the system =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1112
provides, the opportunities must be=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1113
exploited in accord with the rules and regulations [13], and techniques =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1114
prescribed by experts must be=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1115
followed if there is to be a chance of success.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1116
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1117
67. Thus the power process is disrupted in our society through a deficiency =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1118
of real goals and a deficiency=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1119
of autonomy in pursuit of goals. But it is also disrupted because of those =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1120
human drives that fall into group=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1121
3: the drives that one cannot adequately satisfy no matter how much effort =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1122
one makes. One of these drives=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1123
is the need for security. Our lives depend on decisions made by other =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1124
people; we have no control over these=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1125
decisions and usually we do not even know the people who make them. ("We =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1126
live in a world in which=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1127
relatively few people - maybe 500 or 1,00 - make the important decisions" - =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1128
Philip B. Heymann of Harvard=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1129
Law School, quoted by Anthony Lewis, New York Times, April 21, 1995.) Our =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1130
lives depend on whether=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1131
safety standards at a nuclear power plant are properly maintained;=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1132
on how much pesticide is allowed to get into our food or how much pollution =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1133
into our air; on how skillful=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1134
(or incompetent) our doctor is; whether we lose or get a job may depend on =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1135
decisions made by government=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1136
economists or corporation executives; and so forth. Most individuals are =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1137
not in a position to secure=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1138
themselves against these threats to more [than] a very limited extent. The =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1139
individual's search for security is=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1140
therefore frustrated, which leads to a sense of powerlessness.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1141
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1142
68. It may be objected that primitive man is physically less secure than =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1143
modern man, as is shown by his=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1144
shorter life expectancy; hence modern man suffers from less, not more than =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1145
the amount of insecurity that is=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1146
normal for human beings. but psychological security does not closely =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1147
correspond with physical security.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1148
What makes us FEEL secure is not so much objective security as a sense of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1149
confidence in our ability to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1150
take care of ourselves. Primitive man, threatened by a fierce animal or by =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1151
hunger, can fight in self-defense=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1152
or travel in search of food. He has no certainty of success in these =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1153
efforts, but he is by no means helpless=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1154
against the things that threaten him. The modern individual on the other =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1155
hand is threatened by many things=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1156
against which he is helpless;=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1157
nuclear accidents, carcinogens in food, environmental pollution, war, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1158
increasing taxes, invasion of his=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1159
privacy by large organizations, nation-wide social or economic phenomena =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1160
that may disrupt his way of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1161
life.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1162
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1163
69. It is true that primitive man is powerless against some of the things =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1164
that threaten him; disease for=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1165
example. But he can accept the risk of disease stoically. It is part of the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1166
nature of things, it is no one's fault,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1167
unless is the fault of some imaginary, impersonal demon. But threats to the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1168
modern individual tend to be=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1169
MAN-MADE. They are not the results of chance but are IMPOSED on him by =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1170
other persons whose=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1171
decisions he, as an individual, is unable to influence. Consequently he =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1172
feels frustrated, humiliated and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1173
angry.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1174
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1175
70. Thus primitive man for the most part has his security in his own hands =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1176
(either as an individual or as a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1177
member of a SMALL group) whereas the security of modern man is in the hands =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1178
of persons or=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1179
organizations that are too remote or too large for him to be able =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1180
personally to influence them. So modern=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1181
man's drive for security tends to fall into groups 1 and 3; in some areas =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1182
(food, shelter, etc.) his security is=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1183
assured at the cost of only trivial effort, whereas in other areas he =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1184
CANNOT attain security. (The foregoing=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1185
greatly simplifies the real situation, but it does indicate in a rough, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1186
general way how the condition of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1187
modern man differs from that of primitive man.)=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1188
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1189
71. People have many transitory drives or impulses that are necessary =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1190
frustrated in modern life, hence fall=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1191
into group 3. One may become angry, but modern society cannot permit =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1192
fighting. In many situations it=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1193
does not even permit verbal aggression. When going somewhere one may be in =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1194
a hurry, or one may be in a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1195
mood to travel slowly, but one generally has no choice but to move with the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1196
flow of traffic and obey the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1197
traffic signals. One may want to do one's work in a different way, but =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1198
usually one can work only according=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1199
to the rules laid down by one's employer. In many other ways as well, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1200
modern man is strapped down by a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1201
network of rules and regulations (explicit or implicit) that frustrate many =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1202
of his impulses and thus interfere=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1203
with the power process. Most of these regulations cannot be disposed with, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1204
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1205
because the are necessary for the functioning of industrial society. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1206
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1207
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1208
72. Modern society is in certain respects extremely permissive. In matters =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1209
that are irrelevant to the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1210
functioning of the system we can generally do what we please. We can =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1211
believe in any religion we like (as=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1212
long as it does not encourage behavior that is dangerous to the system). We =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1213
can go to bed with anyone we=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1214
like (as long as we practice "safe sex"). We can do anything we like as =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1215
long as it is UNIMPORTANT. But=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1216
in all IMPORTANT matters the system tends increasingly to regulate our =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1217
behavior.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1218
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1219
73. Behavior is regulated not only through explicit rules and not only by =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1220
the government. Control is often=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1221
exercised through indirect coercion or through psychological pressure or =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1222
manipulation, and by=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1223
organizations other than the government, or by the system as a whole. Most =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1224
large organizations use some=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1225
form of propaganda [14] to manipulate public attitudes or behavior. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1226
Propaganda is not limited to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1227
"commercials" and advertisements, and sometimes it is not even consciously =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1228
intended as propaganda by=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1229
the people who make it. For instance, the content of entertainment =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1230
programming is a powerful form of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1231
propaganda. An example of indirect coercion: There is no law that says we =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1232
have to go to work every day=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1233
and follow our employer's orders. Legally there is=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1234
nothing to prevent us from going to live in the wild like primitive people =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1235
or from going into business for=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1236
ourselves. But in practice there is very little wild country left, and =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1237
there is room in the economy for only a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1238
limited number of small business owners. Hence most of us can survive only =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1239
as someone else's employee.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1240
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1241
74. We suggest that modern man's obsession with longevity, and with =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1242
maintaining physical vigor and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1243
sexual attractiveness to an advanced age, is a symptom of unfulfillment =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1244
resulting from deprivation with=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1245
respect to the power process. The "mid-life crisis" also is such a symptom. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1246
So is the lack of interest in=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1247
having children that is fairly common in modern society but almost =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1248
unheard-of in primitive societies.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1249
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1250
75. In primitive societies life is a succession of stages. The needs and =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1251
purposes of one stage having been=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1252
fulfilled, there is no particular reluctance about passing on to the next =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1253
stage. A young man goes through the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1254
power process by becoming a hunter, hunting not for sport or for =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1255
fulfillment but to get meat that is=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1256
necessary for food. (In young women the process is more complex, with =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1257
greater emphasis on social power;=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1258
we won't discuss that here.) This phase having been successfully passed =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1259
through, the young man has no=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1260
reluctance about settling down to the responsibilities of raising a family. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1261
(In contrast, some modern people=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1262
indefinitely postpone having children because they are too busy seeking =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1263
some kind of "fulfillment." We=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1264
suggest that the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1265
fulfillment they need is adequate experience of the power process -- with =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1266
real goals instead of the artificial=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1267
goals of surrogate activities.) Again, having successfully raised his =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1268
children, going through the power=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1269
process by providing them with the physi cal necessities, the primitive man =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1270
feels tha t his work is done and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1271
he is prepared to accept old age (if he survives that long) and death. Many =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1272
modern people, on the other=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1273
hand, are disturbed by the prospect of death, as is shown by the amount of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1274
effort they expend trying to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1275
maintain their physical condition, appearance and health. We argue t hat =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1276
this is due to unfulfillment=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1277
resulting from the fact that they have never put their physical powers to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1278
any use, have never gone through=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1279
the power process using their bodies in a serious way.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1280
It is not the primitive man, who has used his body daily for practical =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1281
purposes, who fears the deteriora tion=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1282
of age, but the modern man, who has never had a practical use for his body =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1283
beyond walking from his car to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1284
his house. It is the man whose need for the power process has been =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1285
satisfied during his life who is best=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1286
prepared to accept the end of that life .=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1287
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1288
76. In response to the arguments of this section someone will say, "Society =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1289
must find a way to give people=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1290
the opportunity to go through the power process." For such people the value =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1291
of the opportunity is destroyed=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1292
by the very fact that society gives i t to them. What they need is to find =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1293
or make their own opportunities. As=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1294
long as the system GIVES them their opportunities it still has them on a =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1295
leash. To attain autonomy they=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1296
must get off that leash. Manifesto Contents=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1297
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1298
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1299
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1300
HOW SOME PEOPLE ADJUST
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1301
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1302
77. Not everyone in industrial-technological society suffers from =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1303
psychological problems. Some people=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1304
even profess to be quite satisfied with society as it is. We now discuss =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1305
some of the reasons why people=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1306
differ so greatly in their response to modern society.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1307
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1308
78. First, there doubtless are differences in the strength of the drive for =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1309
power. Individuals with a weak=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1310
drive for power may have relatively little need to go through the power =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1311
process, or at least relatively little=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1312
need for autonomy in the power pro cess. These are docile types who would =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1313
have been happy as plantation=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1314
darkies in the Old South. (We don't mean to sneer at "plantation darkies" =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1315
of the Old South. To their credit,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1316
most of the slaves were NOT content with their servitude. We do sneer at =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1317
people who ARE content with=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1318
servitude.)=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1319
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1320
79. Some people may have some exceptional drive, in pursuing which they =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1321
satisfy their need for the power=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1322
process. For example, those who have an unusually strong drive for social =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1323
status may spend their whole=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1324
lives climbing the status ladder without ev er getting bored with that =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1325
game.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1326
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1327
80. People vary in their susceptibility to advertising and marketing =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1328
techniques. Some people are so=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1329
susceptible that, even if they make a great deal of money, they cannot =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1330
satisfy their constant craving for the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1331
shiny new toys that the marketing industry dangles before their eyes. So =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1332
they always f eel hard-pressed=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1333
financially even if their income is large, and their cravings are =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1334
frustrated.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1335
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1336
81. Some people have low susceptibility to advertising and marketing =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1337
techniques. These are the people=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1338
who aren't interested in money. Material acquisition does not serve their =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1339
need for the power process.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1340
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1341
82. People who have medium susceptibility to advertising and marketing =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1342
techniques are able to earn=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1343
enough money to satisfy their craving for goods and services, but only at =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1344
the cost of serious effort (putting=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1345
in overtime, taking a second job, earning p romotions, etc.) Thus material =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1346
acquisition s erves their need for=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1347
the power process. But it does not necessarily follow that their need is =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1348
fully satisfied. They may have=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1349
insufficient autonomy in the power process (their work may consist of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1350
following orders) and some of their=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1351
drives may be frustrated (e.g., security, aggression). (We are guilt y of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1352
oversimplification in paragraphs 80-
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1353
82 because we have assumed that the desire for material acquisition is =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1354
entirely a creation of the advertising=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1355
and marketing industry. Of course it's not that simple.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1356
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1357
83. Some people partly satisfy their need for power by identifying =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1358
themselves with a powerful organization=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1359
or mass movement. An individual lacking goals or power joins a movement or =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1360
an organization, adopts its=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1361
goals as his own, then works toward these goals. When some of the goals are =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1362
attained, the individual, even=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1363
though his personal efforts have played only an insignificant part in the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1364
attainment of the goals, feels=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1365
(through his identification with the movement or organization) as if he had =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1366
gone through the power=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1367
process. This phenomenon was e xploited by the fascists, nazis and communis =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1368
ts. Our society uses it, too,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1369
though less crudely. Example: Manuel Noriega was an irritant to the U.S. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1370
(goal: punish Noriega). The U.S.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1371
invaded Panama (effort) and punished Noriega (attainment of goal).=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1372
The U.S. went through the power process and many Ame ricans, because of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1373
their identification with the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1374
U.S., experienced the power process vicariously. Hence the widespread =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1375
public approval of the Panama=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1376
invasion; it gave people a sense of power. [15] We see the same phenomenon =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1377
in armies, corporations,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1378
political parties, humanitarian organizations, rel igious or ideological =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1379
movements. In particul ar, leftist=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1380
movements tend to attract people who are seeking to satisfy their need for =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1381
power. But for most people=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1382
identification with a large organization or a mass movement does not fully =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1383
satisfy the need for power.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1384
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1385
84. Another way in which people satisfy their need for the power process is =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1386
through surrogate activities. As=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1387
we explained in paragraphs 38-40, a surrogate activity that is directed =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1388
toward an artificial goal that the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1389
individual pursues for the sake of t he "fulfillment" that he gets from =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1390
pursuing the goal, not because he=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1391
needs to attain the goal itself. For instance, there is no practical motive =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1392
for building enormous muscles,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1393
hitting a little ball into a hole or acquiring a complete series of postage =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1394
stamps. Yet many people in our=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1395
society devote t hemselves with passion to bodybuilding, golf or stamp =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1396
collecting. Some people are more=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1397
"other-directed" than others, and therefore will more readily attack =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1398
importance to a surrogate activity=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1399
simply because the people around them treat it as important=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1400
or because society tells them it is important. T hat is why some people get =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1401
very serious abou t essentially=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1402
trivial activities such as sports, or bridge, or chess, or arcane scholarly =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1403
pursuits, whereas others who are=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1404
more clear-sighted never see these things as anything but the surrogate =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1405
activities that they are, and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1406
consequently never attach enou gh importance to them to satisfy their need =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1407
for the power process in that=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1408
way. It only remains to point out that in many cases a person's way of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1409
earning a living is also a surrogate=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1410
activity. Not a PURE surrogate activity, since part of the motive for the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1411
activity is to gain the physical=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1412
necessitie s and (for some people) social status and th e luxuries that =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1413
advertising makes them want. But=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1414
many people put into their=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1415
work far more effort than is necessary to earn whatever money and status =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1416
they require, and this extra effort=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1417
constitutes a surrogate activity. This extra effort, together with the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1418
emotional investment that accompanies=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1419
it, i s one of the most potent forces acting toward the continual =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1420
development and perfecting of the system,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1421
with negative consequences for individual freedom (see paragraph 131). =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1422
Especially, for the most creative=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1423
scientists and engineers, work tends to be large ly a surrogate activity. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1424
This point is so im portant that is=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1425
deserves a separate discussion, which we shall give in a moment (paragraphs =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1426
87-92).=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1427
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1428
85. In this section we have explained how many people in modern society do =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1429
satisfy their need for the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1430
power process to a greater or lesser extent. But we think that for the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1431
majority of people the need for the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1432
power process is not fully satisfied. In th e first place, those who have =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1433
an insatiable drive for status, or who=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1434
get firmly "hooked" or a surrogate activity, or who identify strongly =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1435
enough with a movement or=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1436
organization to satisfy their need for power in that way, are exceptional =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1437
personalities. Others are not fully=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1438
satisfied with surrogate activities or by identification with an org =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1439
anization (see paragraphs 41, 64). In the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1440
second place, too much control is imposed by the system through explicit =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1441
regulation or through=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1442
socialization,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1443
which results in a deficiency of autonomy, and in frustration due to the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1444
impossibility of attaining cer tain=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1445
goals and the necessity of restraining too many impulses.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1446
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1447
86. But even if most people in industrial-technological society were well =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1448
satisfied, we (FC) would still be=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1449
opposed to that form of society, because (among other reasons) we consider =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1450
it demeaning to fulfill one's=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1451
need for the power process through surr ogate activities or through =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1452
identification w ith an organization,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1453
rather then through pursuit of real goals.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1454
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1455
THE MOTIVES OF SCIENTISTS
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1456
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1457
87. Science and technology provide the most important examples of surrogate =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1458
activities. Some scientists=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1459
claim that they are motivated by "curiosity," that notion is simply absurd. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1460
Most scientists work on highly=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1461
specialized problem that are not the obje ct of any normal curiosity. For =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1462
example, is an astronomer, a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1463
mathematician or an entomologist curious about the properties of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1464
isopropyltrimethylmethane? Of course=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1465
not. Only a chemist is curious about such a thing, and he is curious about =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1466
it only because chemistry is his=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1467
surrogate activity. Is the c hemist curious about the appropriate classif =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1468
ication of a new species of beetle?=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1469
No. That question is of interest only to the entomologist, and he is =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1470
interested in it only because entomology=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1471
is his surrogate activity.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1472
If the chemist and the entomologist had to exert themselves seriously to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1473
obtain th e physical necessities,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1474
and if that effort e xercised their abilities in an interesting way but in =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1475
some nonscientific pursuit, then they=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1476
couldn't giver a damn about isopropyltrimethylmethane or the classification =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1477
of beetles. Suppose that lack of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1478
funds for postgraduate education had led the chemist t o become an =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1479
insurance broker instead of a ch emist.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1480
In that case he would have been very interested in insurance matters but =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1481
would have cared nothing about=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1482
isopropyltrimethylmethane. In any case it is not normal to put into the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1483
satisfaction of mere curiosity the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1484
amount of time and effort that scient ists put into their work. The =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1485
"curiosity" ex planation for the scientists'=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1486
motive just doesn't stand up.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1487
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1488
88. The "benefit of humanity" explanation doesn't work any better. Some =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1489
scientific work has no=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1490
conceivable relation to the welfare of the human race - most of archaeology =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1491
or comparative linguistics for=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1492
example. Some other areas of science present obvio usly dangerous =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1493
possibilities. Yet scientists in these=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1494
areas are just as enthusiastic about their work as those who develop =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1495
vaccines or study air pollution.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1496
Consider the case of Dr. Edward Teller, who had an obvious emotional =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1497
involvement in promoting nuclear=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1498
power plants. Did this involvement stem f rom a desire to benefit humanity? =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1499
If so, the n why didn't Dr.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1500
Teller get emotional about other "humanitarian" causes? If he was such a =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1501
humanitarian then why did he=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1502
help to develop the H-bomb? As with many other scientific achievements, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1503
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1504
it is very much open to question whether nuclear power plants ac tually do =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1505
benefit humanity. Does the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1506
cheap e lectricity outweigh the accumulating waste and risk of accidents? =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1507
Dr. Teller saw only one side of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1508
the question. Clearly his emotional involvement with nuclear power arose =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1509
not from a desire to "benefit=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1510
humanity" but from a personal fulfillment he got from his work and from =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1511
seeing it put to practical use.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1512
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1513
89. The same is true of scientists generally. With possible rare =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1514
exceptions, their motive is neither curiosity=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1515
nor a desire to benefit humanity but the need to go through the power =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1516
process: to have a goal (a scientific=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1517
problem to solve), to make an eff ort (research) and to attain the goal =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1518
(solut ion of the problem.) Science is=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1519
a surrogate activity because scientists work mainly for the fulfillment =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1520
they get out of the work itself.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1521
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1522
90. Of course, it's not that simple. Other motives do play a role for many =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1523
scientists. Money and status for=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1524
example. Some scientists may be persons of the type who have an insatiable =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1525
drive for status (see paragraph=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1526
79) and this may provide much of the motivation for their work. No doubt =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1527
the majo rity of scientists, like=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1528
the majority of the general population, are more or less susceptible to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1529
advertising and marketing techniques=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1530
and need money to satisfy their craving for goods and services. Thus =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1531
science is not a PURE surrogate=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1532
activity. But it is in large part a surrogate activity.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1533
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1534
91. Also, science and technology constitute a mass power movement, and many =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1535
scientists gratify their need=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1536
for power through identification with this mass movement (see paragraph =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1537
83).=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1538
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1539
92. Thus science marches on blindly, without regard to the real welfare of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1540
the human race or to any other=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1541
standard, obedient only to the psychological needs of the scientists and of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1542
the government officials and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1543
corporation executives who provide the fu nds for research.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1544
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1545
THE NATURE OF FREEDOM
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1546
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1547
93. We are going to argue that industrial-technological society cannot be =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1548
reformed in such a way as to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1549
prevent it from progressively narrowing the sphere of human freedom. But =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1550
because "freedom" is a word=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1551
that can be interpreted in many ways, we must fi rst make clear what kind =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1552
of freedom we are c oncerned=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1553
with.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1554
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1555
94. By "freedom" we mean the opportunity to go through the power process, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1556
with real goals not the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1557
artificial goals of surrogate activities, and without interference, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1558
manipulation or supervision from anyone,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1559
especially from any large organization. Freed om means being in control =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1560
(either as an indi vidual or as a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1561
member of a SMALL group) of the life-and-death issues of one's existence; =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1562
food, clothing, shelter and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1563
defense against whatever threats there may be in one's environment. Freedom =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1564
means having power; not the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1565
power to control other people but the power to control the circumstances of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1566
on e's own life. One does not=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1567
have freedom if anyone else (especially a large organization) has power =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1568
over one, no matter how=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1569
benevolently, tolerantly and permissively that power may be exercised. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1570
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1571
It is important not to confuse freedom with mere permissivene ss (see =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1572
paragraph 72).=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1573
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1574
95. It is said that we live in a free society because we have a certain =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1575
number of constitutionally guaranteed=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1576
rights. But these are not as important as they seem. The degree of personal =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1577
freedom that exists in a society=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1578
is determined more by the economi c and technological structure of the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1579
society than by its laws or its form=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1580
of government. [16] Most of the Indian nations of New England were =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1581
monarchies, and many of the cities=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1582
of the Italian Renaissance were controlled by dictators. But in reading =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1583
about these societies one gets the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1584
impression that they allowed far more personal freedom than out society =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1585
does. In part this was because=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1586
they lacked efficient mechanisms for enforcing the ruler's will: There were =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1587
no modern, well-organized=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1588
police forces, no rapid long-distance communications,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1589
no surveillance cameras, no dossiers of information abou t the lives of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1590
average citizens. Hence it wa s=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1591
relatively easy to evade control.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1592
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1593
96. As for our constitutional rights, consider for example that of freedom =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1594
of the press. We certainly don't=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1595
mean to knock that right: it is very important tool for limiting =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1596
concentration of political power and for=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1597
keeping those who do have political po wer in line by publicly exposing any =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1598
misbeha vior on their part.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1599
But freedom of the press is of very little use to the average citizen as an =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1600
individual. The mass media are=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1601
mostly under the control of large organizations that are integrated into =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1602
the system. Anyone who has a little=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1603
money can have some thing printed, or can distribute it on the I nternet or =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1604
in some such way, but what he=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1605
has to say will be swamped by the vast volume of material put out by the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1606
media, hence it will have no=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1607
practical effect.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1608
To make an impression on society with words is therefore almost impossible =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1609
for most individual s and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1610
small groups. Take us (FC) for example . If we had never done anything =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1611
violent and had submitted the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1612
present writings to a publisher, they probably would not have been =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1613
accepted. If they had been accepted and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1614
published, they probably would not have attracted many readers, because =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1615
it's more fun to watch the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1616
entertainment put out by the me dia than to read a sober essay. Even if =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1617
these writings had had many=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1618
readers, most of these readers would soon have forgotten what they had read =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1619
as their minds were flooded=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1620
by the mass of material to which the media expose them. In order to get our =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1621
message before the public with=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1622
some chance of makin g a lasting impression, we've had to kill people. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1623
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1624
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1625
97. Constitutional rights are useful up to a point, but they do not serve =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1626
to guarantee much more than what=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1627
could be called the bourgeois conception of freedom. According to the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1628
bourgeois conception, a "free" man=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1629
is essentially an element of a social ma chine and has only a certain set =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1630
of prescrib ed and delimited=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1631
freedoms; freedoms that are designed to serve the needs of the social =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1632
machine more than those of the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1633
individual. Thus the bourgeois's "free" man has economic freedom because =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1634
that promotes growth and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1635
progress; he has freedom of the press b ecause public criticism restrains =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1636
misbehavio r by political leaders;=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1637
he has a rights to a fair trial because imprisonment at the whim of the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1638
powerful would be bad for the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1639
system. This was clearly the attitude of Simon Bolivar.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1640
To him, people deserved liberty only if they used it to promote progress =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1641
(progress as conceived by the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1642
bourgeois). Ot her bourgeois thinkers have taken a similar view of freedom =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1643
as a mere means to collective=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1644
ends. Chester C. Tan, "Chinese Political Thought in the Twentieth Century," =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1645
page 202, explains the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1646
philosophy of the Kuomintang leader Hu Han-min: "An individual is granted =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1647
rights because he is a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1648
member of soc iety and his community life requires such rights. By =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1649
community Hu meant the whole=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1650
society of the nation." And on page 259 Tan states that according to Carsum =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1651
Chang (Chang Chun-mai,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1652
head of the State Socialist Party in China) freedom had to be used in the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1653
interest of the state and of the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1654
people as a whole. But what kind of freedom does one have if one can use it =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1655
only as someone else=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1656
prescribes?=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1657
FC's conception of freedom is not that of Bolivar, Hu, Chang or other =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1658
bourgeois theorists. The trouble with=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1659
such theorists is that they have made the develop ment and application of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1660
social theories thei r surrogate=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1661
activity. Consequently the theories are designed to serve the needs of the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1662
theorists more than the needs of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1663
any people who may be unlucky enough to live in a society on which the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1664
theories are imposed.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1665
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1666
98. One more point to be made in this section: It should not be assumed =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1667
that a person has enough freedom=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1668
just because he SAYS he has enough. Freedom is restricted in part by =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1669
psychological control of which=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1670
people are unconscious, and moreover many peopl e's ideas of what =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1671
constitutes freedom are go verned=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1672
more by social convention than by their real needs. For example, it's =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1673
likely that many leftists of the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1674
oversocialized type would say that most people, including themselves are =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1675
socialized too little rather than=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1676
too much, yet the oversocialized lefti st pays a heavy psychological price =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1677
for his high level of socialization.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1678
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1679
SOME PRINCIPLES OF HISTORY
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1680
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1681
99. Think of history as being the sum of two components: an erratic =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1682
component that consists of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1683
unpredictable events that follow no discernible pattern, and a regular =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1684
component that consists of long-term=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1685
historical trends. Here we are concerned with the long-term trends. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1686
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1687
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1688
100. FIRST PRINCIPLE. If a SMALL change is made that affects a long-term =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1689
historical trend, then the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1690
effect of that change will almost always be transitory - the trend will =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1691
soon revert to its original state.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1692
(Example: A reform movement designed to clean up political corruption in a =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1693
society rarely has more than a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1694
short-term effect; sooner or later the reformers relax and corruption =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1695
creeps back in. The level of political=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1696
corruption in a given society tends to remain constant, or to change only =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1697
slowly with the evolution of the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1698
society. Normally, a p olitical cleanup will be permanent only if a =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1699
ccompanied by widespread social=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1700
changes; a SMALL change in the society won't be enough.) If a small change =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1701
in a long-term historical=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1702
trend appears to be permanent, i
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1703
t is only because the change acts in the direction in which the trend is =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1704
already moving, s o that the trend is=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1705
not altered but only pus hed a step ahead.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1706
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1707
101. The first principle is almost a tautology. If a trend were not stable =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1708
with respect to small changes, it=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1709
would wander at random rather than following a definite direction; in other =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1710
words it would not be a long-
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1711
term trend at all.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1712
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1713
102. SECOND PRINCIPLE. If a change is made that is sufficiently large to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1714
alter permanently a long-term=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1715
historical trend, than it will alter the society as a whole. In other =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1716
words, a society is a system in which all=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1717
parts are interrelated, and you can't permanently change any important part =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1718
witho ut change all the other=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1719
parts as well.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1720
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1721
103. THIRD PRINCIPLE. If a change is made that is large enough to alter =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1722
permanently a long-term trend,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1723
then the consequences for the society as a whole cannot be predicted in =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1724
advance. (Unless various other=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1725
societies have passed through the same change and have all experienced the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1726
same consequenc es, in which=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1727
case one can predict on empirical grounds that another society that passes =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1728
through the same change will be=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1729
like to experience similar consequences.)=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1730
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1731
104. FOURTH PRINCIPLE. A new kind of society cannot be designed on paper. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1732
That is, you cannot plan=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1733
out a new form of society in advance, then set it up and expect it to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1734
function as it was designed to.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1735
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1736
105. The third and fourth principles result from the complexity of human =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1737
societies. A change in human=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1738
behavior will affect the economy of a society and its physical environment; =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1739
the economy will affect the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1740
environment and vice versa, and the changes in the economy and the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1741
environment will affec t human=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1742
behavior in complex, unpredictable ways; and so forth. The network of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1743
causes and effects is far too=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1744
complex to be untangled and understood.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1745
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1746
106. FIFTH PRINCIPLE. People do not consciously and rationally choose the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1747
form of their society.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1748
Societies develop through processes of social evolution that are not under =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1749
rational human control.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1750
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1751
107. The fifth principle is a consequence of the other four.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1752
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1753
108. To illustrate: By the first principle, generally speaking an attempt =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1754
at social reform either acts in the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1755
direction in which the society is developing anyway (so that it merely =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1756
accelerates a change that would have=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1757
occurred in any case) or else it o nly has a transitory effect, so that the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1758
soc iety soon slips back into its old=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1759
groove. To make a lasting change in the direction of development of any =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1760
important aspect of a society,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1761
reform is insufficient and revolution is required. (A revolution does not =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1762
necessarily involve an armed=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1763
uprising or the overthrow of a government.) By the second p rinciple, a =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1764
revolution never changes only one=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1765
aspect of a society; and by the third principle changes occur that were =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1766
never expected or desired by the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1767
revolutionaries.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1768
By the fourth principle, when revolutionaries or utopians set up a new kind =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1769
of society, it never works out as=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1770
planned.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1771
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1772
109. The American Revolution does not provide a counterexample. The =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1773
American "Revolution" was not a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1774
revolution in our sense of the word, but a war of independence followed by =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1775
a rather far-reaching political=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1776
reform. The Founding Fathers did not change t he direction of development =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1777
of American soci ety, nor did=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1778
they aspire to do so. They only freed the development of American society =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1779
from the retarding effect of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1780
British rule. Their political reform did not change any basic trend, but =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1781
only pushed American political=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1782
culture along its natural direction of development. British society, of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1783
which A merican society was an off-
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1784
shoot, had been moving for a long time in the direction of representative =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1785
democracy. And prior to the War=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1786
of Independence the Americans were already practicing a significant =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1787
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1788
degree of representative democracy in the colonial ass emblies. The =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1789
political system established by the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1790
Constitution was modeled on the British system and on the colonial =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1791
assemblies. With major alteration, to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1792
be sure - there is no doubt that the Founding Fathers took a very important =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1793
step. But it was a step along the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1794
road the English-speaking world was already traveling. The proof is that =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1795
Britai n and all of its colonies that=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1796
were populated predominantly by people of British descent ended up with =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1797
systems of representative=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1798
democracy essentially similar to that of the United States. If the Founding =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1799
Fathers had lost their nerve and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1800
declined to sign the Declaration of Independence, our way of life today =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1801
would not have been significantly=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1802
different.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1803
Maybe we would have had somewhat closer ties to Britain, and would have had =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1804
a Parliament and Prime=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1805
Minister instead of a Congress and President. No big deal. Thus the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1806
American Revolution provides not a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1807
counterexample to our principles but a go od illustration of them.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1808
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1809
110. Still, one has to use common sense in applying the principles. They =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1810
are expressed in imprecise=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1811
language that allows latitude for interpretation, and exceptions to them =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1812
can be found. So we present these=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1813
principles not as inviolable laws but as rule s of thumb, or guides to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1814
thinking, that may provide a partial=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1815
antidote to naive ideas about the future of society. The principles should =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1816
be borne constantly in mind, and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1817
whenever one reaches a conclusion that conflicts with them one should =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1818
carefully reexamine one's thinking=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1819
and retain the conclusio n only if one has good, solid reasons for do ing =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1820
so.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1821
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1822
INDUSTRIAL-TECHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY CANNOT BE REFORMED
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1823
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1824
111. The foregoing principles help to show how hopelessly difficult it =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1825
would be to reform the industrial=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1826
system in such a way as to prevent it from progressively narrowing our =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1827
sphere of freedom. There has been=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1828
a consistent tendency, going back at least to the Industrial Revolution for =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1829
technology to strengthen the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1830
system at a high cost in individual freedom and local autonomy. Hence any =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1831
change designed to protect=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1832
freedom from technology would be contrary to a fundamental trend in the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1833
development of our society.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1834
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1835
Consequently, such a change either would be a transitory one -- soon =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1836
swamped by the tide of history -- or,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1837
if large enough to be permanent would alter the nature of our whole =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1838
society. This by the first and second=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1839
principles. Moreover, since society wo uld be altered in a way that could =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1840
not be pr edicted in advance (third=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1841
principle) there would be great risk. Changes large enough to make a =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1842
lasting difference in favor of freedom=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1843
would not be initiated because it would realized that they would gravely =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1844
disrupt the system. So any=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1845
attempts at reform w ould be too timid to be effective. Even if c hanges =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1846
large enough to make a lasting=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1847
difference were initiated, they would be retracted when their disruptive =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1848
effects became apparent. Thus,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1849
permanent changes=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1850
in favor of freedom could be brought about only by persons prepared to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1851
accept radical, dangero us and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1852
unpredictable alteration of the entir e system. In other words, by =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1853
revolutionaries, not reformers.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1854
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1855
112. People anxious to rescue freedom without sacrificing the supposed =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1856
benefits of technology will suggest=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1857
naive schemes for some new form of society that would reconcile freedom =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1858
with technology. Apart from the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1859
fact that people who make suggestions sel dom propose any practical means =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1860
by which the new form of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1861
society could be set up in the first place, it follows from the fourth =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1862
principle that even if the new form of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1863
society could be once established, it either would collapse or would give =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1864
results very different from those=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1865
expected.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1866
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1867
113. So even on very general grounds it seems highly improbably that any =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1868
way of changing society could=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1869
be found that would reconcile freedom with modern technology. In the next =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1870
few sections we will give more=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1871
specific reasons for concluding that freedo m and technological progress =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1872
are incompatibl e.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1873
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1874
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1875
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1876
RESTRICTION OF FREEDOM IS UNAVOIDABLE IN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1877
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1878
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1879
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1880
114. As explained in paragraph 65-67, 70-73, modern man is strapped down by =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1881
a network of rules and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1882
regulations, and his fate depends on the actions of persons remote from him =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1883
whose decisions he cannot=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1884
influence. This is not accidental or a result of t he arbitrariness of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1885
arrogant bureaucrats. I t is necessary and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1886
inevitable in any technologically advanced society. The system HAS TO =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1887
regulate human behavior closely=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1888
in order to function. At work, people have to do what they are told to do, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1889
otherwise production would be=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1890
thrown into chaos. Bureaucra cies HAVE TO be run according to rigid rules . =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1891
To allow any substantial=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1892
personal discretion to lower-level bureaucrats would disrupt the system and =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1893
lead to charges of unfairness=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1894
due to differences in the way individual bureaucrats exercised their =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1895
discretion.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1896
It is true that some restrictions on our freedom could be eliminated, but =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1897
GENERALLY S PEAKING the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1898
regulation of our lives by large organizations is necessary for the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1899
functioning of industrial-technological=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1900
society. The result is a sense of powerlessness on the part of the average =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1901
person. It may be, however, that=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1902
formal regulations will ten d increasingly to be replaced by psychologic al =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1903
tools that make us want to do=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1904
what the system requires of us. (Propaganda [14], educational techniques, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1905
"mental health" programs, etc.)=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1906
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1907
115. The system HAS TO force people to behave in ways that are increasingly =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1908
remote from the natural=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1909
pattern of human behavior. For example, the system needs scientists, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1910
mathematicians and engineers. It can't=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1911
function without them. So heavy pressure is put on children to excel in =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1912
these fields. It isn't natural for an=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1913
adolescent human being to spend the bulk of his time sitting at a desk =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1914
absorbed in study. A normal=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1915
adolescent wants to spend his time in active contact with the real world. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1916
Among primitive peoples the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1917
things that children are trained to do are in natural harmony with natural =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1918
h uman impulses. Among the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1919
American Indians, for example, boys were trained in active outdoor pursuits =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1920
-- just the sort of things that=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1921
boys like. But in our society children are pushed into studying technical =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1922
subjects,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1923
which most do grudgingly.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1924
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1925
117. In any technologically advanced society the individual's fate MUST =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1926
depend on decisions that he=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1927
personally cannot influence to any great extent. A technological society =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1928
cannot be broken down into small,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1929
autonomous communities, because production de pends on the cooperation of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1930
very large numbe rs of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1931
people. When a decision affects, say, a million people, then each of the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1932
affected individuals has, on the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1933
average, only a one-millionth share in making the decision. What usually =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1934
happens in practice is that=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1935
decisions are made by public officials or corporation executives, or by =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1936
technical spe cialists, but even when=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1937
the public votes on a decision the number of voters ordinarily is too large =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1938
for the vote of any one individual=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1939
to be significant. [17]=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1940
Thus most individuals are unable to influence measurably the major =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1941
decisions that affect their l ives. Their=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1942
is no conceivable way to remedy this in a technologically advanced society. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1943
The system tries to "solve" this=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1944
problem by using propaganda to make people WANT the decisions that have =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1945
been made for them, but even=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1946
if this "solution" were completely successful in making people feel better, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1947
it would be demeaning.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1948
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1949
118 Conservatives and some others advocate more "local autonomy." Local =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1950
communities once did have=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1951
autonomy, but such autonomy becomes less and less possible as local =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1952
communities become more=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1953
enmeshed with and dependent on large-scale systems like public utilities, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1954
computer networks, highway=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1955
syste ms, the mass communications media, the modern health care system. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1956
Also operating against=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1957
autonomy is the fact that technology applied in one location often affects =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1958
people at other locations far=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1959
away. Thus pesticide or chemical use near a creek may contam inate the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1960
water supply hundreds of miles=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1961
dow nstream, and the greenhouse effect affects the whole world.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1962
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1963
119. The system does not and cannot exist to satisfy human needs. Instead, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1964
it is human behavior that has to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1965
be modified to fit the needs of the system. This has nothing to do with the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1966
political or social ideology that=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1967
may pretend to guide the technolog ical system. It is the fault of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1968
technology, because the system is guided=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1969
not by ideology but by technical necessity. [18] Of course the system does =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1970
satisfy many human needs, but=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1971
generally speaking it does this only to the extent that it is to the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1972
advantage of the system to do it. It is the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1973
needs of the system that are paramount, not those of the human being. For =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1974
example, the system provides=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1975
people with food because the system couldn't function if everyone starved; =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1976
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1977
it attends to people's psychological needs whenever it can CONVENIENTLY do =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1978
so, because it couldn't=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1979
function if too many people be came depressed or rebellious. But the system =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1980
, for good, solid, practical=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1981
reasons, must exert constant pressure on people to mold their behavior to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1982
the needs of the system. Too=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1983
much waste accumulating? The government, the media, the educational system, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1984
environmentalists,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1985
everyone inundates us with a mass of propaganda about recycling. Need mo re =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1986
technical personnel? A=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1987
chorus of voices exhorts kids to study science. No one stops to ask whether =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1988
it is inhumane to force=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1989
adolescents to spend the bulk of their time studying subjects most of them =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1990
hate. When skilled workers are=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1991
put out of a job by tec hnical advances and have to undergo "retrain ing," =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1992
no one asks=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1993
whether it is humiliating for them to be pushed around in this way. It is =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1994
simply taken for granted that=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1995
everyone must bow to technical necessity and for good reason: If human =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1996
needs were put before technical=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1997
necessity there would be econo mic problems, unemployment, shortages or wor =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1998
se. The concept of "mental=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  1999
health" in our society is defined largely by the extent to which an =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2000
individual behaves in accord with the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2001
needs of the system and does so without showing signs of stress.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2002
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2003
120. Efforts to make room for a sense of purpose and for autonomy within =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2004
the system are no better than a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2005
joke. For example, one company, instead of having each of its employees =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2006
assemble only one section of a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2007
catalogue, had each assemble a whole catalog ue, and this was supposed to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2008
give them a sen se of purpose=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2009
and achievement. Some companies have tried to give their employees more =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2010
autonomy in their work, but for=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2011
practical reasons this usually can be done only to a very limited extent, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2012
and in any case employees are=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2013
never given autonomy as to ultima te goals -- their "autonomous" efforts =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2014
can n ever be directed toward=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2015
goals that they select personally, but only toward their employer's goals, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2016
such as the survival and growth of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2017
the company. Any company would=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2018
soon go out of business if it permitted its employees to act otherwise. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2019
Similarly, in any enterprise within a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2020
socialist system, worker s must direct their efforts toward the goals of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2021
the enterprise, otherwise the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2022
enterprise will not serve its purpose as part of the system. Once again, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2023
for purely technical reasons it is not=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2024
possible for most individuals or small groups to have much autono my in =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2025
industrial society. Even the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2026
small-bus iness owner commonly has only limited autonomy. Apart from the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2027
necessity of government=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2028
regulation, he is restricted by the fact that he must fit into the economic =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2029
system and conform to its=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2030
requirements. For instance, when someone develops a new technology , the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2031
small-business person often=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2032
has to use that technology whether he wants to or not, in order to remain =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2033
competitive.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2034
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2035
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2036
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2037
THE 'BAD' PARTS OF TECHNOLOGY CANNOT BE SEPARATED FROM THE 'GOOD' =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2038
PARTS
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2039
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2040
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2041
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2042
121. A further reason why industrial society cannot be reformed in favor of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2043
freedom is that modern=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2044
technology is a unified system in which all parts are dependent on one =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2045
another. You can't get rid of the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2046
"bad" parts of technology and retain only the "g ood" parts. Take modern =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2047
medicine, for exampl e. Progress=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2048
in medical science depends on progress in chemistry, physics, biology, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2049
computer science and other fields.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2050
Advanced medical treatments require expensive, high-tech equipment that can =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2051
be made available only by a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2052
technologically progressive, econ omically rich society. Clearly you can't =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2053
hav e much progress in medicine=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2054
without the whole technological system and everything that goes with it. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2055
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2056
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2057
122. Even if medical progress could be maintained without the rest of the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2058
technological system, it would by=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2059
itself bring certain evils. Suppose for example that a cure for diabetes is =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2060
discovered. People with a genetic=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2061
tendency to diabetes will then be able to survive and reproduce as well as =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2062
an yone else. Natural selection=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2063
against genes for diabetes will cease and such genes will spread throughout =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2064
the population. (This may be=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2065
occurring to some extent already, since diabetes, while not curable, can be =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2066
controlled through the use of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2067
insulin.) The s ame thing will happen with many other diseas es =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2068
susceptibility to which is affected by=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2069
genetic degradation of the population. The only solution will be some sort =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2070
of eugenics program or=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2071
extensive genetic engineering of human beings,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2072
so that man in the future will no longer be a creation of nature, or of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2073
chance, or of God (depending on your=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2074
rel igious or philosophical opinions), but a manufactured product.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2075
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2076
123. If you think that big government interferes in your life too much NOW, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2077
just wait till the government=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2078
starts regulating the genetic constitution of your children. Such =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2079
regulation will inevitably follow the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2080
introduction of genetic engineering of hum an beings, because the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2081
consequences of unreg ulated genetic=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2082
engineering would be disastrous. [19]=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2083
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2084
124. The usual response to such concerns is to talk about "medical ethics." =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2085
But a code of ethics would not=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2086
serve to protect freedom in the face of medical progress; it would only =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2087
make matters worse. A code of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2088
ethics applicable to genetic engineering wo uld be in effect a means of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2089
regulating the g enetic constitution=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2090
of human beings. Somebody (probably the upper-middle class, mostly) would =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2091
decide that such and such=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2092
applications of genetic engineering were "ethical" and others were not, so =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2093
that in effect they would be=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2094
imposing their own values on th e genetic constitution of the population at =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2095
large. Even if a code of ethics=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2096
were chosen on a completely democratic basis, the majority would be =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2097
imposing their own values on any=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2098
minorities who might have a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2099
different idea of what constituted an "ethical" use of genetic engineering. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2100
The only code of e thics that=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2101
would truly protect freedom would be one that prohibited ANY genetic =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2102
engineering of human beings, and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2103
you can be sure that no such code will ever be applied in a technological =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2104
society. No code that reduced=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2105
genetic engineering to a minor role could stand up for long, because the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2106
temptatio n presented by the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2107
immense power of biotechn ology would be irresistible, especially since to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2108
the majority of people many of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2109
its applications will seem obviously and unequivocally good (eliminating =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2110
physical and mental diseases,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2111
giving people the abilities they need to get along in today's world). In =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2112
evitably, genetic engineering will be=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2113
used e xtensively, but only in ways consistent with the needs of the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2114
industrial-technological system. [20]=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2115
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2116
TECHNOLOGY IS A MORE POWERFUL SOCIAL FORCE THAN THE ASPIRATION FOR=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2117
FREEDOM
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2118
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2119
125. It is not possible to make a LASTING compromise between technology and =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2120
freedom, because=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2121
technology is by far the more powerful social force and continually =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2122
encroaches on freedom through=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2123
REPEATED compromises. Imagine the case of two neighbors, each of whom at =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2124
the outset owns the same=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2125
amount of land, but one of whom is more powerful than the other. The =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2126
powerful one demands a piece of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2127
the other's land. The weak one refuses. The powerful one says, "OK, let's =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2128
compromise. Give me half of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2129
what I asked." The weak one has little choice but to give in. Some time =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2130
later the powerful neighbor demand=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2131
s another piece of land, again there is a compromise, and so forth. By =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2132
forcing a long series of compromises=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2133
on the weaker man, the powerful one eventually gets all of his land. So it =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2134
goes in the conflict between=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2135
technology and freedom.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2136
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2137
126. Let us explain why technology is a more powerful social force than the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2138
aspiration for freedom.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2139
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2140
127. A technological advance that appears not to threaten freedom often =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2141
turns out to threaten freedom often=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2142
turns out to threaten it very seriously later on. For example, consider =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2143
motorized transport. A walking man=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2144
formerly could go where he pleased, g o at his own pace without observing =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2145
any traf fic regulations, and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2146
was independent of technological support-systems. When motor vehicles were =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2147
introduced they appeared to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2148
increase man's freedom. They took no freedom away from the walking man, no =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2149
one had to have an=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2150
automobile if he didn't want one, and anyone who did choose to buy an =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2151
automobile could travel much=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2152
faster than the walking man. But the introduction of motorized transport =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2153
soon changed society in such a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2154
way as to restrict greatly man's freedom of locomotion. When automobiles =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2155
became numerous,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2156
it became necessary to regulate their use e xtensively. In a car, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2157
especially in densely populated areas, one=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2158
cannot just go where one likes at one's own pace one's movement is governed =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2159
by the flow of traffic and by=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2160
various traffic laws. One is tied down by various obligations: license =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2161
requirements, driver test, renewing=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2162
registration, insuran ce, maintenance required for safety, monthly payments =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2163
on purchase price. Moreover,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2164
the use of motorized transport is no longer optional. Since the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2165
introduction of motorized transport the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2166
arrangement of our cities has changed in such a way that the majority of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2167
people no longer live within=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2168
walking di stance of their place of employment, shoppin g areas and =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2169
recreational opportunities, so that they=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2170
HAVE TO depend on the automobile for transportation.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2171
Or else they must use public transportation, in which case they have even =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2172
less control over their own=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2173
movement than when driving a car. Even the wal ker's freedom is now greatly =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2174
restricted. In the city he=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2175
continually has to stop and wait for traffic lights that are designed =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2176
mainly to serve auto traffic. In the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2177
country, motor traffic makes it dangerous and unpleasant to walk along the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2178
highway. (Note the important=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2179
point we have illustrated with t he case of motorized transport: When a new =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2180
i tem of technology is=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2181
introduced as an option that an individual can accept or not as he chooses, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2182
it does not necessarily REMAIN=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2183
optional. In many cases the new technology changes society in such a way =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2184
that people eventually find=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2185
themselves FORCED to use i t.)=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2186
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2187
128. While technological progress AS A WHOLE continually narrows our sphere =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2188
of freedom, each new=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2189
technical advance CONSIDERED BY ITSELF appears to be desirable. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2190
Electricity, indoor plumbing, rapid=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2191
long-distance communications . . . how could one argue against any of these =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2192
things, or against any other of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2193
the innumerable technical advances that have made modern society? It would =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2194
have been absurd to resist the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2195
introduction of the telephone, for example. It offered many advantages and =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2196
no disadvantages. Yet as we=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2197
explained in paragraphs 59-76, all th ese technical advances taken together =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2198
have c reated world in which=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2199
the average man's fate is no longer in his own hands or in the hands of his =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2200
neighbors and friends, but in=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2201
those of politicians, corporation executives and remote, anonymous =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2202
technicians=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2203
and bureaucrats whom he as an individual has no power to influence. [21] =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2204
The same process wi ll continue=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2205
in the future. Take genetic engineering, for example. Few people will =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2206
resist the introduction of a genetic=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2207
technique that eliminates a hereditary disease It does no apparent harm and =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2208
prevents much suffering. Yet a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2209
large number of genetic impr ovements taken together will make the human =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2210
being into an engineered=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2211
product rather than a free creation of chance (or of God, or whatever, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2212
depending on your religious beliefs).=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2213
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2214
129 Another reason why technology is such a powerful social force is that, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2215
within the context of a given=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2216
society, technological progress marches in only one direction; it can never =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2217
be reversed. Once a technical=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2218
innovation has been introduced, people us ually become dependent on it, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2219
unless it is r eplaced by some still=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2220
more advanced innovation. Not only do people become dependent as =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2221
individuals on a new item of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2222
technology, but, even more, the system as a whole becomes dependent on it. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2223
(Imagine what would happen=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2224
to the system today if computers, for example, were eliminated.) Thus the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2225
system can move in only one=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2226
direction, toward greater technologization. Technology repeatedly forces =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2227
freedom to take a step back --=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2228
short of the overthrow of the whole technological system.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2229
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2230
130. Technology advances with great rapidity and threatens freedom at many =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2231
different points at the same=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2232
time (crowding, rules and regulations, increasing dependence of individuals =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2233
on large organizations,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2234
propaganda and other psychological techniques, g enetic engineering, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2235
invasion of privacy thro ugh=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2236
surveillance devices and computers, etc.) To hold back any ONE of the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2237
threats to freedom would require a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2238
long different social struggle. Those who want to protect freedom are =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2239
overwhelmed by the sheer number of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2240
new attacks and the rapidity with which t hey develop, hence they become =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2241
pathetic and no longer resist. To=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2242
fight each of the threats separately would be futile. Success can be hoped =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2243
for only by fighting the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2244
technological system as a whole; but that is revolution not reform. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2245
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2246
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2247
131. Technicians (we use this term in its broad sense to describe all those =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2248
who perform a specialized task=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2249
that requires training) tend to be so involved in their work (their =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2250
surrogate activity) that when a conflict=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2251
arises between their technical work and freedom, they almost always decide =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2252
in fa vor of their technical=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2253
work. This is obvious in the case of scientists, but it also appears =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2254
elsewhere: Educators, humanitarian=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2255
groups, conservation organizations do not hesitate to use propaganda or =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2256
other psychological techniques to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2257
help them achieve thei r laudable ends. Corporations and government =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2258
agencies, when they find it useful, do=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2259
not hesitate to collect information about individuals without regard to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2260
their privacy. Law enforcement=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2261
agencies are=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2262
frequently inconvenienced by the constitutional rights of suspects and =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2263
often of completely innocent=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2264
persons, and they do whatever they can do l egally (or sometimes illegally) =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2265
to restrict or circumvent those=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2266
rights. Most of these educators, government officials and law officers =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2267
believe in freedom, privacy and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2268
constitutional rights, but when these conflict with their work, they =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2269
usually feel that t heir work is more=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2270
important.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2271
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2272
132. It is well known that people generally work better and more =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2273
persistently when striving for a reward=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2274
than when attempting to avoid a punishment or negative outcome. Scientists =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2275
and other technicians are=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2276
motivated mainly by the rewards they get throu gh their work. But those who =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2277
oppose technilo giccal=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2278
invasions of freedom are working to avoid a negative outcome, consequently =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2279
there are a few who work=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2280
persistently and well at this discouraging task. If reformers ever achieved =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2281
a signal victory that seemed to set=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2282
up a solid barrier against further e rosion of freedom through =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2283
technological prog ress, most would tend to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2284
relax and turn their attention to more agreeable pursuits. But the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2285
scientists would remain busy in their=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2286
laboratories, and technology as it progresses would find ways,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2287
in spite of any barriers, to exert more and more control over individuals =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2288
and make them always more=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2289
depend ent on the system.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2290
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2291
133. No social arrangements, whether laws, institutions, customs or ethical =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2292
codes, can provide permanent=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2293
protection against technology. History shows that all social arrangements =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2294
are transitory; they all change or=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2295
break down eventually. But technologic al advances are permanent within the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2296
context of a given=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2297
civilization. Suppose for example that it were possible to arrive at some =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2298
social arrangements that would=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2299
prevent genetic engineering from being applied to human beings, or prevent =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2300
it from being applied in such a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2301
ways as to threaten freedom and dignity. Still, the technology would remain =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2302
waiting. Sooner or later the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2303
social arrangement would break down. Probably sooner, given that pace of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2304
change in our society. Then=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2305
genetic engineering would begin to invade our=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2306
sphere of freedom, and this invasion would be irreversible (short of a =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2307
breakdo wn of technological=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2308
civilization itself). An y illusions about achieving anything permanent =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2309
through social arrangements should=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2310
be dispelled by what is currently happening with environmental legislation. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2311
A few years ago it seemed that=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2312
there were secure legal barriers preventing at least SOME of the w orst =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2313
forms of environmental=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2314
degradation. A c hange in the political wind, and those barriers begin to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2315
crumble.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2316
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2317
134. For all of the foregoing reasons, technology is a more powerful social =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2318
force than the aspiration for=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2319
freedom. But this statement requires an important qualification. It appears =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2320
that during the next several=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2321
decades the industrial-technological syst em will be undergoing severe =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2322
stresses due to economic and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2323
environmental problems, and especially due to problems of human behavior =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2324
(alienation, rebellion, hostility,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2325
a variety of social and psychological difficulties). We hope that the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2326
stresses through which the system is=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2327
likely to pass will cause it to break down, or at least weaken it suff =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2328
iciently so that a revolution occurs and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2329
is successful, then at that particular moment the aspiration for freedom =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2330
will have proved more powerful=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2331
than technology.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2332
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2333
135. In paragraph 125 we used an analogy of a weak neighbor who is left =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2334
destitute by a strong neighbor=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2335
who takes all his land by forcing on him a series of compromises. But =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2336
suppose now that the strong=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2337
neighbor gets sick, so that he is unable to defend himself. The weak =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2338
neighbor can force the str ong one to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2339
give him his land back, or he can kill him. If he lets the strong man =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2340
survive and only forces him to give his=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2341
land back, he is a fool, because when the strong man gets well he will =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2342
again take all the land for himself.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2343
The only sensible alternat ive for the weaker man is to kill the strong one =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2344
while he has the chance. In the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2345
same way, while the industrial system is sick we must destroy it. If we =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2346
compromise with it and let it=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2347
recover from its sickness, it will eventually wipe out all of our freedom. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2348
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2349
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2350
SIMPLER SOCIAL PROBLEMS HAVE PROVED INTRACTABLE
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2351
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2352
136. If anyone still imagines that it would be possible to reform the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2353
system in such a way as to protect=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2354
freedom from technology, let him consider how clumsily and for the most =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2355
part unsuccessfully our society=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2356
has dealt with other social problems that a re far more simple and =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2357
straightforward. Amon g other things, the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2358
system has failed to stop environmental degradation, political corruption, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2359
drug trafficking or domestic=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2360
abuse.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2361
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2362
137. Take our environmental problems, for example. Here the conflict of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2363
values is straightforward:=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2364
economic expedience now versus saving some of our natural resources for our =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2365
grandchildren [22] But on=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2366
this subject we get only a lot of blather and obfus cation from the people =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2367
who have power, and n othing=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2368
like a clear, consistent line of action, and we keep on piling up =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2369
environmental problems that our=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2370
grandchildren will have to live with. Attempts to resolve the environmental =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2371
issue consist of struggles and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2372
compromises between different factions, som e of which are ascendant at one =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2373
moment, othe rs at another=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2374
moment. The line of struggle changes with the shifting currents of public =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2375
opinion. This is not a rational=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2376
process, or is it one that is likely to lead to a timely and successful =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2377
solution to the problem.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2378
Major social problems, if they get "so lved" at all, are rarely or never =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2379
solved thr ough any rational,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2380
comprehensive plan. They just work themselves out through a process in =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2381
which various competing groups=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2382
pursing their own usually short-term) self-interest [23] arrive (mainly by =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2383
luck) at some more or less stable=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2384
modus vivendi. In fact, t he principles we formulated in paragraphs 10 =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2385
0-106 make it seem doubtful that=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2386
rational, long-term social planning can EVER be successful. 138. Thus it is =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2387
clear that the human race has at=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2388
best a very limited capacity for solving even relatively straightforward =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2389
social problems. How then is it=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2390
going to solve the far more difficult and subtle problem of reconciling =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2391
freedom with technology?=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2392
Technology presents clear-cut material advantages,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2393
whereas freedom is an abstraction that means different things to different =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2394
people, and its loss is easily=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2395
obscured by propaganda and fancy talk.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2396
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2397
139. And note this important difference: It is conceivable that our =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2398
environmental problems (for example)=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2399
may some day be settled through a rational, comprehensive plan, but if this =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2400
happens it will be only because=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2401
it is in the long-term interest of the system to solve these problems. But =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2402
it is NOT in the interest of the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2403
system to preserve freedom or small-group autonomy. On the contrary, it is =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2404
in the interest of the system to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2405
bring human behavior under control to the greatest possible extent. Thus, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2406
while practical considerations=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2407
may eventually force the system to take a rational, prudent approach to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2408
environmental problems, equally=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2409
practical considerations will force the system to regulate human behavior =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2410
ever more closely (preferably by=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2411
indirect means that will disguise the encroachment on freedom.)=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2412
This isn't just our opinion. Eminent social scientists (e.g. James Q. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2413
Wilson) have stressed the importance of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2414
"socializing" people more effectively.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2415
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2416
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2417
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2418
REVOLUTION IS EASIER THAN REFORM
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2419
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2420
140. We hope we have convinced the reader that the system cannot be =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2421
reformed in a such a way as to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2422
reconcile freedom with technology. The only way out is to dispense with the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2423
industrial-technological=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2424
system altogether. This implies revolution, not necessarily an armed =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2425
uprising, but certainly a radical and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2426
fundamental change in the nature of society.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2427
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2428
141. People tend to assume that because a revolution involves a much =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2429
greater change than reform does, it is=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2430
more difficult to bring about than reform is. Actually, under certain =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2431
circumstances revolution is much=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2432
easier than reform. The reason is that a revolutionary movement can inspire =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2433
an intensity of commitment=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2434
that a reform movement cannot inspire. A reform movement merely offers to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2435
solve a particular social=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2436
problem A revolutionary movement offers to solve all problems at one stroke =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2437
and create a whole new=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2438
world; it provides the kind of ideal for which people will take great risks =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2439
and make great sacrifices. For this=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2440
reasons it would be much easier to overthrow the whole technological system =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2441
than to put effective,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2442
permanent restraints on the development of application of any one segment =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2443
of technology, s
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2444
uch as genetic engineering, but under suitable conditions large numbers of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2445
people may devote themselves=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2446
passionately=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2447
to a revolution against the industrial-technological system. As we noted in =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2448
paragraph 132, reformers=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2449
seeking to limite certain aspects of technology would be working to avoid a =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2450
negative outcome. But=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2451
revolutionaries work to gain a powerful reward -- fulfillment of their =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2452
revolutionary vision -- and therefore=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2453
work harder and more persistently than reformers do.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2454
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2455
142. Reform is always restrainde by the fear of painful consequences if =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2456
changes go too far. But once a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2457
revolutionary fever has taken hold of a society, people are willing to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2458
undergo unlimited hardships for the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2459
sake of their revolution. This was clearly shown in the French and Russian =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2460
Revolutions. It may be that in=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2461
such cases only a minority of the population is really committed to the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2462
revolution, but this minority is=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2463
sufficiently large and active so that it becomes the dominant force in =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2464
society. We will have more to say=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2465
about revolution in paragraphs 180-205.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2466
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2467
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2468
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2469
CONTROL OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2470
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2471
143. Since the beginning of civilization, organized societies have had to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2472
put pressures on human beings of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2473
the sake of the functioning of the social organism. The kinds of pressures =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2474
vary greatly from one society to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2475
another. Some of the pressures are physical (poor diet, excessive labor, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2476
environmental pollution), some are=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2477
psychological (noise, crowding, forcing humans behavior into the mold that =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2478
society requires). In the past,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2479
human nature has been approximately constant, or at any rate has varied =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2480
only within certain bounds.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2481
Consequently, societies have been able to push people only up to certain =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2482
limits. When the limit of human=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2483
endurance has been passed, things start going rong: rebellion, or crime, or =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2484
corruption, or evasion of work,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2485
or depression and other mental problems,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2486
or an elevated death rate, or a declining birth rate or something else, so =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2487
that either the society breaks down,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2488
or its functioning becomes too inefficient and it is (quickly or gradually, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2489
through conquest, attrition or=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2490
evolution) replaces by some more efficient form of society.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2491
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2492
[25]=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2493
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2494
144. Thus human nature has in the past put certain limits on the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2495
development of societies. People coud be=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2496
pushed only so far and no farther. But today this may be changing, because =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2497
modern technology is=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2498
developing way of modifying human beings.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2499
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2500
145. Imagine a society that subjects people to conditions that amke them =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2501
terribley unhappy, then gives=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2502
them the drugs to take away their unhappiness. Science fiction? It is =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2503
already happening to some extent in=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2504
our own society. It is well known that the rate of clinical depression had =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2505
been greatly increasing in recent=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2506
decades. We believe that this is due to disruption fo the power process, as =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2507
explained in paragraphs 59-76.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2508
But even if we are wrong, the increasing rate of depression is certainly =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2509
the result of SOME conditions that=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2510
exist in today's society. Instead of removing the conditions that make =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2511
people depressed, modern society=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2512
gives them antidepressant drugs. In effect, antidepressants area a means of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2513
modifying an individual's=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2514
internal state in such a way as to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2515
enable him to toelrate social conditions that he would otherwise find =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2516
intolerable. (Yes, we know that=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2517
depression is often of purely genetic origin. We are referring here to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2518
those cases in which environment=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2519
plays the predominant role.)=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2520
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2521
146. Drugs that affect the mind are only one example of the methods of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2522
controlling human behavior that=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2523
modern society is developing. Let us look at some of the other methods. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2524
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2525
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2526
147. To start with, there are the techniques of surveillance. Hidden video =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2527
cameras are now used in most=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2528
stores and in many other places, computers are used to collect and process =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2529
vast amounts of information=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2530
about individuals. Information so obtained greatly increases the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2531
effectiveness of physical coercion (i.e., law=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2532
enforcement).[26] Then there are the methods of propaganda, for which the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2533
mass communication media=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2534
provide effective vehicles. Efficient techniques have been developed for =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2535
winning elections, selling=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2536
products, influencing public opinion. The entertainment industry serves as =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2537
an important psychological tool=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2538
of the system, possibly even when it is dishing out large amounts of sex =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2539
and violence. Entertainment=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2540
provides modern man with an essential means of escape.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2541
While absorbed in television, videos, etc., he can forget stress, anxiety, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2542
frustration, dissatisfaction. Many=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2543
primitive peoples, when they don't have work to do, are quite content to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2544
sit for hours at a time doing=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2545
nothing at all, because they are at peace with themselves and their world. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2546
But most modern people must be=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2547
contantly occupied or entertained, otherwise the get "bored," i.e., they =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2548
get fidgety, uneasy, irritable.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2549
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2550
148. Other techniques strike deeper that the foregoing. Education is no =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2551
longer a simple affair of paddling a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2552
kid's behind when he doesn't know his lessons and patting him on the head =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2553
when he does know them. It is=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2554
becoming a scientific technique for controlling the child's development. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2555
Sylvan Learning Centers, for=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2556
example, have had great success in motivating children to study, and =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2557
psychological techniques are also=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2558
used with more or less success in many conventional schools. "Parenting" =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2559
techniques that are taught to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2560
parents are designed to make children accept fundamental values of the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2561
system and behave in ways that the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2562
system finds desirable. "Mental health" programs, "intervention" =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2563
techniques, psychotherapy and so forth=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2564
are ostensibly designed to benefit individuals,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2565
but in practice they usually serve as methods for inducing individuals to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2566
think and behave as the system=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2567
requires. (There is no contradiction here; an individual whose attitudes or =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2568
behavior bring him into conflict=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2569
with the system is up against a force that is too powerful for him to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2570
conquer or escape from, hence he is=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2571
likely to suffer from stress, frustration, defeat. His path will be much =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2572
easier if he thinks and behaves as the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2573
system requires. In that sense the system is acting for the benefit of the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2574
individual when it brainwashes him=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2575
into conformity.) Child abuse in its gross and obvious forms is disapproved =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2576
in most if not all cultures.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2577
Tormenting a child for a trivial reason or no reason at all is something =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2578
that appalls almost everyone.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2579
But many psychologists interpret the concept of abuse much more broadly. Is =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2580
spanking, when used as part=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2581
of a rational and consistent system of discipline, a form of abuse? The =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2582
question will ultimately be decided=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2583
by whether or not spanking tends to produce behavior that makes a person =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2584
fit in well with the existing=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2585
system of society. In practice, the word "abuse" tends to be interpreted to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2586
include any method of child-
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2587
rearing that produces behavior inconvenient for the system. Thus, when they =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2588
go beyond the prevention of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2589
obvious, senseless cruelty, programs for preventing "child abuse" are =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2590
directed toward the control of human=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2591
behavior of the system.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2592
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2593
149. Presumably, research will continue to increas the effectiveness of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2594
psychological techniques for=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2595
controlling human behavior. But we think it is unlikely that psychological =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2596
techniques alone will be=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2597
sufficient to adjust human beings to the kind of society that technology is =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2598
creating. Biological methods=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2599
probably will have to be used. We have already mentiond the use of drugs in =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2600
this connection. Neurology=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2601
may provide other avenues of modifying the human mind. Genetic engineering =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2602
of human beings is already=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2603
beginning to occur in the form of "gene therapy," and there is no reason to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2604
assume the such methods will=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2605
not eventually be used to modify those aspects of the body that affect =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2606
mental funtioning.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2607
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2608
150. As we mentioned in paragraph 134, industrial society seems likely to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2609
be entering a period of severe=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2610
stress, due in part to problems of human behavior and in part to economic =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2611
and environmental problems.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2612
And a considerable proportion of the system's economic and environmental =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2613
problems result from the way=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2614
human beings behave. Alienation, low self-esteem, depression, hostility, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2615
rebellion; children who won't=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2616
study, youth gangs, illegal drug use, rape, child abuse , other crimes, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2617
unsafe sex, teen pregnancy,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2618
population growth, political corruption, race hatred, ethnic rivalry, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2619
bitter ideological conflict (i.e., pro-
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2620
choice vs. pro-life), political extremism, terrorism, sabotage, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2621
anti-government groups, hate groups. All=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2622
these threaten the very survival of the system.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2623
The system will be FORCED to use every practical means of controlling human =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2624
behavior.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2625
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2626
151. The social disruption that we see today is certainly not the result of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2627
mere chance. It can only be a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2628
result fo the conditions of life that the system imposes on people. (We =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2629
have argued that the most important=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2630
of these conditions is disruption of the power process.) If the systems =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2631
succeeds in imposing sufficient=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2632
control over human behavior to assure itw own survival, a new watershed in =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2633
human history will have=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2634
passed. Whereas formerly the limits of human endurance have imposed limits =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2635
on the development of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2636
societies (as we explained in paragraphs 143, 144), =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2637
industrial-technological society will be able to pass=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2638
those limits by modifying human beings, whether by psychological methods or =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2639
biological methods or both.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2640
In the future, social systems will not be adjusted to suit the needs of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2641
human beings.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2642
Instead, human being will be adjusted to suit the needs of the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2643
system.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2644
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2645
[27] 152. Generally speaking, technological control over human behavior =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2646
will probably not be introduced=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2647
with a totalitarian intention or even through a conscious desire to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2648
restrict human freedom. [28] Each new=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2649
step in the assertion of control over the human mind will be taken as a =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2650
rational response to a problem that=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2651
faces society, such as curing alcoholism, reducing the crime rate or =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2652
inducing young people to study science=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2653
and engineering. In many cases, there will be humanitarian justification. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2654
For example, when a psychiatrist=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2655
prescribes an anti-depressant for a depressed patient, he is clearly doing =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2656
that individual a favor. It would be=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2657
inhumane to withhold the drug from someone who needs it. When parents send =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2658
their children to Sylvan=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2659
Learning Centers to have them manipulated into becoming enthusiastic about =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2660
their studies,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2661
they do so from concern for their children's welfare. It may be that some =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2662
of these parents wish that one=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2663
didn't have to have specialized training to get a job and that their kid =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2664
didn't have to be brainwashed into=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2665
becoming a computer nerd. But what can they do? They can't change society, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2666
and their child may be=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2667
unemployable if he doesn't have certain skills. So they send him to Sylvan. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2668
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2669
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2670
153. Thus control over human behavior will be introduced not by a =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2671
calculated decision of the authorities=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2672
but through a process of social evolution (RAPID evolution, however). The =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2673
process will be impossible to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2674
resist, because each advance, considered by itself, will appear to be =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2675
beneficial, or at least the evil involved=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2676
in making the advance will appear to be beneficial, or at least the evil =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2677
involved in making the advance will=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2678
seem to be less than that which would result from not making it (see =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2679
paragraph 127). Propaganda for=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2680
example is used for many good purposes, such as discouraging child abuse or =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2681
race hatred. [14] Sex=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2682
education is obviously useful, yet the effect of sex education (to the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2683
extent that it is successful) is to take=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2684
the shaping of sexual attitudes=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2685
away from the family and put it into the hands of the state as represented =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2686
by the public school system.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2687
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2688
154. Suppose a biological trait is discovered that increases the likelihood =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2689
that a child will grow up to be a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2690
criminal and suppose some sort of gene therapy can remove this trait. [29] =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2691
Of course most parents whose=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2692
children possess the trait will have them undergo the therapy. It would be =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2693
inhumane to do otherwise, since=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2694
the child would probably have a miserable life if he grew up to be a =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2695
criminal. But many or most primitive=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2696
societies have a low crime rate in comparison with that of our society, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2697
even though they have neither high-
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2698
tech methods of child-rearing nor harsh systems of punishment. Since there =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2699
is no reason to suppose that=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2700
more modern men than primitive men have innate predatory tendencies, the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2701
high crime rate of our society=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2702
must be due to the pressures that modern conditions put on people,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2703
to which many cannot or will not adjust. Thus a treatment designed to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2704
remove potential criminal tendencies=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2705
is at least in part a way of re-engineering people so that they suit the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2706
requirements of the system.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2707
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2708
155. Our society tends to regard as a "sickness" any mode of thought or =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2709
behavior that is inconvenient for=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2710
the system, and this is plausible because when an individual doesn't fit =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2711
into the system it causes pain to the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2712
individual as well as problems for the system. Thus the manipulation of an =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2713
individual to adjust him to the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2714
system is seen as a "cure" for a "sickness" and therefore as good.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2715
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2716
156. In paragraph 127 we pointed out that if the use of a new item of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2717
technology is INITIALLY optional, it=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2718
does not necessarily REMAIN optional, because the new technology tends to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2719
change society in such a way=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2720
that it becomes difficult or impossible for an individual to function =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2721
without using that technology. This=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2722
applies also to the technology of human behavior. In a world in which most =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2723
children are put through a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2724
program to make them enthusiastic about studying, a parent will almost be =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2725
forced to put his kid through=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2726
such a program, because if he does not, then the kid will grow up to be, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2727
comparatively speaking, an=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2728
ignoramus and therefore unemployable. Or suppose a biological treatment is =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2729
discovered that, without=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2730
undesirable side-effects,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2731
will greatly reduce the psychological stress from which so many people =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2732
suffer in our society. If large=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2733
numbers of people choose to undergo the treatment, then the general level =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2734
of stress in society will be=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2735
reduced, so that it will be possible for the system to increase the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2736
stress-producing pressures. In fact,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2737
something like this seems to have happened already with one of our =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2738
society's most important psychological=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2739
tools for enabling people to reduce (or at least temporarily escape from) =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2740
stress, namely, mass entertainment=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2741
(see paragraph 147). Our use of mass entertainment is "optional": No law =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2742
requires us to watch television,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2743
listen to the radio, read magazines. Yet mass entertainment is a means of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2744
escape and stress-reduction on=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2745
which most of us have become dependent.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2746
Everyone complains about the trashiness of television, but almost everyone =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2747
watches it. A few have kicked=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2748
the TV habit, but it would be a rare person who could get along today =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2749
without using ANY form of mass=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2750
entertainment. (Yet until quite recently in human history most people got =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2751
along very nicely with no other=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2752
entertainment than that which each local community created for itself.) =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2753
Without the entertainment industry=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2754
the system probably would not have been able to get away with putting as =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2755
much stress-producing pressure=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2756
on us as it does.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2757
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2758
157. Assuming that industrial society survives, it is likely that =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2759
technology will eventually acquire=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2760
something approaching complete control over human behavior. It has been =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2761
established beyond any rational=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2762
doubt that human thought and behavior have a largely biological basis. As =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2763
experimenters have=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2764
demonstrated, feelings such as hunger, pleasure, anger and fear can be =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2765
turned on and off by electrical=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2766
stimulation of appropriate parts of the brain. Memories can be destroyed by =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2767
damaging parts of the brain or=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2768
they can be brought to the surface by electrical stimulation. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2769
Hallucinations can be induced or moods=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2770
changed by drugs. There may or may not be an immaterial human soul, but if =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2771
there is one it clearly is less=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2772
powerful that the biological mechanisms of human behavior.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2773
For if that were not the case then researchers would not be able so easily =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2774
to manipulate human feelings and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2775
behavior with drugs and electrical currents.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2776
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2777
158. It presumably would be impractical for all people to have electrodes =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2778
inserted in their heads so that=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2779
they could be controlled by the authorities. But the fact that human =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2780
thoughts and feelings are so open to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2781
biological intervention shows that the problem of controlling human =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2782
behavior is mainly a technical=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2783
problem; a problem of neurons, hormones and complex molecules; the kind of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2784
problem that is accessible to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2785
scientific attack. Given the outstanding record of our society in solving =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2786
technical problems, it is=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2787
overwhelmingly probable that great advances will be made in the control of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2788
human behavior.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2789
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2790
159. Will public resistance prevent the introduction of technological =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2791
control of human behavior? It=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2792
certainly would if an attempt were made to introduce such control all at =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2793
once. But since technological=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2794
control will be introduced through a long sequence of small advances, there =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2795
will be no rational and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2796
effective public resistance. (See paragraphs 127,132, 153.)=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2797
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2798
160. To those who think that all this sounds like science fiction, we point =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2799
out that yesterday's science=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2800
fiction is today's fact. The Industrial Revolution has radically altered =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2801
man's environment and way of life,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2802
and it is only to be expected that as technology is increasingly applied to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2803
the human body and mind, man=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2804
himself will be altered as radically as his environment and way of life =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2805
have been.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2806
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2807
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2808
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2809
HUMAN RACE AT A CROSSROADS
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2810
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2811
161. But we have gotten ahead of our story. It is one thing to develop in =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2812
the laboratory a series of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2813
psychological or biological techniques for manipulating human behavior and =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2814
quite another to integrate=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2815
these techniques into a functioning social system. The latter problem is =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2816
the more difficult of the two. For=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2817
example, while the techniques of educational psychology doubtless work =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2818
quite well in the "lab schools"=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2819
where they are developed, it is not necessarily easy to apply them =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2820
effectively throughout our educational=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2821
system. We all know what many of our schools are like. The teachers are too =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2822
busy taking knives and guns=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2823
away from the kids to subject them to the latest techniques for making them =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2824
into computer nerds. Thus, in=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2825
spite of all its technical advances relating=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2826
to human behavior the system to date has not been impressively successful =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2827
in controlling human beings.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2828
The people whose behavior is fairly well under the control of the system =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2829
are those of the type that might be=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2830
called "bourgeois." But there are growing numbers of people who in one way =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2831
or another are rebels against=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2832
the system: welfare leaches, youth gangs cultists, satanists, nazis, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2833
radical environmentalists, militiamen,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2834
etc..=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2835
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2836
162. The system is currently engaged in a desperate struggle to overcome =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2837
certain problems that threaten its=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2838
survival, among which the problems of human behavior are the most =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2839
important. If the system succeeds in=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2840
acquiring sufficient control over human behavior quickly enough, it will =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2841
probably survive. Otherwise it=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2842
will break down. We think the issue will most likely be resolved within the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2843
next several decades, say 40 to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2844
100 years.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2845
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2846
163. Suppose the system survives the crisis of the next several decades. By =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2847
that time it will have to have=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2848
solved, or at least brought under control, the principal problems that =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2849
confront it, in particular that of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2850
"socializing" human beings; that is, making people sufficiently docile so =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2851
that their behavior no longer=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2852
threatens the system. That being accomplished, it does not appear that =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2853
there would be any further obstacle=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2854
to the development of technology, and it would presumably advance toward =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2855
its logical conclusion, which is=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2856
complete control over everything on Earth, including human beings and all =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2857
other important organisms. The=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2858
system may become a unitary, monolithic organization, or it may be more or =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2859
less fragmented and consist of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2860
a number of organizations coexisting=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2861
in a relationship that includes elements of both cooperation and =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2862
competition, just as today the government,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2863
the corporations and other large organizations both cooperate and compete =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2864
with one another. Human=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2865
freedom mostly will have vanished, because individuals and small groups =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2866
will be impotent vis-a-vis large=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2867
organizations armed with supertechnology and an arsenal of advanced =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2868
psychological and biological tools=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2869
for manipulating human beings, besides instruments of surveillance and =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2870
physical coercion. Only a small=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2871
number of people will have any real power, and even these probably will =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2872
have only very limited freedom,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2873
because their behavior too will be regulated; just as today our politicians =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2874
and corporation executives can=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2875
retain their positions of power only as long=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2876
as their behavior remains within certain fairly narrow limits.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2877
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2878
164. Don't imagine that the systems will stop developing further techniques =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2879
for controlling human beings=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2880
and nature once the crisis of the next few decades is over and increasing =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2881
control is no longer necessary for=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2882
the system's survival. On the contrary, once the hard times are over the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2883
system will increase its control over=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2884
people and nature more rapidly, because it will no longer be hampered by =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2885
difficulties of the kind that it is=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2886
currently experiencing. Survival is not the principal motive for extending =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2887
control. As we explained in=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2888
paragraphs 87-90, technicians and scientists carry on their work largely as =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2889
a surrogate activity; that is, they=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2890
satisfy their need for power by solving technical problems. They will =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2891
continue to do this with unabated=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2892
enthusiasm,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2893
and among the most interesting and challenging problems for them to solve =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2894
will be those of understanding=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2895
the human body and mind and intervening in their development. For the "good =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2896
of humanity," of course.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2897
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2898
165. But suppose on the other hand that the stresses of the coming decades =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2899
prove to be too much for the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2900
system. If the system breaks down there may be a period of chaos, a "time =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2901
of troubles" such as those that=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2902
history has recorded: at various epochs in the past. It is impossible to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2903
predict what would emerge from such=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2904
a time of troubles, but at any rate the human race would be given a new =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2905
chance. The greatest danger is that=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2906
industrial society may begin to reconstitute itself within the first few =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2907
years after the breakdown. Certainly=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2908
there will be many people (power-hungry types especially) who will be =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2909
anxious to get the factories running=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2910
again.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2911
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2912
166. Therefore two tasks confront those who hate the servitude to which the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2913
industrial system is reducing=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2914
the human race. First, we must work to heighten the social stresses within =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2915
the system so as to increase the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2916
likelihood that it will break down or be weakened sufficiently so that a =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2917
revolution against it becomes=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2918
possible. Second, it is necessary to develop and propagate an ideology that =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2919
opposes technology and the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2920
industrial society if and when the system becomes sufficiently weakened. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2921
And such an ideology will help=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2922
to assure that, if and when industrial society breaks down, its remnants =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2923
will be smashed beyond repair, so=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2924
that the system cannot be reconstituted. The factories should be destroyed, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2925
technical books burned, etc.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2926
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2927
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2928
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2929
HUMAN SUFFERING
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2930
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2931
167. The industrial system will not break down purely as a result of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2932
revolutionary action. It will not be=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2933
vulnerable to revolutionary attack unless its own internal problems of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2934
development lead it into very serious=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2935
difficulties. So if the system breaks down it will do so either =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2936
spontaneously, or through a process that is in=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2937
part spontaneous but helped along by revolutionaries. If the breakdown is =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2938
sudden, many people will die,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2939
since the world's population has become so overblown that it cannot even =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2940
feed itself any longer without=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2941
advanced technology. Even if the breakdown is gradual enough so that =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2942
reduction of the population can=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2943
occur more through lowering of the birth rate than through elevation of the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2944
death rate, the process of de-
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2945
industrialization probably will=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2946
be very chaotic and involve much suffering. It is naive to think it likely =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2947
that technology can be phased out=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2948
in a smoothly managed orderly way, especially since the technophiles will =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2949
fight stubbornly at every step. Is=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2950
it therefore cruel to work for the breakdown of the system? Maybe, but =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2951
maybe not. In the first place,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2952
revolutionaries will not be able to break the system down unless it is =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2953
already in deep trouble so that there=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2954
would be a good chance of its eventually breaking down by itself anyway; =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2955
and the bigger the system=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2956
grows, the more disastrous the consequences of its breakdown will be; so it =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2957
may be that revolutionaries, by=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2958
hastening the onset of the breakdown will be reducing the extent of the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2959
disaster.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2960
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2961
168. In the second place, one has to balance the struggle and death against =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2962
the loss of freedom and dignity.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2963
To many of us, freedom and dignity are more important than a long life or =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2964
avoidance of physical pain.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2965
Besides, we all have to die some time, and it may be better to die fighting =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2966
for survival, or for a cause, than=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2967
to live a long but empty and purposeless life.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2968
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2969
169. In the third place, it is not all certain that the survival of the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2970
system will lead to less suffering than the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2971
breakdown of the system would. The system has already caused, and is =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2972
continuing to cause , immense=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2973
suffering all over the world. Ancient cultures, that for hundreds of years =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2974
gave p eople a satisfactory=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2975
relationship with each other and their environment, have been shattered by =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2976
contact with industrial society,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2977
and the result has been a whole catalogue of economic, environmental, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2978
social and psychological problems.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2979
One of the effects o f the intrusion of industrial society has be en that =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2980
over much of the world traditional=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2981
controls on population have been thrown out of balance. Hence the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2982
population explosion, with all that it=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2983
implies.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2984
Then there is the psychological suffering that is widespread throughout the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2985
supposedly fortunate countries=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2986
of the West (see paragraphs 44, 4 5). No one knows what will happen as a =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2987
result of ozone depletion, the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2988
greenhouse effect and other environmental problems that cannot yet be =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2989
foreseen. And, as nuclear=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2990
proliferation has shown, new technology cannot be kept out of the hands of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2991
dictators an d irresponsible=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2992
Third World nations. Would you like to speculate abut what Iraq or North =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2993
Korea will do with genetic=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2994
engineering?=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2995
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2996
170. "Oh!" say the technophiles, "Science is going to fix all that! We will =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2997
conquer famine, eliminate=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2998
psychological suffering, make everybody healthy and happy!" Yeah, sure. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  2999
That's what they said 200 years=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3000
ago. The Industrial Revolution was supposed to eliminate poverty, make =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3001
everybody happy, etc. The actual=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3002
result has been quite different. The technophiles are hopelessly naive (or =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3003
self-deceiving) in their=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3004
understanding of social problems. They are unaware of (or choose to ignore) =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3005
the fact that when large=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3006
changes, even seemingly beneficial ones, are introduced into a society, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3007
they le ad to a long sequence of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3008
other changes, most of which are impossible to predict (paragraph 103). The =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3009
result is disruption of the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3010
society. So it is very probable that=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3011
in their attempt to end poverty and disease, engineer docile, happy =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3012
personalities and s o forth, the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3013
technophiles will create socia l systems that are terribly troubled, even =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3014
more so that the present one. For=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3015
example, the scientists boast that they will end famine by creating new, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3016
genetically engineered food plants.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3017
But this will allow the human population to keep expanding indefini tely, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3018
and it is well known that=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3019
crowding lea ds to increased stress and aggression. This is merely one =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3020
example of the PREDICTABLE=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3021
problems that will arise. We emphasize that, as past experience has shown, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3022
technical progress will lead to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3023
other new problems for society far more rapidly that it has b een solving =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3024
old ones. Thus it will take a l ong=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3025
difficult period of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3026
trial and error for the technophiles to work the bugs out of their Brave =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3027
New World (if they ever do). In the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3028
meantime there will be great suffering. So it is not all clear that the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3029
survival of industrial society would=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3030
involve les s suffering than the breakdown of that socie ty would. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3031
Technology has gotten the human race=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3032
into a fix from which there is not likely to be any easy escape.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3033
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3034
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3035
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3036
THE FUTURE
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3037
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3038
171. But suppose now that industrial society does survive the next several =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3039
decade and that the bugs do=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3040
eventually get worked out of the system, so that it functions smoothly. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3041
What kind of system will it be? We=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3042
will consider several possibilities.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3043
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3044
172. First let us postulate that the computer scientists succeed in =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3045
developing intelligent machines that can=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3046
do all things better that human beings can do them. In that case presumably =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3047
all work will be done by vast,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3048
highly organized systems of machines and no human effort will be necessary. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3049
Eith er of two cases might=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3050
occur. The machines might be permitted to make all of their own decisions =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3051
without human oversight, or=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3052
else human control over the machines might be retained.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3053
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3054
173. If the machines are permitted to make all their own decisions, we =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3055
can't make any conjectures as to the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3056
results, because it is impossible to guess how such machines might behave. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3057
We only point out that the fate=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3058
of the human race would be at the merc y of the machines. It might be =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3059
argued that the human race would=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3060
never be foolish enough to hand over all the power to the machines. But we =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3061
are suggesting neither that the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3062
human race would voluntarily turn power over to the machines nor that the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3063
machines would willfully seize=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3064
power. What we do su ggest is that the human race might easily pe rmit =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3065
itself to drift into a position of such=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3066
dependence on the machines that it would have no practical choice but to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3067
accept all of the machines=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3068
decisions.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3069
As society and the problems that face it become more and more complex and =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3070
machines become more and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3071
more intelligent, people will let machines make more of their decision for =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3072
them, simply because machine-
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3073
made decisions will bring better result than man-made ones. Eventually a =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3074
stage may be reached at which=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3075
the decisions necessary to keep the system running will be so complex that =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3076
human beings wi ll be incapable=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3077
of making them intelligently . At that stage the machines will be in =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3078
effective control. People won't be able=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3079
to just turn the machines off, because they will be so dependent on them =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3080
that turning them off would=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3081
amount to suicide.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3082
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3083
174. On the other hand it is possible that human control over the machines =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3084
may be retained. In that case the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3085
average man may have control over certain private machines of his own, such =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3086
as his car of his personal=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3087
computer, but control over large systems of machines will be in the hands =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3088
of a tiny e lite -- just as it is=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3089
today, but with two difference. Due to improved techniques the elite will =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3090
have greater control over the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3091
masses; and because human work will no longer be necessary the masses will =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3092
be superfluous, a useless=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3093
burden on the system. If t he elite is ruthless the may simply decide t o =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3094
exterminate the mass of humanity.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3095
If they are humane they may use propaganda or other psychological or =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3096
biological techniques to reduce the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3097
birth rate until=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3098
the mass of humanity becomes extinct, leaving the world to the elite. Or, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3099
if the elite consist of soft-hearted=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3100
liberals, they may decide to play the role of good shepherds to the rest of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3101
the human race. They will see to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3102
it that everyone's physical needs are satisfied, that all children are =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3103
raised under psychologically hygienic=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3104
conditions, that everyone has a wholesome hobby to keep him busy , and that =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3105
anyone who may become=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3106
dissatisfie d undergoes "treatment" to cure his "problem." Of course, life =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3107
will be so purposeless that people=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3108
will have to be biologically or psychologically engineered either to remove =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3109
their need for the power=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3110
process or to make them "sublimate" their drive for pow er into some =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3111
harmless hobby. These engineer ed=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3112
human beings=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3113
may be happy in such a society, but they most certainly will not be free. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3114
They will have been reduced to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3115
the status of domestic animals.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3116
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3117
175. But suppose now that the computer scientists do not succeed in =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3118
developing artificial intelligence, so=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3119
that human work remains necessary. Even so, machines will take care of more =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3120
and more of the simpler=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3121
tasks so that there will be an increasing surp lus of human workers at the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3122
lower levels of ability. (We see=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3123
this happening already. There are many people who find it difficult or =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3124
impossible to get work, because for=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3125
intellectual or psychological reasons they cannot acquire the level of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3126
training necessary to make themselves=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3127
useful in the presen t system.) On those who are employed, ever- increasing =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3128
demands will be placed; They=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3129
will need more and m ore training, more and more ability, and will have to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3130
be ever more reliable,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3131
conforming and docile,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3132
because they will be more and more like cells of a giant organism. Their =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3133
tasks will be incre asingly=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3134
specialized so that their work will be, in a sense, out of touch with the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3135
real world, being concentrated on=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3136
one tiny slice of reality. The system will have to use any means that I =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3137
can, whether psychological or=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3138
biological, to engineer people to be docile, to have the abilities that the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3139
syst em requires and to "sublimate"=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3140
their drive f or power into some specialized task. But the statement that =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3141
the people of such a society will=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3142
have to be docile may require qualification. The society may find =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3143
competitiveness useful, provided that=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3144
ways are found of directing competitiveness into channe ls that serve that =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3145
needs of the system. We can=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3146
imagine=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3147
into channels that serve the needs of the system. We can imagine a future =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3148
society in which there is endless=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3149
competition for positions of prestige an power. But no more than a very few =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3150
people will ever reach the top,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3151
where the only real power is (see end of paragraph 163). Very repell ent is =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3152
a society in which a person can=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3153
satisfy his needs for power only by pushing large numbers of other people =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3154
out of the way and depriving=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3155
them of THEIR opportunity for power.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3156
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3157
176. Once can envision scenarios that incorporate aspects of more than one =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3158
of the possibilities that we have=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3159
just discussed. For instance, it may be that machines will take over most =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3160
of the work that is of real,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3161
practical importance, but that human bei ngs will be kept busy by being =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3162
given relativ ely unimportant=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3163
work. It has been suggested, for example, that a great development of the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3164
service of industries might=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3165
provide work for human beings. Thus people will would spend their time =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3166
shinning each others shoes,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3167
driving each other around inn taxica b, making handicrafts for one another, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3168
waiti ng on each other's tables,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3169
etc. This seems to us a thoroughly contemptible way for the human race to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3170
end up, and we doubt that many=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3171
people would find=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3172
fulfilling lives in such pointless busy-work. They would seek other, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3173
dangerous outlets (drugs, , crime,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3174
"cults," hate groups) unless they were biol ogical or psychologically =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3175
engineered to adapt them to such a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3176
way of life.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3177
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3178
177. Needless to day, the scenarios outlined above do not exhaust all the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3179
possibilities. They only indicate=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3180
the kinds of outcomes that seem to us mots likely. But wee can envision no =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3181
plausible scenarios that are any=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3182
more palatable that the ones we've j ust described. It is overwhelmingly =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3183
probabl e that if the industrial-
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3184
technological system survives the next 40 to 100 years, it will by that =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3185
time have developed certain general=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3186
characteristics: Individuals (at least those of the "bourgeois" type, who =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3187
are integrated into the system and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3188
make it run, and who therefore have all the power) will b e more dependent =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3189
than ever on large=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3190
organizations; they will be more "socialized" that ever and their physical =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3191
and mental qualities to a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3192
significant=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3193
extent (possibly to a very great extent ) will be those that are engineered =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3194
into them rather than being th e=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3195
results of chance (or of God's will, or wh atever); and whatever may be =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3196
left of wild nature will be reduced=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3197
to remnants preserved for scientific study and kept under the supervision =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3198
and management of scientists=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3199
(hence it will no longer be truly wild). In the long run (say a few =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3200
centuries from no w) it is it is likely that=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3201
neither the human race nor any other important organisms will exist as we =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3202
know them today, because once=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3203
you start modifying organisms through genetic engineering there is no =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3204
reason to stop at any particular=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3205
point, so that the modifications will probably continue until man and other =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3206
organisms have been utterly=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3207
trans formed.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3208
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3209
178. Whatever else may be the case, it is certain that technology is =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3210
creating for human begins a new=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3211
physical and social environment radically different from the spectrum of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3212
environments to which natural=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3213
selection has adapted the human race physically an d psychological. If man =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3214
is not adjust to th is new=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3215
environment by being artificially re-engineered, then he will be adapted to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3216
it through a long an painful=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3217
process of natural selection. The former is far more likely that the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3218
latter.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3219
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3220
179. It would be better to dump the whole stinking system and take the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3221
consequences.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3222
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3223
STRATEGY
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3224
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3225
180. The technophiles are taking us all on an utterly reckless ride into =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3226
the unknown. Many people=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3227
understand something of what technological progress is doing to us yet take =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3228
a passive attitude toward it=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3229
because they think it is inevitable. But we (FC) don't think it is =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3230
inevitable. We think it c an be stopped, and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3231
we will give here some indications of how to go about stopping it.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3232
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3233
181. As we stated in paragraph 166, the two main tasks for the present are =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3234
to promote social stress and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3235
instability in industrial society and to develop and propagate an ideology =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3236
that opposes technology and the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3237
industrial system. When the system become s sufficiently stressed and =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3238
unstable, a revo lution against=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3239
technology may be possible. The pattern would be similar to that of the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3240
French and Russian Revolutions.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3241
French society and Russian society, for several decades prior to their =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3242
respective revolutions, showed=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3243
increasing signs of stress and w eakness. Meanwhile, ideologies were being =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3244
d eveloped that offered a new=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3245
world view that was quite different from the old one. In the Russian case, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3246
revolutionaries were actively=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3247
working to undermine=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3248
the old order. Then, when the old system was put under sufficient =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3249
additional stress (by financial c risis in=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3250
France, by military defeat in Russi a) it was swept away by revolution. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3251
What we propose in something=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3252
along the same lines.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3253
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3254
182. It will be objected that the French and Russian Revolutions were =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3255
failures. But most revolutions have=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3256
two goals. One is to destroy an old form of society and the other is to set =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3257
up the new form of society=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3258
envisioned by the revolutionaries. The Fre nch and Russian revolutionaries =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3259
failed (fort unately!) to create=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3260
the new kind of society of which they dreamed, but they were quite =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3261
successful in destroying the existing=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3262
form of society.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3263
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3264
183. But an ideology, in order to gain enthusiastic support, must have a =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3265
positive ideals well as a negative=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3266
one; it must be FOR something as well as AGAINST something. The positive =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3267
ideal that we propose is=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3268
Nature. That is , WILD nature; those aspects o f the functioning of the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3269
Earth and its livin g things that are=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3270
independent of human management and free of human interference and control. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3271
And with wild nature we=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3272
include human nature, by which we mean those aspects of the functioning of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3273
the human individual that are=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3274
not subject to regulation by o rganized society but are products of chance, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3275
or free will, or God (depending=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3276
on your religious or philosophical opinions).=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3277
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3278
184. Nature makes a perfect counter-ideal to technology for several =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3279
reasons. Nature (that which is outside=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3280
the power of the system) is the opposite of technology (which seeks to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3281
expand indefinitely the power of the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3282
system). Most people will agree that nature is beautiful; certainly it has =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3283
treme ndous popular appeal. The=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3284
radical environmentalists ALREADY hold an ideology that exalts nature and =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3285
opposes technology. [30] It is=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3286
not necessary for the sake of nature to set up some chimerical utopia or =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3287
any new kind of social order.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3288
Nature takes care of itself: It was a spontaneous creation th at existed =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3289
long before any human society, and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3290
for countless centuries many different kinds of human societies coexisted =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3291
with nature without doing it an=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3292
excessive amount of damage. Only with the Industrial Revolution did the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3293
effect of human society on nat=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3294
ure become really devastating. To relieve t he pressure on nature it is not =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3295
necessary to create a special kind=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3296
of social system, it is only necessary to get rid of industrial society. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3297
Granted, this will not solve all=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3298
problems. Industrial society has already done tremendous damage to nature =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3299
and i t will take a very long=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3300
time for the scars t o heal. Besides, even pre-industrial societies can do =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3301
significant damage to nature.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3302
Nevertheless, getting rid of industrial society will accomplish a great =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3303
deal. It will relieve the worst of the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3304
pressure on nature so that the scars can begin to heal. It will remove the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3305
capacity of organized soc iety=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3306
to keep increasing its control over nature (including human nature). =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3307
Whatever kind of society may exist=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3308
after the demise of the industrial system, it is certain that most people =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3309
will live close to nature, because in=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3310
the absence of advanced technolog y there is not other way that people CAN =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3311
liv e. To feed themselves they=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3312
must be peasants or herdsmen or fishermen or hunter, etc., And, generally =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3313
speaking, local autonomy should=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3314
tend to increase, because lack of advanced technology and rapid =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3315
communications will limit the capacity of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3316
governments o r other large organizations to control local communities. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3317
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3318
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3319
185. As for the negative consequences of eliminating industrial society -- =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3320
well, you can't eat your cake and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3321
have it too. To gain one thing you have to sacrifice another.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3322
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3323
186. Most people hate psychological conflict. For this reason they avoid =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3324
doing any serious thinking about=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3325
difficult social issues, and they like to have such issues presented to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3326
them in simple, black-and-white terms:=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3327
THIS is all good and THAT is all bad. The revolutionary ideology should =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3328
therefore be developed on two=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3329
levels.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3330
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3331
187. On the more sophisticated level the ideology should address itself to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3332
people who are intelligent,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3333
thoughtful and rational. The object should be to create a core of people =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3334
who will be opposed to the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3335
industrial system on a rational, thought-out basis, with full appreciation =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3336
of the problems and ambiguities=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3337
involved, and of the price that has to be paid for getting rid of the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3338
system. It is particularly important to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3339
attract people of this type, as they are capable people and will be =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3340
instrumental in influencing others. These=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3341
people should be addres sed on as rational a level as possible. Fact s =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3342
should never intentionally be distorted=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3343
and intemperate language should be avoided. This does not mean that no =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3344
appeal can be made to the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3345
emotions,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3346
but in making such appeal care should be taken to avoid misrepresenting the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3347
truth or doing anything else t=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3348
hat would destroy the intellectual respectab ility of the ideology. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3349
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3350
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3351
188. On a second level, the ideology should be propagated in a simplified =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3352
form that will enable the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3353
unthinking majority to see the conflict of technology vs. nature in =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3354
unambiguous terms. But even on this=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3355
second level the ideology should not be expressed in language that is so =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3356
cheap, intemperate or irrational=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3357
that it alienates people of the thoughtful and rational type. Cheap, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3358
intemperate propaganda sometimes=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3359
achieves impressive short-term gains, but it will be more advantageous in =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3360
the long run to keep the loyalty=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3361
of a small number of intelligently committed people than to arouse the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3362
passion s of an unthinking, fickle=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3363
mob who will change their attitude as soon as someone comes along with a =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3364
better propaganda gimmick.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3365
However, propaganda of the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3366
rabble-rousing type may be necessary when the system is nearing the point =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3367
of collapse and there is a final=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3368
struggle between rival ideologies to d etermine which will become dominant =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3369
when the old world-view goes=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3370
under.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3371
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3372
189. Prior to that final struggle, the revolutionaries should not expect to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3373
have a majority of people on their=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3374
side. History is made by active, determined minorities, not by the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3375
majority, which seldom has a clear and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3376
consistent idea of what it really wan ts. Until the time comes for the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3377
final push toward revolution [31], the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3378
task of revolutionaries will be less to win the shallow support of the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3379
majority than to build a small core of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3380
deeply committed people. As for the majority, it will be enough to make =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3381
them aware of the existence of the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3382
new ideolo gy and remind them of it frequently; though of course it will be =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3383
desirable to get majority=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3384
support to the extent that this can be done without weakening the core of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3385
seriously committed people.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3386
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3387
190. Any kind of social conflict helps to destabilize the system, but one =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3388
should be careful about what kind=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3389
of conflict one encourages. The line of conflict should be drawn between =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3390
the mass of the people and the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3391
power-holding elite of industrial society ( politicians, scientists, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3392
upper-level busines s executives,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3393
government officials, etc..). It should NOT be drawn between the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3394
revolutionaries and the mass of the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3395
people. For example, it would be bad strategy for the revolutionaries to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3396
condemn Americans for their=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3397
habits of consumption. Instead, the ave rage American should be portrayed =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3398
as a victi m of the advertising=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3399
and marketing industry, which has suckered him into buying a lot of junk =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3400
that he doesn't need and that is=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3401
very poor compensation
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3402
for his lost freedom. Either approach is consistent with the facts. It is =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3403
merely a matter of attitude whether=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3404
you blame the advertising industry for manipulating the public or blame the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3405
public for allowing itself to be=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3406
manipulated. As a matter of strategy one should generally avoid blaming the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3407
public.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3408
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3409
191. One should think twice before encouraging any other social conflict =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3410
than that between the power-
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3411
holding elite (which wields technology) and the general public (over which =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3412
technology exerts its power).=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3413
For one thing, other conflicts tend to distract attention from the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3414
important conflicts (betw een power-elite=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3415
and ordinary people, between technology and nature); for another thing, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3416
other conflicts may actually tend=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3417
to encourage technologization, because each side in such a conflict wants =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3418
to use technological power to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3419
gain advantages over its adve rsary. This is clearly seen in rivalries bet =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3420
ween nations. It also appears in=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3421
ethnic conflicts within nations. For example, in America many black leaders =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3422
are anxious to gain power for=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3423
African=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3424
Americans by placing back individuals in the technological power-elite. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3425
They want there to be many black=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3426
gov ernment officials, scientists, corporation e xecutives and so forth. In =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3427
this way they are helping to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3428
absorb the African American subculture into the technological system. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3429
Generally speaking, one should=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3430
encourage only those social conflicts that can be fitted into the framework =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3431
of the conflicts of po wer--elite=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3432
vs. ordinary people, technology v s nature.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3433
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3434
192. But the way to discourage ethnic conflict is NOT through militant =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3435
advocacy of minority rights (see=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3436
paragraphs 21, 29). Instead, the revolutionaries should emphasize that =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3437
although minorities do suffer more=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3438
or less disadvantage, this disadvantage is o f peripheral significance. Our =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3439
real enemy is the industrial-
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3440
technological system, and in the struggle against the system, ethnic =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3441
distinctions are of no importance.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3442
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3443
193. The kind of revolution we have in mind will not necessarily involve an =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3444
armed uprising against any=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3445
government. It may or may not involve physical violence, but it will not be =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3446
a POLITICAL revolution. Its=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3447
focus will be on technology and economics, not politics. [32]=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3448
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3449
194. Probably the revolutionaries should even AVOID assuming political =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3450
power, whether by legal or=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3451
illegal means, until the industrial system is stressed to the danger point =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3452
and has proved itself to be a failure=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3453
in the eyes of most people. Suppose for exa mple that some "green" party =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3454
should win cont rol of the United=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3455
States Congress in an election. In order to avoid betraying or watering =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3456
down their own ideology they would=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3457
have to take vigorous measures to turn economic growth into economic =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3458
shrinkage. To the average man the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3459
results would appear disast rous: There would be massive unemployment, s =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3460
hortages of commodities, etc.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3461
Even if the grosser ill effects could be avoided through superhumanly =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3462
skillful management, still people=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3463
would have=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3464
to begin giving up the luxuries to which they have become addicted. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3465
Dissatisfaction would grow, the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3466
"green" pa rty would be voted out of of fice and the re volutionaries would =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3467
have suffered a severe setback.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3468
For this reason the revolutionaries should not try to acquire political =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3469
power until the system has gotten=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3470
itself into such a mess that any hardships will be seen as resulting from =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3471
the failures of the ind ustrial system=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3472
itself and not from the polic ies of the revolutionaries. The revolution =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3473
against technology will probably=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3474
have to be a revolution by outsiders, a revolution from below and not from =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3475
above.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3476
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3477
195. The revolution must be international and worldwide. It cannot be =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3478
carried out on a nation-by-nation=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3479
basis. Whenever it is suggested that the United States, for example, should =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3480
cut back on technological=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3481
progress or economic growth, people get hysteric al and start screaming =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3482
that if we fall behin d in=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3483
technology the Japanese will get ahead of us. Holy robots The world will =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3484
fly off its orbit if the Japanese=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3485
ever sell more cars than we do! (Nationalism is a great promoter of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3486
technology.) More reasonably, it is=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3487
argued that if the relatively democrati c nations of the world fall behind =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3488
in techno logy while nasty,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3489
dictatorial nations like China, Vietnam and North Korea continue to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3490
progress, eventually the dictators may=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3491
come to dominate the world.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3492
That is why the industrial system should be attacked in all nations =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3493
simultaneously, to the extent that this=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3494
may be possible. True, there is no ass urance that the industrial system =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3495
can be destroyed at approximately=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3496
the same time all over the world, and it is even conceivable that the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3497
attempt to overthrow the system could=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3498
lead instead to the domination of the system by dictators. That is a risk =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3499
that has to be taken. And it is worth=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3500
taking, sin ce the difference between a "democratic" industrial system and =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3501
one controlled by dictators is=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3502
small compared with the difference between an industrial system and a =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3503
non-industrial one. [33] It might=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3504
even be argued that an industrial system controlled by di ctators would be =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3505
preferable, because dictato=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3506
r-controlled systems usually have proved inefficient, hence they are =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3507
presumably more likely to break down.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3508
Look at Cuba.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3509
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3510
196. Revolutionaries might consider favoring measures that tend to bind the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3511
world economy into a unified=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3512
whole. Free trade agreements like NAFTA and GATT are probably harmful to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3513
the environment in the short=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3514
run, but in the long run they may perhaps be ad vantageous because they =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3515
foster economic inte rdependence=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3516
between nations. I will be eaier to destroy the industrial system on a =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3517
worldwide basis if he world economy=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3518
is so unified that its breakdown in any on major nation will lead to its =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3519
breakdwon in al industrialized=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3520
nations.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3521
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3522
the long run they may perhaps be advantageous because they foster economic =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3523
interdependence between=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3524
nations. It will be easier to destroy the industrial system on a worldwide =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3525
basis if the world economy is so=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3526
unified that its breakdown in any one major nat ion will lead to its =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3527
breakdown in all indust rialized nations.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3528
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3529
197. Some people take the line that modern man has too much power, too much =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3530
control over nature; they=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3531
argue for a more passive attitude on the part of the human race. At best =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3532
these people are expressing=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3533
themselves unclearly, because they fail to distingu ish between power for =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3534
LARGE ORGANIZATIONS an=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3535
d power for INDIVIDUALS and SMALL GROUPS. It is a mistake to argue for =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3536
powerlessness and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3537
passivity, because people NEED power. Modern man as a collective =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3538
entity--that is, the industrial system--
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3539
has immense power over nature, and we (FC) regard this as e vil. But modern =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3540
INDIVIDUALS and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3541
SMALL GROUP S OF INDIVIDUALS have far less power than primitive man ever =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3542
did. Generally=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3543
speaking, the vast power of "modern man" over nature is exercised not =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3544
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3545
by individuals or small groups but by large organizations. To the extent =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3546
that the average modern=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3547
INDIVIDUAL can wield the power of technology, he is pe rmitted to do so =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3548
only within narrow limits and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3549
only under the supervision and control of the system. (You need a license =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3550
for everything and with the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3551
license come rules and regulations). The individual has only those =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3552
technological powers with which the s=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3553
ystem chooses to provide him. His PERSONAL power over nature is =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3554
slight.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3555
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3556
198. Primitive INDIVIDUALS and SMALL GROUPS actually had considerable power =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3557
over nature; or=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3558
maybe it would be better to say power WITHIN nature. When primitive man =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3559
needed food he knew how to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3560
find and prepare edible roots, how to track game and take it wi th homemade =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3561
weapons. He knew how to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3562
protect himself from heat, cold, rain, dangerous animals, etc. But =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3563
primitive man did relatively little damage=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3564
to nature because the COLLECTIVE power of primitive society was negligible =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3565
compared to the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3566
COLLECTIVE power of industrial society.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3567
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3568
199. Instead of arguing for powerlessness and passivity, one should argue =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3569
that the power of the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3570
INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM should be broken, and that this will greatly INCREASE the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3571
power and freedom=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3572
of INDIVIDUALS and SMALL GROUPS.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3573
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3574
200. Until the industrial system has been thoroughly wrecked, the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3575
destruction of that system must be the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3576
revolutionaries' ONLY goal. Other goals would distract attention and energy =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3577
from the main goal. More=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3578
importantly, if the revolutionaries permit themse lves to have any other =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3579
goal than the destruc tion of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3580
technology, they will be tempted to use technology as a tool for reaching =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3581
that other goal. If they give in to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3582
that temptation, they will fall right back into the technological trap, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3583
because modern technology is a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3584
unified, tightly organized system, so that, in order to retain SOME =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3585
technology , one finds oneself obliged=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3586
to retain MOST technology, hence one ends up sacrificing only token amounts =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3587
of technology.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3588
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3589
201. Suppose for example that the revolutionaries took "social justice" as =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3590
a goal. Human nature being what=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3591
it is, social justice would not come about spontaneously; it would have to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3592
be enforced. In order to enforce it=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3593
the revolutionaries would have to ret ain central organization and control. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3594
For th at they would need rapid=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3595
long-distance transportation and communication, and therefore all the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3596
technology needed to support the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3597
transportation and communication systems. To feed and clothe poor people =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3598
they would have to use=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3599
agricultural and manufacturing technology. And so forth. So that the attemp =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3600
t to insure social justice would=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3601
force them to retain most parts of the technological system. Not that we =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3602
have anything against social=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3603
justice,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3604
but it must not be allowed to interfere with the effort to get rid of the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3605
technological system.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3606
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3607
202. It would be hopeless for revolutionaries to try to attack the system =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3608
without using SOME modern=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3609
technology. If nothing else they must use the communications media to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3610
spread their message. But they=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3611
should use modern technology for only ONE purpose: to attack the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3612
technological system.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3613
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3614
203. Imagine an alcoholic sitting with a barrel of wine in front of him. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3615
Suppose he starts saying to himself,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3616
"Wine isn't bad for you if used in moderation. Why, they say small amounts =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3617
of wine are even good for you!=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3618
It won't do me any harm if I take just one little drink..." Well you know =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3619
what is g oing to happen. Never=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3620
forget that the human race with technology is just like an alcoholic with a =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3621
barrel of wine.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3622
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3623
204. Revolutionaries should have as many children as they can. There is =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3624
strong scientific evidence that=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3625
social attitudes are to a significant extent inherited. No one suggests =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3626
that a social attitude is a direct=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3627
outcome of a person's genetic constitution, but it appears that personality =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3628
traits tend , within the context of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3629
our society, to make a person more likely to hold this or that social =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3630
attitude. Objections to these findings=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3631
have been raised, but objections are feeble and seem to be ideologically =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3632
motivated. In any event, no one=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3633
denies that child ren tend on the average to hold social attit udes similar =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3634
to those of their parents. From our=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3635
point of view it doesn't matter all that much whether the attitudes are =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3636
passed on genetically or through=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3637
childhood training. In either case the ARE passed on.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3638
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3639
205. The trouble is that many of the people who are inclined to rebel =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3640
against the industrial system are also=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3641
concerned about the population problems, hence they are apt to have few or =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3642
no children. In this way they=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3643
may be handing the world over to the sort of people who support or at least =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3644
accept th e industrial system.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3645
To insure the strength of the next generation of revolutionaries the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3646
present generation must reproduce itself=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3647
abundantly. In doing so they will be worsening the population problem only =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3648
slightly. And the most=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3649
important problem is to ge t rid of the industrial system, because once the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3650
industrial system is gone the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3651
world's population necessarily will decrease (see paragraph 167); whereas, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3652
if the industrial system survives,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3653
it will continue developing new techniques of food production that may =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3654
enable the world's population to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3655
keep i ncreasing almost indefinitely.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3656
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3657
206. With regard to revolutionary strategy, the only points on which we =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3658
absolutely insist are that the single=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3659
overriding goal must be the elimination of modern technology, and that no =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3660
other goal can be allowed to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3661
compete with this one. For the rest, revol utionaries should take an =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3662
empirical approach . If experience=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3663
indicates that some of the recommendations made in the foregoing paragraphs =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3664
are not going to give good=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3665
results, then those recommendations should be discarded.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3666
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3667
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3668
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3669
TWO KINDS OF TECHNOLOGY
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3670
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3671
207. An argument likely to be raised against our proposed revolution is =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3672
that it is bound to fail, because (it is=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3673
claimed) throughout history technology has always progressed, never =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3674
regressed, hence technological=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3675
regression is impossible. But this claim is false.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3676
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3677
208. We distinguish between two kinds of technology, which we will call =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3678
small-scale technology and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3679
organization-dependent technology. Small-scale technology is technology =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3680
that can be used by small-scale=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3681
communities without outside assistance. Organization -dependent technology =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3682
is technology that de pends=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3683
on large-scale social organization. We are aware of no significant cases of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3684
regression in small-scale=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3685
technology. But organization-dependent technology DOES regress when the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3686
social organization on which=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3687
it depends breaks down. Example: When the Roma n Empire fell apart the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3688
Romans' small-scale technology=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3689
survived because any clever village craftsman could build, for instance, a =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3690
water wheel, any skilled smith=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3691
could make steel by Roman methods,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3692
and so forth. But the Romans' organization-dependent technology DID =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3693
regress. Their aqueducts fell into=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3694
disrepair and were never rebuilt.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3695
Their tech niques of road construction were lost. The Roman system of urban =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3696
sanitation was forgotten, so=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3697
that until rather recent times did the sanitation of European cities that =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3698
of Ancient Rome.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3699
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3700
209. The reason why technology has seemed always to progress is that, until =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3701
perhaps a century or two=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3702
before the Industrial Revolution, most technology was small-scale =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3703
technology. But most of the technology=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3704
developed since the Industrial Revolution is orga nization-dependent =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3705
technology. Take the refr igerator for=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3706
example. Without factory-made parts or the facilities of a post-industrial =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3707
machine shop it would be=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3708
virtually impossible for a handful of local craftsmen to build a =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3709
refrigerator. If by some miracle they did=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3710
succeed in building one it would be useless to them without a reliable =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3711
source o f electric power. So they=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3712
would have to dam a stream and build a generator. Generators require large =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3713
amounts of copper wire.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3714
Imagine trying to make that=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3715
wire without modern machinery. And where would they get a gas suitable for =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3716
refrigeration? It would be=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3717
much easier to build an icehouse or preserve food by drying or picking, as =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3718
was done before the invention=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3719
of the refrigerator.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3720
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3721
210. So it is clear that if the industrial system were once thoroughly =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3722
broken down, refrigeration technology=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3723
would quickly be lost. The same is true of other organization-dependent =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3724
technology. And once this=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3725
technology had been lost for a generation or so it would take centuries to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3726
rebuild it, just as it took centuries=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3727
to build it the first time around. Surviving technical books would be few =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3728
and scattered. An industrial=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3729
society, if built from scratch without outside help, can only be built in a =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3730
series of stages: You need tools to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3731
make tools to make tools to make tools ... . A long process of economic =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3732
development and progress in social=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3733
organization is required. And, even in the absence of an ideology opposed =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3734
to technology, there is no reason=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3735
to believe that anyone would be interested in rebuilding industrial =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3736
society. The enthusiasm for "progre ss"=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3737
is a phenomenon particular to the modern form of society, and it seems not =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3738
to have existed prior to the 17th=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3739
century or thereabouts.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3740
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3741
211. In the late Middle Ages there were four main civilizations that were =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3742
about equally "advanced":=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3743
Europe, the Islamic world, India, and the Far East (China, Japan, Korea). =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3744
Three of those civilizations=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3745
remained more or less stable, and only Europe became dynamic. No one knows =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3746
why Europe became dyn=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3747
amic at that time; historians have their theories but these are only =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3748
speculation. At any rate, it is clear that=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3749
rapid development toward a technological form of society occurs only under =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3750
special conditions. So there is=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3751
no reason to assume that long-lastin g technological regression cannot be =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3752
brought about.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3753
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3754
212. Would society EVENTUALLY develop again toward an =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3755
industrial-technological form? Maybe, but=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3756
there is no use in worrying about it, since we can't predict or control =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3757
events 500 or 1,000 years in the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3758
future. Those problems must be dealt with by the peopl e who will live at =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3759
that time.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3760
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3761
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3762
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3763
THE DANGER OF LEFTISM
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3764
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3765
213. Because of their need for rebellion and for membership in a movement, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3766
leftists or persons of similar=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3767
psychological type are often unattracted to a rebellious or activist =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3768
movement whose goals and membership=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3769
are not initially leftist. The resulting inf lux of leftish types can =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3770
easily turn a non-l eftist movement into a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3771
leftist one, so that leftist goals replace or distort the original goals of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3772
the movement.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3773
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3774
214. To avoid this, a movement that exalts nature and opposes technology =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3775
must take a resolutely anti-leftist=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3776
stance and must avoid all collaboration with leftists. Leftism is in the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3777
long run inconsistent with wild=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3778
nature, with human freedom and with the e limination of modern technology. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3779
Leftism is collectivist; it=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3780
seeks to bind together the entire world (both nature and the human race) =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3781
into a unified whole. But this=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3782
implies management of nature and of human life by organized society, and it =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3783
requires advanced=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3784
technology. You can't have a united worl d without rapid transportation and =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3785
communica tion, you can't=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3786
make all people love one another without sophisticated psychological =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3787
techniques, you can't have a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3788
"planned society" without the necessary technological base.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3789
Above all, leftism is driven by the need for power, and the leftist seeks =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3790
power o n a collective basis,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3791
through identification with a mass movement or an organization. Leftism is =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3792
unlikely ever to give up=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3793
technology, because technology is too valuable a source of collective =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3794
power.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3795
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3796
215. The anarchist [34] too seeks power, but he seeks it on an individual =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3797
or small-group basis; he wants=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3798
individuals and small groups to be able to control the circumstances of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3799
their own lives. He opposes=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3800
technology because it makes small groups dependent on large =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3801
organizations.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3802
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3803
216. Some leftists may seem to oppose technology, but they will oppose it =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3804
only so long as they are=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3805
outsiders and the technological system is controlled by non-leftists. If =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3806
leftism ever becomes dominant in=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3807
society, so that the technological system becomes a tool in the hands of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3808
leftists, they will e nthusiastically=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3809
use it and promote its growth. In doing this they will be repeating a =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3810
pattern that leftism has shown again=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3811
and again in the past. When the Bolsheviks in Russia were outsiders, they =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3812
vigorously opposed censorship=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3813
and the secret police, they advocated self-determination for ethnic mino =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3814
rities, and so forth;=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3815
but as soon as they came into power themselves, they imposed a tighter =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3816
censorship and created a more=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3817
ruthless secret police than any that had existed under the tsars, and they =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3818
oppressed ethnic minorities at least=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3819
as much as the tsars had done. In the United States, a couple of decades =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3820
ago when leftists were a minority=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3821
in our universities, leftist professors were vigorous proponents of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3822
academic freedom, but today, in those=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3823
universities where leftists have become dominant, they have shown =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3824
themselves ready to take away from=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3825
every one else's academic freedom. (This is "polit ical correctness.") The =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3826
same will happen with leftists and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3827
technology: They will use it to oppress everyone else if they ever get it =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3828
under their own control.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3829
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3830
217. In earlier revolutions, leftists of the most power-hungry type, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3831
repeatedly, have first cooperated with=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3832
non-leftist revolutionaries, as well as with leftists of a more libertarian =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3833
inclination, and later have double-
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3834
crossed them to seize power for them selves. Robespierre did this in the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3835
French R evolution, the Bolsheviks=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3836
did it in the Russian Revolution, the communists did it in Spain in 1938 =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3837
and Castro and his followers did it=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3838
in Cuba. Given the past history of leftism, it would be utterly foolish for =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3839
non-leftist revolutionaries today to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3840
collabo rate with leftists.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3841
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3842
218. Various thinkers have pointed out that leftism is a kind of religion. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3843
Leftism is not a religion in the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3844
strict sense because leftist doctrine does not postulate the existence of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3845
any supernatural being. But for the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3846
leftist, leftism plays a psychologica l role much like that which religion =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3847
plays f or some people. The leftist=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3848
NEEDS to believe in leftism; it plays a vital role in his psychological =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3849
economy. His beliefs are not easily=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3850
modified by logic or facts. He has a deep conviction that leftism is =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3851
morally Right with a capital R, and that=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3852
he has no t only a right but a duty to impose leftist morality on everyone. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3853
(However, many of the people we=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3854
are referring to as "leftists" do not think of themselves as leftists and =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3855
would not describe=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3856
their system of beliefs as leftism. We use the term "leftism" because we =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3857
don't know of any better words to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3858
d esignate the spectrum of related creeds that includes the feminist, gay =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3859
rights, political correctness, etc.,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3860
movements, and because these movements have a strong affinity with the old =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3861
left. See paragraphs 227-
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3862
230.)
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3863
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3864
219. Leftism is totalitarian force. Wherever leftism is in a position of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3865
power it tends to invade every private=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3866
corner and force every thought into a leftist mold. In part this is because =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3867
of the quasi-religious character of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3868
leftism; everything contrary to leftists beliefs represents Sin. More impor =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3869
tantly, leftism is a totalitarian=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3870
force because of the leftists' drive for power. The leftist seeks to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3871
satisfy his need for power through=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3872
identification with a social movement and he tries to go through the power =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3873
process by helping to pursue=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3874
and attain th e goals of the movement (see paragraph 83). But no matter how =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3875
far the movement has gone in=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3876
attaining its goals the leftist is never satisfied, because his activism is =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3877
a surrogate activity (see paragraph=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3878
41).=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3879
That is, the leftist's real motive is not to attain the ostensible goals of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3880
leftism; in rea lity he is motivated by=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3881
the sense of power h e gets from struggling for and then reaching a social =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3882
goal.[35]
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3883
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3884
Consequently the leftist is never satisfied with the goals he has already =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3885
attained; his need for the power=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3886
process leads him always to pursue some new goal. The leftist wants equal =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3887
opportunities for minorities.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3888
When that is attained he insists on statisti cal equality of achievement by =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3889
minorities. A nd as long as=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3890
anyone harbors in some corner of his mind a negative attitude toward some =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3891
minority, the leftist has to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3892
re-educated him. And ethnic minorities are not enough; no one can be =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3893
allowed to have a negative attitude=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3894
toward homosexuals, disabled peop le, fat people, old people, ugly people, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3895
and on and on and on. It's not=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3896
enough that the public should be informed about the hazards of smoking; a =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3897
warning has to be stamped on=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3898
every package of cigarettes.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3899
Then cigarette advertising has to be restricted if not banned. The =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3900
activists will never be sati sfied until=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3901
tobacco is outlawed, and after t hat it will be alco hot then junk food, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3902
etc. Activists have fought gross child=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3903
abuse, which is reasonable. But now they want to stop all spanking. When =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3904
they have done that they will=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3905
want to ban something else they consider unwholesome, then another thing =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3906
and then another. They will=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3907
never be satisfi ed until they have complete control over all child rearing =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3908
practices. And then they will=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3909
move on to another cause.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3910
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3911
220. Suppose you asked leftists to make a list of ALL the things that were =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3912
wrong with society, and then=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3913
suppose you instituted EVERY social change that they demanded. It is safe =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3914
to say that within a couple of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3915
years the majority of leftists would find some thing new to complain about, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3916
some new social "evil" to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3917
correct because, once again, the leftist is motivated less by distress at =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3918
society's ills than by the need to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3919
satisfy his drive for power by imposing his solutions on society.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3920
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3921
221. Because of the restrictions placed on their thoughts and behavior by =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3922
their high level of socialization,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3923
many leftists of the over-socialized type cannot pursue power in the ways =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3924
that other people do. For them=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3925
the drive for power has only one morally acceptable outlet, and that is in =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3926
the strugg le to impose their=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3927
morality on everyone.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3928
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3929
222. Leftists, especially those of the oversocialized type, are True =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3930
Believers in the sense of Eric Hoffer's=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3931
book, "The True Believer." But not all True Believers are of the same =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3932
psychological type as leftists.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3933
Presumably a truebelieving nazi, for instanc e is very different =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3934
psychologically from a t ruebelieving leftist.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3935
Because of their capacity for single-minded devotion to a cause, True =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3936
Believers are a useful, perhaps a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3937
necessary, ingredient of any revolutionary movement. This presents a =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3938
problem with which we must admit=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3939
we don't know how to deal. We aren't sure how to harness the energies o f =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3940
the True Believer to a revolution=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3941
against technology. At present all we can say is that no True Believer will =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3942
make a safe recruit to the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3943
revolution=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3944
unless his commitment is exclusively to the destruction of technology. If =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3945
he is committed also to another=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3946
ideal, he may want to use technology as a t ool for pursuing that other =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3947
ideal (see paragraphs 220, 221).
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3948
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3949
223. Some readers may say, "This stuff about leftism is a lot of crap. I =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3950
know John and Jane who are leftish=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3951
types and they don't have all these totalitarian tendencies." It's quite =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3952
true that many leftists, possibly even a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3953
numerical majority, are decent pe ople who sincerely believe in tolerating =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3954
oth ers' values (up to a point) and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3955
wouldn't want to use high-handed methods to reach their social goals. Our =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3956
remarks about leftism are not=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3957
meant to apply to every individual leftist but to describe the general =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3958
character of leftism as a movement.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3959
And the gene ral character of a movement is not necessari ly determined by =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3960
the numerical proportions of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3961
the various kinds of people involved in the movement.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3962
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3963
224. The people who rise to positions of power in leftist movements tend to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3964
be leftists of the most power-
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3965
hungry type because power-hungry people are those who strive hardest to get =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3966
into positions of power.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3967
Once the power-hungry types have captured contro l of the movement, there =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3968
are many leftists o f a gentler=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3969
breed who inwardly disapprove of many of the actions of the leaders, but =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3970
cannot bring themselves to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3971
oppose them. They NEED their faith in the movement, and because they cannot =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3972
give up this faith they go=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3973
along with the leaders. True, SOME lefti sts do have the guts to oppose the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3974
totalitar ian tendencies that=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3975
emerge, but they generally lose, because the power-hungry types are better =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3976
organized, are more ruthless=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3977
and Machiavellian and have taken care to build themselves a strong power =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3978
base.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3979
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3980
225. These phenomena appeared clearly in Russia and other countries that =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3981
were taken over by leftists.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3982
Similarly, before the breakdown of communism in the USSR, leftish types in =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3983
the West would seldom=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3984
criticize that country. If prodded they would admit that the USSR did many =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3985
wrong things, but then th ey=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3986
would try to find excuses for the communists and begin talking about the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3987
faults of the West. They always=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3988
opposed Western military resistance to communist aggression. Leftish types =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3989
all over the world vigorously=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3990
protested the U.S. military action in Viet nam, but when the USSR invaded =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3991
Afghanistan t hey did nothing.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3992
Not that they approved of the Soviet actions; but because of their leftist =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3993
faith, they just couldn't bear to put=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3994
themselves in opposition to communism.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3995
Today, in those of our universities where "political correctness" has =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3996
become dominant, there are probably=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3997
many leftish types who p rivately disapprove of the suppression of academic =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3998
freedom, but they go along=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  3999
with it anyway.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4000
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4001
226. Thus the fact that many individual leftists are personally mild and =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4002
fairly tolerant people by no means=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4003
prevents leftism as a whole form having a totalitarian tendency.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4004
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4005
227. Our discussion of leftism has a serious weakness. It is still far from =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4006
clear what we mean by the word=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4007
"leftist." There doesn't seem to be much we can do about this. Today =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4008
leftism is fragmented into a whole=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4009
spectrum of activist movements. Yet not all activist movements are leftist, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4010
and some act ivist movements=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4011
(e.g.., radical environmentalism) seem to include both personalities of the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4012
leftist type and personalities of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4013
thoroughly un-leftist types who ought to know better than to collaborate =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4014
with leftists. Varieties of leftists=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4015
fade out gradually into varieties of non-leftists and we oursel ves would =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4016
often be hard-pressed to decide=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4017
whether a given individual is or is not a leftist. To the extent that it is =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4018
defined at all, our conception of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4019
leftism=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4020
is defined by the discussion of it that we have given in this article, and =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4021
we can only advise t he reader to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4022
use his own judgment in decidin g who is a leftist.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4023
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4024
228. But it will be helpful to list some criteria for diagnosing leftism. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4025
These criteria cannot be applied in a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4026
cut and dried manner. Some individuals may meet some of the criteria =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4027
without being leftists, some leftists=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4028
may not meet any of the criteria. Ag ain, you just have to use your =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4029
judgment.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4030
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4031
229. The leftist is oriented toward largescale collectivism. He emphasizes =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4032
the duty of the individual to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4033
serve society and the duty of society to take care of the individual. He =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4034
has a negative attitude toward=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4035
individualism. He often takes a moralistic ton e. He tends to be for gun =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4036
control, for sex e ducation and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4037
other psychologically "enlightened" educational methods, for planning, for =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4038
affirmative action, for=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4039
multiculturalism. He tends to identify with victims. He tends to be against =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4040
competition and against=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4041
violence, but he often finds excuses for th ose leftists who do commit =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4042
violence. He is f ond of using the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4043
common catch-phrases of the left like "racism, " "sexism, " "homophobia, " =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4044
"capitalism," "imperialism,"=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4045
"neocolonialism " "genocide,"=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4046
"social change," "social justice," "social responsibility." Maybe the best =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4047
diagnostic trait of the leftist is his=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4048
tendency to sympathize with the following movements: feminism, gay rights, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4049
ethnic rights, disabi lity=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4050
rights, animal rights political correct ness. Anyone who strongly =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4051
sympathizes with ALL of these=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4052
movements is almost certainly a leftist. [36]=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4053
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4054
230. The more dangerous leftists, that is, those who are most power-hungry, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4055
are often characterized by=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4056
arrogance or by a dogmatic approach to ideology. However, the most =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4057
dangerous leftists of all may be=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4058
certain oversocialized types who avoid irritating di splays of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4059
aggressiveness and refrain from ad vertising=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4060
their leftism, but work quietly and unobtrusively to promote collectivist =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4061
values, "enlightened"=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4062
psychological techniques for socializing children, dependence of the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4063
individual on the system, and so forth.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4064
These crypto-leftists (as we may call th em) approximate certain bourgeois =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4065
types as f ar as practical action=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4066
is concerned, but differ from them in psychology, ideology and motivation. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4067
The ordinary bourgeois tries to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4068
bring people under control=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4069
of the system in order to protect his way of life, or he does so simply =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4070
because his attitudes are=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4071
conventional. The crypto-leftist tries to br ing people under control of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4072
the system because he is a True=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4073
Believer in a collectivistic ideology. The crypto-leftist is differentiated =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4074
from the average leftist of the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4075
oversocialized type by the fact that his rebellious impulse is weaker and =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4076
he is more se curely socialized. He=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4077
is differentiated from the ordinary well-socialized bourgeois by the fact =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4078
that there is some deep lack within=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4079
him that makes it necessary for him to devote himself to a cause and =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4080
immerse himself in a collectivity. And=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4081
maybe his (well-sublimated) drive for power is stronger tha n that of the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4082
average bourgeois.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4083
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4084
FINAL NOTE
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4085
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4086
231. Throughout this article we've made imprecise statements and statements =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4087
that ought to have had all=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4088
sorts of qualifications and reservations attached to them; and some of our =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4089
statements may be flatly false.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4090
Lack of sufficient information and the need f or brevity made it impossible =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4091
for us to fomu late our=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4092
assertions more precisely or add all the necessary qualifications. And of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4093
course in a discussion of this=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4094
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4095
kind one must rely heavily on intuitive judgment, and that can sometimes be =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4096
wrong. So we don't claim that=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4097
this article expresses more than a crude approximation to the truth. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4098
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4099
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4100
232. All the same we are reasonably confident that the general outlines of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4101
the picture we have painted here=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4102
are roughly correct. We have portrayed leftism in its modern form as a =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4103
phenomenon peculiar to our time=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4104
and as a symptom of the disruption of the power process. But we might =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4105
possibly be wrong about this.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4106
Oversocialized types who try to satisfy their drive for power by imposing =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4107
their morality on everyone have=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4108
certainly been around for a long time. But we THINK that the decisive role =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4109
played by feelings of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4110
inferiority, low self-esteem, powerlessness, identification with victims by =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4111
people who are not themselves=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4112
victims, is a peculiarity of modern leftism. Identification with victims by =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4113
people not themselves victims can=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4114
be seen to some extent in=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4115
19th century leftism and early Christianity but as far as we can make out, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4116
symptoms of low self-esteem,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4117
etc., were not nearly so evident in these movements, or in any other =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4118
movements, as they are in modern=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4119
leftism. But we are not in a position to assert confidently that no such =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4120
movements have existed prior to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4121
modern leftism. This is a significant question to which historians ought to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4122
give their attention.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4123
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4124
NOTES=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4125
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4126
1. (Paragraph 19) We are asserting that ALL, or even most, bullies and =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4127
ruthless competitors suffer from=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4128
feelings of inferiority.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4129
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4130
2. (Paragraph 25) During the Victorian period many oversocialized people =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4131
suffered from serious=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4132
psychological problems as a result of repressing or trying to repress their =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4133
sexual feelings. Freud apparently=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4134
based his theories on people of this type. Today the focus of socialization =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4135
has shifted from sex to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4136
aggression.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4137
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4138
3. (Paragraph 27) Not necessarily including specialists in engineering =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4139
"hard" sciences.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4140
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4141
4. (Paragraph 28) There are many individuals of the middle and upper =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4142
classes who resist some of these=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4143
values, but usually their resistance is more or less covert. Such =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4144
resistance appears in the mass media only to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4145
a very limited extent. The main thrust of propaganda in our society is in =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4146
favor of the stated values.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4147
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4148
The main reasons why these values have become, so to speak, the official =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4149
values of our society is that they=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4150
are useful to the industrial system. Violence is discouraged because it =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4151
disrupts the functioning of the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4152
system. Racism is discouraged because ethnic conflicts also disrupt the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4153
system, and discrimination wastes=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4154
the talent of minority-group members who could be useful to the system. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4155
Poverty must be "cured" because=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4156
the underclass causes problems for the system and contact with the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4157
underclass lowers the moral of the other=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4158
classes. Women are encouraged to have careers because their talents are =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4159
useful to the system and, more=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4160
importantly because by having regular jobs women become better integrated =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4161
into the system and tied=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4162
directly to it rather than to their families.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4163
This helps to weaken family solidarity. (The leaders of the system say they =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4164
want to strengthen the family,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4165
but they really mean is that they want the family to serve as an effective =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4166
tool for socializing children in=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4167
accord with the needs of the system. We argue in paragraphs 51,52 that the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4168
system cannot afford to let the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4169
family or other small-scale social groups be strong or autonomous.) =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4170
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4171
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4172
5. (Paragraph 42) It may be argued that the majority of people don't want =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4173
to make their own decisions but=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4174
want leaders to do their thinking for them. There is an element of truth in =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4175
this. People like to make their=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4176
own decisions in small matters, but making decisions on difficult, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4177
fundamental questions require facing up=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4178
to psychological conflict, and most people hate psychological conflict. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4179
Hence they tend to lean on others in=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4180
making difficult decisions. The majority of people are natural followers, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4181
not leaders, but they like to have=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4182
direct personal access to their leaders and participate to some extent in =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4183
making difficult decisions. At least=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4184
to that degree they need autonomy.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4185
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4186
6. (Paragraph 44) Some of the symptoms listed are similar to those shown by =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4187
caged animals.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4188
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4189
To explain how these symptoms arise from deprivation with respect to the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4190
power process:=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4191
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4192
Common-sense understanding of human nature tells one that lack of goals =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4193
whose attainment requires effort=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4194
leads to boredom and that boredom, long continued, often leads eventually =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4195
to depression. Failure to obtain=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4196
goals leads to frustration and lowering of self-esteem. Frustration leads =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4197
to anger, anger to aggression, often=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4198
in the form of spouse or child abuse. It has been shown that long-continued =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4199
frustration commonly leads to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4200
depression and that depression tends to cause guilt, sleep disorders, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4201
eating disorders and bad feelings about=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4202
oneself. Those who are tending toward depression seek pleasure as an =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4203
antidote; hence insatiable hedonism=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4204
and excessive sex, with perversions as a means of getting new kicks. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4205
Boredom too tends to cause excessive=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4206
pleasure-seeking since,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4207
lacking other goals, people often use pleasure as a goal. See accompanying =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4208
diagram. The foregoing is a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4209
simplification. Reality is more complex, and of course deprivation with =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4210
respect to the power process is not=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4211
the ONLY cause of the symptoms described. By the way, when we mention =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4212
depression we do not=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4213
necessarily mean depression that is severe enough to be treated by a =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4214
psychiatrist. Often only mild forms of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4215
depression are involved. And when we speak of goals we do not necessarily =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4216
mean long-term, thought out=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4217
goals. For many or most people through much of human history, the goals of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4218
a hand-to-mouth existence=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4219
(merely providing oneself and one's family with food from day to day) have =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4220
been quite sufficient.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4221
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4222
7. (Paragraph 52) A partial exception may be made for a few passive, inward =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4223
looking groups, such as the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4224
Amish, which have little effect on the wider society. Apart from these, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4225
some genuine small-scale=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4226
communities do exist in America today. For instance, youth gangs and =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4227
"cults". Everyone regards them as=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4228
dangerous, and so they are, because the members of these groups are loyal =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4229
primarily to one another rather=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4230
than to the system, hence the system cannot control them. Or take the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4231
gypsies. The gypsies commonly get=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4232
away with theft and fraud because their loyalties are such that they can =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4233
always get other gypsies to give=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4234
testimony that "proves" their innocence. Obviously the system would be in =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4235
serious trouble if too many=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4236
people belonged to such groups. Some of the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4237
early-20th century Chinese thinkers who were concerned with modernizing =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4238
China recognized the necessity=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4239
of breaking down small-scale social groups such as the family: "(According =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4240
to Sun Yat-sen) The Chinese=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4241
people needed a new surge of patriotism, which would lead to a transfer of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4242
loyalty from the family to the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4243
state. . .(According to Li Huang) traditional attachments, particularly to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4244
the family had to be abandoned if=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4245
nationalism were to develop to China." (Chester C. Tan, Chinese Political =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4246
Thought in the Twentieth=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4247
Century," page 125, page 297.)=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4248
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4249
8. (Paragraph 56) Yes, we know that 19th century America had its problems, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4250
and serious ones, but for the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4251
sake of breviety we have to express ourselves in simplified terms.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4252
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4253
9. (Paragraph 61) We leave aside the underclass. We are speaking of the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4254
mainstream.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4255
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4256
10. (Paragraph 62) Some social scientists, educators, "mental health" =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4257
professionals and the like are doing=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4258
their best to push the social drives into group 1 by trying to see to it =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4259
that everyone has a satisfactory social=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4260
life.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4261
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4262
11. (Paragraphs 63, 82) Is the drive for endless material acquisition =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4263
really an artificial creation of the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4264
advertising and marketing industry? Certainly there is no innate human =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4265
drive for material acquisition.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4266
There have been many cultures in which people have desired little material =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4267
wealth beyond what was=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4268
necessary to satisfy their basic physical needs (Australian aborigines, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4269
traditional Mexican peasant culture,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4270
some African cultures). On the other hand there have also been many =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4271
pre-industrial cultures in which=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4272
material acquisition has played an important role. So we can't claim that =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4273
today's acquisition-oriented=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4274
culture is exclusively a creation of the advertising and marketing =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4275
industry. But it is clear that the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4276
advertising and marketing industry has had an=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4277
important part in creating that culture. The big corporations that spend =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4278
millions on advertising wouldn't be=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4279
spending that kind of money without solid proof that they were getting it =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4280
back in increased sales. One=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4281
member of FC met a sales manager a couple of years ago who was frank enough =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4282
to tell him, "Our job is to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4283
make people buy things they don't want and don't need." He then described =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4284
how an untrained novice could=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4285
present people with the facts about a product, and make no sales at all, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4286
while a trained and experienced=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4287
professional salesman would make lots of sales to the same people. This =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4288
shows that people are manipulated=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4289
into buying things they don't really want.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4290
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4291
12. (Paragraph 64) The problem of purposelessness seems to have become less =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4292
serious during the last 15=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4293
years or so, because people now feel less secure physically and =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4294
economically than they did earlier, and the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4295
need for security provides them with a goal. But purposelessness has been =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4296
replaced by frustration over the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4297
difficulty of attaining security. We emphasize the problem of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4298
purposelessness because the liberals and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4299
leftists would wish to solve our social problems by having society =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4300
guarantee everyone's security; but if that=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4301
could be done it would only bring back the problem of purposelessness. The =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4302
real issue is not whether=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4303
society provides well or poorly for people's security; the trouble is that =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4304
people are dependent on the system=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4305
for=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4306
their security rather than having it in their own hands. This, by the way, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4307
is part of the reason why some=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4308
people get worked up about the right to bear arms; possession of a gun puts =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4309
that aspect of their security in=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4310
their own hands.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4311
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4312
13. (Paragraph 66) Conservatives' efforts to decrease the amount of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4313
government regulation are of little=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4314
benefit to the average man. For one thing, only a fraction of the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4315
regulations can be eliminated because most=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4316
regulations are necessary. For another thing, most of the deregulation =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4317
affects business rather than the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4318
average individual, so that its main effect is to take power from the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4319
government and give it to private=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4320
corporations. What this means for the average man is that government =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4321
interference in his life is replaced by=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4322
interference from big corporations, which may be permitted, for e xample, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4323
to dump more chemicals that=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4324
get into his water supply and give him cancer. The conservatives are just =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4325
taking the average man for a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4326
sucker, exploiting his resentment of Big Government to promote the power of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4327
Big Business.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4328
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4329
14. (Paragraph 73) When someone approves of the purpose for which =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4330
propaganda is being used in a given=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4331
case, he generally calls it "education" or applies to it some similar =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4332
euphemism. But propaganda is=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4333
propaganda regardless of the purpose for which it i s used.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4334
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4335
15. (Paragraph 83) We are not expressing approval or disapproval of the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4336
Panama invasion. We only use it=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4337
to illustrate a point.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4338
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4339
16. (Paragraph 95) When the American colonies were under British rule there =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4340
were fewer and less effective=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4341
legal guarantees of freedom than there were after the American Constitution =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4342
went into effect, yet there was=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4343
more personal freedom in pre-industria l America, both before and after the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4344
War of Independence, than=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4345
there was after the Industrial Revolution took hold in this country. We =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4346
quote from "Violence in America:=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4347
Historical and Comparative perspectives," edited by Hugh Davis Graham and =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4348
Ted Robert Gurr, Chapter 12=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4349
by Roger Lane, pages 476-478: "The progressive heightening of standards o f =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4350
property, and with it the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4351
increasing reliance on official law enforcement (in 19th century America). =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4352
.. .were common to the whole=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4353
society. . .[T]he change in social behavior=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4354
is so long term and so widespread as to suggest a connection with the most =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4355
funda mental of contemporary=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4356
social processes; tha t of industrial urbanization itself. . =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4357
.."Massachusetts in 1835 had a population of some=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4358
660,940, 81 percent rural, overwhelmingly preindustrial and native born. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4359
It's citizens were used to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4360
considerable personal freedom. Whether teamsters, farmers or artisa ns, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4361
they were all accustomed to setting=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4362
thei r own schedules, and the nature of their work made them physically =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4363
dependent on each other. .=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4364
..Individual problems, sins or even crimes, were not generally cause for =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4365
wider social concern. . ."But the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4366
impact of the twin movements to the city and to the fac tory, both just =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4367
gathering force in 1835, had a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4368
progressive effect on personal behavior=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4369
throughout the 19th century and into the 20th. The factory demanded =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4370
regularity of behavior, a life=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4371
governed by obedience to the rhythms of clock and calendar, the demands of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4372
foreman and supervisor. In=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4373
the city or town, the needs of living in closely packed neighborhoods =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4374
inhibited many actions previously=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4375
unobjectionable.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4376
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4377
Both blue- and white-collar employees in larger establishments were =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4378
mutually dependent on their fellows.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4379
as one man's work fit into another's, so one man's business was no longer =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4380
his own. "The results of the new=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4381
organization of life and work were appar ent by 1900, when some 76 percent =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4382
of the 2,8 05,346 inhabitants=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4383
of Massachusetts were classified as urbanites. Much violent or irregular =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4384
behavior which had been tolerable=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4385
in a casual, independent society was no longer acceptable in the more =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4386
formalized, cooperative atmosphere=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4387
of the later period. . . The move to the cities had, in short, produc ed a =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4388
more tractable, more socialized,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4389
more 'civilized' generation than its predecessors."=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4390
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4391
17. (Paragraph 117) Apologists for the system are fond of citing cases in =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4392
which elections have been=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4393
decided by one or two votes, but such cases are rare.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4394
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4395
18. (Paragraph 119) "Today, in technologically advanced lands, men live =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4396
very similar lives in spite of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4397
geographical, religious and political differences. The daily lives of a =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4398
Christian bank clerk in Chicago, a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4399
Buddhist bank clerk in Tokyo, a Communist bank clerk in Moscow are far more =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4400
alike than the life any one=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4401
of them is like that of any single man who lived a thousand years ago. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4402
These similarities are the result of a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4403
common technology. . ." L. Sprague de Camp, "The Ancient Engineers," =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4404
Ballentine edition, page 17.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4405
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4406
The lives of the three bank clerks are not IDENTICAL. Ideology does have =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4407
SOME effect. But all=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4408
technological societies, in order to survive, must evolve along =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4409
APPROXIMATELY the same trajectory.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4410
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4411
19. (Paragraph 123) Just think an irresponsible genetic engineer might =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4412
create a lot of terrorists.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4413
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4414
20. (Paragraph 124) For a further example of undesirable consequences of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4415
medical progress, suppose a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4416
reliable cure for cancer is discovered. Even if the treatment is too =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4417
expensive to be available to any but the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4418
elite, it will greatly reduce their incen tive to stop the escape of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4419
carcinogens into the environment.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4420
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4421
21. (Paragraph 128) Since many people may find paradoxical the notion that =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4422
a large number of good things=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4423
can add up to a bad thing, we will illustrate with an analogy. Suppose Mr. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4424
A is playing chess with Mr. B.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4425
Mr. C, a Grand Master, is looking over Mr . A's shoulder. Mr. A of course =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4426
wants to win his game, so if Mr.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4427
C points out a good move for him to make, he is doing Mr. A a favor. But =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4428
suppose now that Mr. C tells Mr.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4429
A how to make ALL of his moves. In each particular instance he does Mr. A a =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4430
favor by showing him his=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4431
best move, but by making AL L of his moves for him he spoils the game, s =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4432
ince there is not point in Mr.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4433
A's playing the game at all if someone else makes all his moves.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4434
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4435
The situation of modern man is analogous to that of Mr. A. The system makes =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4436
an individual's life easier for=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4437
him in innumerable ways, but in doing so it deprives him of control over =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4438
his own fate.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4439
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4440
22. (Paragraph 137) Here we are considering only the conflict of values =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4441
within the mainstream. For the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4442
sake of simplicity we leave out of the picture "outsider" values like the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4443
idea that wild nature is more=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4444
important than human economic welfare.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4445
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4446
23. (Paragraph 137) Self-interest is not necessarily MATERIAL =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4447
self-interest. It can consist in fulfillment of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4448
some psychological need, for example, by promoting one's own ideology or =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4449
religion.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4450
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4451
24. (Paragraph 139) A qualification: It is in the interest of the system to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4452
permit a certain prescribed degree=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4453
of freedom in some areas. For example, economic freedom (with suitable =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4454
limitations and restraints) has=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4455
proved effective in promoting economic growth. But only planned, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4456
circumscribed, li mited freedom is in=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4457
the interest of the system. The individual must always be kept on a leash, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4458
even if the leash is sometimes=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4459
long( see paragraphs 94, 97).=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4460
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4461
25. (Paragraph 143) We don't mean to suggest that the efficiency or the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4462
potential for survival of a society=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4463
has always been inversely proportional to the amount of pressure or =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4464
discomfort to which the society=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4465
subjects people. That is certainly not the c ase. There is good reason to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4466
believe that ma ny primitive=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4467
societies subjected people to less pressure than the European society did, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4468
but European society proved far=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4469
more efficient than any primitive society and always won out in conflicts =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4470
with such societies because of the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4471
advantages conferred by te chnology.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4472
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4473
26. (Paragraph 147) If you think that more effective law enforcement is =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4474
unequivocally good because it=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4475
suppresses crime, then remember that crime as defined by the system is not =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4476
necessarily what YOU would=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4477
call crime. Today, smoking marijuana is a "crime ," and, in some places in =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4478
the U.S.., so is p ossession of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4479
ANY firearm, registered or not, may be made a crime, and the same thing may =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4480
happen with disapproved=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4481
methods of child-rearing, such as spanking. In some countries, expression =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4482
of dissident political opinions is=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4483
a crime, and there is no certaint y that this will never happen in the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4484
U.S., s ince no constitution or political=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4485
system lasts forever.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4486
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4487
If a society needs a large, powerful law enforcement establishment, then =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4488
there is something gravely wrong=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4489
with that society; it must be subjecting people to severe pressures if so =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4490
many refuse to follow the rules, or=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4491
follow them only because forced. Man y societies in the past have gotten by =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4492
with little or no formal law-
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4493
enforcement.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4494
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4495
27. (Paragraph 151) To be sure, past societies have had means of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4496
influencing behavior, but these have been=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4497
primitive and of low effectiveness compared with the technological means =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4498
that are now being developed.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4499
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4500
28. (Paragraph 152) However, some psychologists have publicly expressed =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4501
opinions indicating their=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4502
contempt for human freedom. And the mathematician Claude Shannon was quoted =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4503
in Omni (August 1987)=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4504
as saying, "I visualize a time when we will be to robots what dogs are to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4505
humans, and I'm rooting fo r the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4506
machines."=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4507
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4508
29. (Paragraph 154) This is no science fiction! After writing paragraph 154 =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4509
we came across an article in=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4510
Scientific American according to which scientists are actively developing =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4511
techniques for identifying=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4512
possible future criminals and for treating the m by a combination of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4513
biological and psychol ogical means.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4514
Some scientists advocate compulsory application of the treatment, which may =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4515
be available in the near=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4516
future. (See "Seeking the Criminal Element", by W. Wayt Gibbs, Scientific =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4517
American, March 1995.)=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4518
Maybe you think this is OK because the trea tment would be applied to those =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4519
who might be come drunk=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4520
drivers (they endanger human life too), then perhaps to peel who spank =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4521
their children, then to=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4522
environmentalists who sabotage logging equipment,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4523
eventually to anyone whose behavior is inconvenient for the system. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4524
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4525
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4526
30. (Paragraph 184) A further advantage of nature as a counter-ideal to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4527
technology is that, in many people,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4528
nature inspires the kind of reverence that is associated with religion, so =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4529
that nature could perhaps be=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4530
idealized on a religious basis. It is tr ue that in many societies religion =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4531
has serve d as a support and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4532
justification for the established order, but it is also true that religion =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4533
has often provided a basis for=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4534
rebellion. Thus it may be useful to introduce a religious element into the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4535
rebellion against technology, the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4536
more so because Weste rn society today has no strong religious fou ndation. =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4537
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4538
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4539
Religion, nowadays either is used as cheap and transparent support for =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4540
narrow, short-sighted selfishness=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4541
(some conservatives use it this way), or even is cynically exploited to =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4542
make easy money (by many=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4543
evangelists), or has degenerated into crude irrati onalism (fundamentalist =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4544
Protestant sects, "c ults"), or is=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4545
simply stagnant (Catholicism, main-line Protestantism). The nearest thing =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4546
to a strong, widespread, dynamic=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4547
religion that the West has seen in recent times has been the quasi-religion =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4548
of leftism, but leftism today is=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4549
fragmented and has no cle ar, unified inspiring goal.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4550
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4551
Thus there is a religious vaccuum in our society that could perhaps be =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4552
filled by a religion focused on nature=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4553
in opposition to technology. But it would be a mistake to try to concoct =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4554
artificially a religion to fill this=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4555
role. Such an invented religion would probably be a failure. Take the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4556
"Gaia" religion for example. Do its=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4557
adherents REALLY believe in it or are they just play-acting? If they are =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4558
just play-acting their religion will=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4559
be a flop in the end.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4560
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4561
It is probably best not to try to introduce religion into the conflict of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4562
nature vs. technology unless you=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4563
REALLY believe in that religion yourself and find that it arouses a deep, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4564
strong, genuine response in many=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4565
other people.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4566
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4567
31. (Paragraph 189) Assuming that such a final push occurs. Conceivably the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4568
industrial system might be=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4569
eliminated in a somewhat gradual or piecemeal fashion. (see paragraphs 4, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4570
167 and Note 4).=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4571
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4572
32. (Paragraph 193) It is even conceivable (remotely) that the revolution =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4573
might consist only of a massive=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4574
change of attitudes toward technology resulting in a relatively gradual and =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4575
painless disintegration of the=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4576
industrial system. But if this happens we'll be very lucky. It's far more =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4577
probably that the transition to a=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4578
nontechnological society will be very difficult and full of conflicts and =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4579
disasters.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4580
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4581
33. (Paragraph 195) The economic and technological structure of a society =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4582
are far more important than its=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4583
political structure in determining the way the average man lives (see =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4584
paragraphs 95, 119 and Notes 16, 18).=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4585
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4586
34. (Paragraph 215) This statement refers to our particular brand of =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4587
anarchism. A wide variety of social=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4588
attitudes have been called "anarchist," and it may be that many who =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4589
consider themselves anarchists would=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4590
not accept our statement of paragraph 215. It should be noted, by the way, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4591
that there is a nonviolent=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4592
anarchist movement whose members probably would not accept FC as anarchist =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4593
and certainly would not=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4594
approve of FC's violent methods.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4595
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4596
35. (Paragraph 219) Many leftists are motivated also by hostility, but the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4597
hostility probably results in part=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4598
from a frustrated need for power.=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4599
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4600
36. (Paragraph 229) It is important to understand that we mean someone who =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4601
sympathizes with these=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4602
MOVEMENTS as they exist today in our society. One who believes that women, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4603
homosexuals, etc., should=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4604
have equal rights is not necessarily a leftist. The f eminist, gay rights, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4605
etc., movements that ex ist in our=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4606
society have the particular ideological tone that characterizes leftism, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4607
and if one believes, for example, that=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4608
women should have equal rights it does not necessarily follow that one must =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4609
sympathize with the feminist=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4610
movement as it exists today .=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4611
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4612
If copyright problems make it impossible for this long quotation to be =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4613
printed, then please change Note 16=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4614
to read as follows:=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4615
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4616
16. (Paragraph 95) When the American colonies were under British rule there =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4617
were fewer and less effective=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4618
legal guarantees of freedom than there were after the American Constitution =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4619
went into effect, yet there was=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4620
more personal freedom in pre-industria l America, both before and after the =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4621
War of Independence, than=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4622
there was after the Industrial Revolution took hold in this country. In =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4623
"Violence in America: Historical and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4624
Comparative Perspectives," edited by Hugh Davis Graham and Ted Robert Gurr, =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4625
Chapter 12 by Roger=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4626
Lane, it is explained how in pr e-industrial America the average person had =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4627
greater independence and=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4628
autonomy than he does today, and how the process of industrialization =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4629
necessarily led to the restriction of=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4630
personal freedom.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4631
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4632
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4633
End of message.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4634
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4635
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4636
.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4637
RSET
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4638
MAIL FROM:<test@psion9.demon.co.uk>
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4639
RCPT TO:<recyclebin@lon-msgtest06.intra>
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4640
DATA
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4641
From: "SMTP Test1" <test@psion9.demon.co.uk>
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4642
Reply-to: "SMTP Test1" <test@psion9.demon.co.uk>
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4643
To: recyclebin@lon-msgtest06.intra
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4644
Subject: Test message No. 7 - MIME text and attachment
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4645
Date: date-replacement-string-
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4646
Message-ID: <message-id-replacement-string-6>
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4647
X-Mailer: EPOC Email Version 2.10
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4648
MIME-Version: 1.0
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4649
Content-Language: i-default
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4650
Content-Type: multipart/mixed;
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4651
  boundary="boundary-replacement-string-1"
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4652
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4653
This is a MIME Message
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4654
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4655
--boundary-replacement-string-1
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4656
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4657
Content-Disposition: inline
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4658
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4659
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4660
here is some text
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parents: 0
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  4661
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parents: 0
diff changeset
  4662
--boundary-replacement-string-1
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parents: 0
diff changeset
  4663
Content-Description: deisl1.isu
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4664
Content-Type: application/octet-stream
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4665
Content-Disposition: attachment;
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4666
	filename="deisl1.isu"
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4667
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4668
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4669
cagAAAECqE4CACkAU3RpcmxpbmcgVGVjaG5vbG9naWVzLCBJbmMuIChjKSAx
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4670
OTkwLTE5OTUeANzQzSjj0Mwm6tDMJvHQzib40Dsr/9AhJwbRzCafhygA3tDP
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4671
JjAjGCjq0MyJ9dDMifzQzIv/08x7WBzOJg3RIysU0SMrG9EwJ4AAAAD/AAD/
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4672
AAAA//8A/wAAAP8A/wD//wAA////AHd3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4673
d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3AAAAAAAAAAB3d3d3d3d3d4d3d3d3d3dwd3d3d3d3d3
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4674
eP////////cHd3d3d3d3d3j////////3B3d3d3d3d3d4////////9wd3d3d3
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4675
d3d3eP////////cHd3d3d3d3d3j4AAAAD//3B3d3d3d3d3d4+HgI9w//9wd3
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4676
d3d3d3d3ePh4iIcP//cHd3d3d3d3d3j4d3d3ARERF3d3d3d3d3d4+H//9wzM
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4677
zMd3d3d3d3d3ePh///cP//cHd3d3d3d3d3j4f//3D//3B3d3d3d3d3d494iI
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4678
iP//9wd3d3d3d3d3eP////////cHd3d3d3d3d3j////////3B3d3d3d3d3d4
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4679
//////+IiAd3d3d3d3d3eP//////j3h3d3d3d3d3d3j//////4eHd3d3d3d3
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4680
d3d4//////+Id3d3d3d3d3d3eIiIiIiIh3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4681
d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3dwAAAAd3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3cIiIgHd3
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4682
d3d3d3d3d3d3d3CIiIB3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3dwiIiAd3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3cIiI
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4683
gHd3d3d3d3d3d3dwAACIiIAAAHd3d3d3d3d3cIiIiIiIiIB3d3d3d3d3d3cI
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4684
iIiIiIgHd3d3d3d3d3d3cIiIiIiAd3d3d3d3d3d3d3cIiIiIB3d3d3d3d3d3
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4685
d3d3cIiIgHd3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3cIiAd3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3cIB3d3d3d3d3
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4686
d3d3d3d3d3cHd3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3d3
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4687
d3d3d3d3AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAHd3d3eDMzMzMzMzMzMzMzMHd3d3i3t7e3t7e3
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4688
t7e3tzAHd3eIe3t7e3t7e3t7e3swB3d3h7e3t7e3t7e3t7e3AAd3d4t7e3t7
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4689
e3t7e3t7eAMHd3eHt7e3t7e3t7e3t7gDB3d4e3t7e3t7e3t7e3twgwd3eLe3
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4690
t7e3t7e3t7e3sIMHd3h7e3t7e3t7e3t7e4CzB3d4t7e3t7e3t7e3t7eAcwd3
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4691
eP//////////////CLMHd3eId3d3d3d3d3d3d3tzB3d3d4+3t7e3t7e3t7e3
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4692
swd3d3ePe3t7e3t7e3t7e3MHd3d3j7e3t7e3t7e3t7ezB3d3d497e3t7e3t7
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4693
////8Hd3d3ePt7e3t7e3uIiIiId3d3d3j/t7e3t7ewoA3NDMJkfRzSafhwoA
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4694
3NDMJkjRzSafhz0A5NAgnFU/PZBVNs4mItHMJ/jS1CZTRj+Vdjo4jBnRQJyG
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4695
Pz2Qhjb7i5o23iZ9Rj+VoDo4jHs2NpWxRRiMAA==
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4696
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4697
--boundary-replacement-string-1
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4698
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4699
Content-Disposition: inline
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4700
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4701
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4702
Here is some more text. The attachment is above.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4703
--=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4704
The curator
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4705
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4706
--boundary-replacement-string-1--
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4707
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4708
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4709
.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4710
RSET
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4711
MAIL FROM:<test@psion9.demon.co.uk>
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4712
RCPT TO:<recyclebin@lon-msgtest06.intra>
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4713
DATA
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4714
From: "SMTP Test1" <test@psion9.demon.co.uk>
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4715
Reply-to: "SMTP Test1" <test@psion9.demon.co.uk>
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4716
To: recyclebin@lon-msgtest06.intra
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4717
Subject: Test message No.6 - Encoded "=" characters
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4718
Date: date-replacement-string-
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4719
Message-ID: <message-id-replacement-string-7>
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4720
X-Mailer: EPOC Email Version 2.10
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4721
MIME-Version: 1.0
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4722
Content-Language: i-default
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4723
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4724
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4725
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4726
The following line contains 5 "equals" characters. These should
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4727
arrive MIME-encoded.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4728
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4729
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4730
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4731
End of message.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4732
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4733
.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4734
RSET
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4735
MAIL FROM:<test@psion9.demon.co.uk>
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4736
RCPT TO:<recyclebin@lon-msgtest06.intra>
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4737
DATA
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4738
From: "SMTP Test1" <test@psion9.demon.co.uk>
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4739
Reply-to: "SMTP Test1" <test@psion9.demon.co.uk>
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4740
To: recyclebin@lon-msgtest06.intra
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4741
Subject: Test message No.5 - Empty message body
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4742
Date: date-replacement-string-
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4743
Message-ID: <message-id-replacement-string-8>
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4744
X-Mailer: EPOC Email Version 2.10
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4745
MIME-Version: 1.0
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4746
Content-Language: i-default
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4747
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4748
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4749
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4750
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4751
.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4752
RSET
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4753
MAIL FROM:<test@psion9.demon.co.uk>
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4754
RCPT TO:<recyclebin@lon-msgtest06.intra>
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4755
DATA
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4756
From: "SMTP Test1" <test@psion9.demon.co.uk>
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4757
Reply-to: "SMTP Test1" <test@psion9.demon.co.uk>
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4758
To: recyclebin@lon-msgtest06.intra
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4759
Subject: Test message No.4 - Trailing spaces and tab characters
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4760
Date: date-replacement-string-
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4761
Message-ID: <message-id-replacement-string-9>
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4762
X-Mailer: EPOC Email Version 2.10
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4763
MIME-Version: 1.0
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4764
Content-Language: i-default
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4765
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4766
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4767
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4768
This line has 1 trailing space character >=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4769
This line has 2 trailing space characters> =20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4770
This line has 3 trailing space characters>  =20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4771
This line has 4 trailing space characters>   =20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4772
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4773
This line has 1 trailing TAB character >=09
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4774
This line has 2 trailing TAB characters>	=09
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4775
This line has 3 trailing TAB characters>		=09
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4776
This line has 4 trailing TAB characters>			=09
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4777
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4778
End of message.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4779
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4780
.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4781
RSET
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4782
MAIL FROM:<test@psion9.demon.co.uk>
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4783
RCPT TO:<recyclebin@lon-msgtest06.intra>
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4784
DATA
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4785
From: "SMTP Test1" <test@psion9.demon.co.uk>
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4786
Reply-to: "SMTP Test1" <test@psion9.demon.co.uk>
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4787
To: recyclebin@lon-msgtest06.intra
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4788
Subject: Test message No.3 - Wrapped lines
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4789
Date: date-replacement-string-
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4790
Message-ID: <message-id-replacement-string-10>
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4791
X-Mailer: EPOC Email Version 2.10
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4792
MIME-Version: 1.0
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4793
Content-Language: i-default
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4794
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4795
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4796
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4797
This message contains a series of lines - which
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4798
range between 90 and 70 characters in length.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4799
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4800
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4801
90CHARS890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4802
78901234567890
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4803
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4804
89CHARS890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4805
7890123456789
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4806
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4807
88CHARS890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4808
789012345678
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4809
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4810
87CHARS890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4811
78901234567
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4812
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4813
86CHARS890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4814
7890123456
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4815
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4816
85CHARS890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4817
789012345
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4818
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4819
84CHARS890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4820
78901234
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4821
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4822
83CHARS890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4823
7890123
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4824
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4825
82CHARS890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4826
789012
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4827
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4828
81CHARS890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4829
78901
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4830
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4831
80CHARS890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4832
7890
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4833
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4834
79CHARS890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4835
789
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4836
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4837
78CHARS890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4838
78
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4839
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4840
77CHARS890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4841
7
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4842
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4843
76CHARS890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4844
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4845
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4846
75CHARS89012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4847
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4848
74CHARS8901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4849
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4850
73CHARS890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4851
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4852
72CHARS89012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4853
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4854
71CHARS8901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4855
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4856
70CHARS890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4857
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4858
End of message.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4859
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4860
.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4861
RSET
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4862
MAIL FROM:<test@psion9.demon.co.uk>
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4863
RCPT TO:<recyclebin@lon-msgtest06.intra>
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4864
DATA
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4865
From: "SMTP Test1" <test@psion9.demon.co.uk>
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4866
Reply-to: "SMTP Test1" <test@psion9.demon.co.uk>
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4867
To: recyclebin@lon-msgtest06.intra
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4868
Subject: Test message No.2 - Dot stuffing test
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4869
Date: date-replacement-string-
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4870
Message-ID: <message-id-replacement-string-11>
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4871
X-Mailer: EPOC Email Version 2.10
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4872
MIME-Version: 1.0
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4873
Content-Language: i-default
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4874
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4875
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4876
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4877
This message contains a block of dot characters,=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4878
arranged into the shape of a triangle. There are=20
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4879
four rows in the triangle; the first row contains
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4880
4 dots, the last row contains 1 dot.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4881
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4882
.....
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4883
....
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4884
...
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4885
..
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4886
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4887
..This line should contain a "dot" as its first character.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4888
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4889
End of message.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4890
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4891
.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4892
RSET
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4893
MAIL FROM:<test@psion9.demon.co.uk>
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4894
RCPT TO:<recyclebin@lon-msgtest06.intra>
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4895
DATA
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4896
From: "SMTP Test1" <test@psion9.demon.co.uk>
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4897
Reply-to: "SMTP Test1" <test@psion9.demon.co.uk>
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4898
To: recyclebin@lon-msgtest06.intra
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4899
Subject: Test message No.1 - 1000 character line in message
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4900
Date: date-replacement-string-
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4901
Message-ID: <message-id-replacement-string-12>
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4902
X-Mailer: EPOC Email Version 2.10
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4903
MIME-Version: 1.0
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4904
Content-Language: i-default
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4905
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4906
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4907
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4908
The line in the following 3 paragraphs each contain 1000 characters: =
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4909
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4910
the maximum limit of linelength for SMTP mail. Each should arrive as
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4911
one wrapped paragraph in the received message. The dot-stuffed
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4912
paragraph is the absolute maximum line length permissable in SMTP
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4913
protocol - although in practice IMCV wraps the data into shorter
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4914
lines before it is actually sent.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4915
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4916
1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4917
7890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4918
3456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4919
9012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4920
5678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4921
1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4922
7890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4923
3456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4924
9012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4925
5678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4926
1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4927
7890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4928
3456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4929
901234567890
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4930
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4931
The following paragraph will be dot stuffed into 1001 characters:
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4932
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4933
..123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4934
6789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4935
2345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4936
8901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4937
4567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4938
0123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4939
6789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4940
2345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4941
8901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4942
4567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4943
0123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4944
6789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4945
2345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4946
890123456789
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4947
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4948
Start67890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4949
7890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4950
3456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4951
9012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4952
5678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4953
1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4954
7890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4955
3456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4956
9012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4957
5678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4958
1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4959
7890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4960
3456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678=
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4961
901234567End
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4962
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4963
End of message.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4964
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4965
.
hgs
parents: 0
diff changeset
  4966
QUIT